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Gerald Bauer
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{
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"Introduction": {
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"Background": {
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"text": "Independent from France in 1960, Mauritania annexed the southern third of the former Spanish Sahara (now Western Sahara) in 1976 but relinquished it after three years of raids by the Polisario guerrilla front seeking independence for the territory. Maaouya Ould Sid Ahmed TAYA seized power in a coup in 1984 and ruled Mauritania with a heavy hand for more than two decades. A series of presidential elections that he held were widely seen as flawed. A bloodless coup in August 2005 deposed President TAYA and ushered in a military council that oversaw a transition to democratic rule. Independent candidate Sidi Ould Cheikh ABDALLAHI was inaugurated in April 2007 as Mauritania's first freely and fairly elected president. His term ended prematurely in August 2008 when a military junta led by General Mohamed Ould Abdel AZIZ deposed him and installed a military council government. AZIZ was subsequently elected president in July 2009 and sworn in the following month. AZIZ sustained injuries from an accidental shooting by his own troops in October 2012 but has continued to maintain his authority. He was reelected in 2014 to a second and final term as president (according to the present constitution). The country continues to experience ethnic tensions among three major groups: Arabic-speaking descendants of slaves (Haratines), Arabic-speaking “White Moors” (Bidhan), and members of Sub-Saharan ethnic groups mostly originating in the Senegal River valley (Halpulaar, Soninke, and Wolof). Mauritania confronts a terrorism threat by al-Qa'ida in the Islamic Maghreb, which launched successful attacks between 2005 and 2010."
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"text": "Independent from France in 1960, Mauritania annexed the southern third of the former Spanish Sahara (now Western Sahara) in 1976 but relinquished it after three years of raids by the Polisario guerrilla front seeking independence for the territory. Maaouya Ould Sid Ahmed TAYA seized power in a coup in 1984 and ruled Mauritania with a heavy hand for more than two decades. A series of presidential elections that he held were widely seen as flawed. A bloodless coup in August 2005 deposed President TAYA and ushered in a military council that oversaw a transition to democratic rule. Independent candidate Sidi Ould Cheikh ABDALLAHI was inaugurated in April 2007 as Mauritania's first freely and fairly elected president. His term ended prematurely in August 2008 when a military junta led by General Mohamed Ould Abdel AZIZ deposed him and installed a military council government. AZIZ was subsequently elected president in July 2009 and sworn in the following month. AZIZ sustained injuries from an accidental shooting by his own troops in October 2012 but has continued to maintain his authority. He was reelected in 2014 to a second and final term as president (according to the present constitution). The country continues to experience ethnic tensions among three major groups: Arabic-speaking descendants of slaves (Haratines), Arabic-speaking \"White Moors\" (Bidhan), and members of Sub-Saharan ethnic groups mostly originating in the Senegal River valley (Halpulaar, Soninke, and Wolof). Mauritania confronts a terrorism threat by al-Qa'ida in the Islamic Maghreb, which launched successful attacks between 2005 and 2010."
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}
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},
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"Geography": {
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@ -32,7 +32,7 @@
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"total": {
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"text": "5,002 km"
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},
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"border countries (4)": {
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"border countries": {
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"text": "Algeria 460 km, Mali 2,236 km, Senegal 742 km, Western Sahara 1,564 km"
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}
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},
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@ -110,7 +110,7 @@
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}
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},
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"Geography - note": {
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"text": "Mauritania is considered both a part of North Africa’s Maghreb region and West Africa’s Sahel region; most of the population is concentrated in the cities of Nouakchott and Nouadhibou and along the Senegal River in the southern part of the country"
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"text": "Mauritania is considered both a part of North Africa's Maghreb region and West Africa's Sahel region; most of the population is concentrated in the cities of Nouakchott and Nouadhibou and along the Senegal River in the southern part of the country"
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}
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},
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"People and Society": {
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@ -126,7 +126,10 @@
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"text": "black Moors (Haratines - Arab-speaking slaves, former slaves, and their descendants of African origin, enslaved by white Moors) 40%, white Moors (of Arab-Berber descent, known as Bidhan) 30%, black Africans (non-Arabic speaking, Halpulaar, Soninke, Wolof, and Bamara ethnic groups) 30%"
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},
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"Languages": {
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"text": "Arabic (official and national), Pulaar, Soninke, Wolof (all national languages), French, Hassaniya (a variety of Arabic)"
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"text": "Arabic (official and national), Pulaar, Soninke, Wolof (all national languages), French",
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"note": {
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"text": "the spoken Arabic in Mauritania differs considerably from the modern standard Arabic used for official written purposes or in the media; the Mauritanian dialect, which incorporates many Berber words, is referred to as Hassaniya"
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}
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},
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"Religions": {
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"text": "Muslim (official) 100%"
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@ -399,7 +402,7 @@
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},
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"Executive branch": {
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"chief of state": {
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"text": "President Mohamed Ould Abdel AZIZ (since 5 August 2009); note - AZIZ deposed President Sidi Ould Cheikh ABDELLAHI in a coup and installed himself as president in August 2008; he subsequently retired from the military, stepped down from the approprtiated presidency in April 2009 to run for the legitimate presidency, and was elected president on 18 July 2009"
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"text": "President Mohamed Ould Abdel AZIZ (since 5 August 2009); note - AZIZ deposed President Sidi Ould Cheikh ABDELLAHI in a coup and installed himself as president in August 2008; he subsequently retired from the military, stepped down from the appropriated presidency in April 2009 to run for the legitimate presidency, and was elected president on 18 July 2009"
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},
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"head of government": {
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"text": "Prime Minister Yahya Ould HADEMINE (since 21 August 2014)"
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@ -411,18 +414,18 @@
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"text": "president directly elected by absolute majority popular vote in 2 rounds if needed for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 21 June 2014 (next to be held by 2019); prime minister appointed by the president"
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},
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"election results": {
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"text": "Mohamed Ould Abdel AZIZ elected president; percent of vote - Mohamed Ould Abdel AZIZ (UPR) 81.9%, Biram Dah ABEID (independent) 8.7%, Boidiel Ould HOUMEIT (El Wiam) 4.5%, Ibrahima Moctar SARR (SJD/MR) 4.4%, other 0.5%"
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"text": "Mohamed Ould Abdel AZIZ elected president; percent of vote - Mohamed Ould Abdel AZIZ (UPR) 81.9%, Biram Dah ABEID (independent) 8.7%, Boidiel Ould HOUMEIT (El Wiam) 4.5%, Ibrahima Moctar SARR (SJD/MR) 4.4%, other 0.5%"
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}
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},
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"Legislative branch": {
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"description": {
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"text": "bicameral Parliament or Barlamane consists of the Senate or Majlis al-Shuyukh (56 seats; 53 members indirectly elected by municipal leaders by simple majority vote and 3 directly elected by Mauritanians abroad; members serve 6-year terms) and the National Assembly or Al Jamiya Al Wataniya (146 seats; 106 members directly elected in single- and two-seat constituencies by absolute majority vote in two rounds if needed and 40 directly elected in constituencies with three or more seats by proportional representation vote; members serve 5-year terms)"
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"text": "bicameral Parliament or Barlamane consists of the Senate or Majlis al-Shuyukh (56 seats; 53 members indirectly elected by municipal leaders by simple majority vote and 3 directly elected by Mauritanians abroad; members serve a 6-year term with one-third of membership renewed every 2 years) and the National Assembly or Al Jamiya Al Wataniya (146 seats; 106 members directly elected in single- and two-seat constituencies by absolute majority vote in two rounds if needed and 40 directly elected in constituencies with three or more seats by proportional representation vote; members serve a 5-year term)"
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},
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"elections": {
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"text": "Senate - last held on 8 and 15 November 2009 (next to be held in 2014); National Assembly - first round last held on 23 November and second round on 21 December 2013 (next to be held in 2018)"
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"text": "Senate - last held on 23 November 2013 (next election scheduled for 2015 but delayed because of opposition party threats to boycott election); National Assembly - first round last held on 23 November and second round on 21 December 2013 (next to be held in 2018)"
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},
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"election results": {
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"text": "Senate - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - CPM (Coalition of Majority Parties) 14, RNRD-TAWASSOUL 1, independent 2; National Assembly - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - UPR 75, RNRD-TAWASSOUL 16, El Wiam 10, APP 7, El Karama Party 6, UDP 6, AJD/MR 4, Surge of Youth for the Nation 4, El Vadila Party 3, PRDR 3, PUD 3, Ravah Party 3, other 6"
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"text": "Senate - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - CPM 14 (UPR 12, UDP 2), RNRD-TAWASSOUL 1, independent 2; National Assembly - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - UPR 75, RNRD-TAWASSOUL 16, El Wiam 10, APP 7, El Karama Party 6, UDP 6, AJD/MR 4, Burst of Youth for the Nation 4, El Vadila Party 3, PRDR 3, PUD 3, Ravah Party 3, other 6; note - parties winning fewer than 3 seats sit as independents unless they join a coalition"
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}
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},
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"Judicial branch": {
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}
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},
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"Political parties and leaders": {
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"text": "Alliance for Justice and Democracy/Movement for Renewal or AJD/MR [Ibrahima Moctar SARR] ++ Alternative or El-Badil [Mohamed Yahdhi Ould MOCTAR HACEN] ++ Coalition of Majority Parties or CPM (parties supporting the regime including PRDR, UPR, UDP, RD, HATEM-PMUC, UCD) ++ Coalition for Pacific Alternation or CAP (coalition of opposition parties, including APP, El Wiam, and Sawab) ++ Coordination of Democratic Opposition or COD [Ahmed Ould DADDAH] (coalition of 11 opposition political parties including RNRD-TAWASSOUL, RFD, UFP, PNDD-ADIL, Alternative or El-Badil) ++ Democratic Renewal or RD [Moustapha Ould ABDEIDARRAHMANE] ++ El Karama Party [Cheikhna Ould Mohamed Ould HAJBOU] ++ El Vadila Party [Ethmane Ould Ahmed ABOULMAALY] ++ El Wiam [Boidiel Ould HOUMEIT] ++ Initiative for the Resurgence of the Abolitionist Movement (Biram Dah ABEID] ++ Mauritanian Party for Unity and Change or HATEM-PMUC [Saleh Ould HANENA] (Nasserist Arab Nationalists) ++ National Pact for Democracy and Development or PNDD-ADIL [Yahya Ould Ahmed El WAGHEF] (independents formerly supporting President ABDELLAHI) ++ National Rally for Freedom, Democracy and Equality or RNLDE ++ National Rally for Reform and Development or RNRD-TAWASSOUL [Mohamed Jamil MANSOUR] (moderate Islamists) ++ Party of Unity and Development or PUD [Mohamed BARO] ++ Popular Front or FP [Mohamed Lemine Ch'bih Ould CHEIKH MALAININE] ++ Popular Progressive Alliance or APP [Messaoud Ould BOULKHEIR] ++ Rally of Democratic Forces or RFD [Ahmed Ould DADDAH] ++ Ravah Party ++ Republican Party for Democracy and Renewal or PRDR [Mintata Mint HIDEID] ++ Sawab [Abdel Salem Ould HORMA] (Ba'athists) ++ Socialist and Democratic Unity Party or PUDS [Mahfouz Weld AZIZ] ++ Surge of Youth for the Nation [Lalla CHERIVA] ++ Union for Democracy and Progress or UDP [Naha Mint MOUKNASS] ++ Union for the Republic or UPR [Sidi Mohamed Ould MAHAM] (ruling party) ++ Union of Democratic Center or UCD [Cheikh Sid'Ahmed Ould BABA] ++ Union of the Forces for Progress or UFP [Mohamed Ould MAOULOUD]"
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"text": "Alliance for Justice and Democracy/Movement for Renewal or AJD/MR [Ibrahima Moctar SARR] ++ Burst of Youth for the Nation [Lalla CHERIVA] ++ Coalition for Pacific Alternation or CAP (coalition of opposition parties, including APP, El Wiam) ++ Coalition of Majority Parties or CPM including UPR, UDP) ++ Coordination of Democratic Opposition or COD [Ahmed Ould DADDAH] (coalition including RNRD-TAWASSOUL) ++ El Karama Party [Cheikhna Ould Mohamed Ould HAJBOU] ++ El Vadila Party [Ethmane Ould Ahmed ABOULMAALY] ++ El Wiam [Boidiel Ould HOUMEIT] ++ National Rally for Reform and Development or RNRD-TAWASSOUL [Mohamed Jamil Ould MANSOUR] ++ Party of Unity and Development or PUD [Mohamed BARO] ++ Popular Progressive Alliance or APP [Messaoud Ould BOULKHEIR] ++ Ravah Party ++ Republican Party for Democracy and Renewal or PRDR [Sidi Mohamed Ould Mohamed VALL] ++ Union for Democracy and Progress or UDP [Naha Mint MOUKNASS] ++ Union for the Republic or UPR [Sidi Mohamed Ould MAHAM]"
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},
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"Political pressure groups and leaders": {
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"text": "General Confederation of Mauritanian Workers or CGTM [Abdallahi Ould MOHAMED, secretary general] ++ Independent Confederation of Mauritanian Workers or CLTM and El Hor [Samory Ould BEYE] (civil society organization) ++ Mauritanian Workers Union or UTM [Mohamed Ely Ould BRAHIM, secretary general] ++ SOS-Esclaves [Boubacar MESSAOUD] (anti-slavery group)",
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},
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"Energy": {
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"Electricity - production": {
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"text": "930 million kWh (2011 est.)"
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"text": "1.035 billion kWh (2012 est.)"
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},
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"Electricity - consumption": {
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"text": "864.9 million kWh (2011 est.)"
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"text": "962.6 million kWh (2012 est.)"
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},
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"Electricity - exports": {
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"text": "0 kWh (2013 est.)"
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"text": "0 kWh (2013 est.)"
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},
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"Electricity - installed generating capacity": {
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"text": "293,000 kW (2011 est.)"
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"text": "293,000 kW (2012 est.)"
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},
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"Electricity - from fossil fuels": {
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"text": "66.9% of total installed capacity (2011 est.)"
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"text": "66.9% of total installed capacity (2012 est.)"
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},
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"Electricity - from nuclear fuels": {
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"text": "0% of total installed capacity (2011 est.)"
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"text": "0% of total installed capacity (2012 est.)"
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},
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"Electricity - from hydroelectric plants": {
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"text": "33.1% of total installed capacity (2011 est.)"
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"text": "33.1% of total installed capacity (2012 est.)"
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},
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"Electricity - from other renewable sources": {
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"text": "0% of total installed capacity (2011 est.)"
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"text": "0% of total installed capacity (2012 est.)"
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},
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"Crude oil - production": {
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"text": "6,750 bbl/day (2013 est.)"
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"text": "6,003 bbl/day (2014 est.)"
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},
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"Crude oil - exports": {
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"text": "7,337 bbl/day (2010 est.)"
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"text": "11,250 bbl/day (2012 est.)"
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},
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"Crude oil - imports": {
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"text": "0 bbl/day (2010 est.)"
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"text": "0 bbl/day (2012 est.)"
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},
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"Crude oil - proved reserves": {
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"text": "20 million bbl (1 January 2014 est.)"
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"text": "20 million bbl (1 January 2015 est.)"
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},
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"Refined petroleum products - production": {
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"text": "0 bbl/day (2010 est.)"
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"text": "0 bbl/day (2012 est.)"
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},
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"Refined petroleum products - consumption": {
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"text": "17,870 bbl/day (2013 est.)"
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"text": "12,800 bbl/day (2013 est.)"
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},
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"Refined petroleum products - exports": {
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"text": "0 bbl/day (2010 est.)"
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"text": "0 bbl/day (2012 est.)"
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},
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"Refined petroleum products - imports": {
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"text": "12,810 bbl/day (2010 est.)"
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"text": "12,810 bbl/day (2012 est.)"
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},
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"Natural gas - production": {
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"text": "0 cu m (2012 est.)"
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"text": "0 cu m (2013 est.)"
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},
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"Natural gas - consumption": {
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"text": "0 cu m (2012 est.)"
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"text": "0 cu m (2013 est.)"
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},
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"Natural gas - exports": {
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"text": "0 cu m (2012 est.)"
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"text": "0 cu m (2013 est.)"
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},
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"Natural gas - imports": {
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"text": "0 cu m (2012 est.)"
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"text": "0 cu m (2013 est.)"
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},
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"Natural gas - proved reserves": {
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"text": "28.32 billion cu m (1 January 2014 est.)"
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