auto-update week 24

This commit is contained in:
Yo Robot 2021-06-15 22:20:31 +00:00
parent 48e0ca9053
commit 68db2522d1
136 changed files with 427 additions and 444 deletions

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@ -1147,7 +1147,15 @@
"stateless persons": {
"text": "75 (2019)"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> 74,714 estimated refugee and migrant arrivals (January 2015-May 2021)"
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> 75,572 estimated refugee and migrant arrivals (January 2015-May 2021)"
},
"Trafficking in persons": {
"current situation": {
"text": "human traffickers exploit domestic and foreign victims in Bosnia and Herzegovina and Bosnians and Herzegovinians abroad; Bosnian and foreign women and girls are sex trafficked within the country; Bosnians are also exploited through forced labor in construction and other industries in neighboring Balkan countries and throughout Europe; thousands of migrants and refugees smuggled through Bosnia and Herzegovina are vulnerable to trafficking, especially women and unaccompanied minors; Romani children are victims of forced begging, sex trafficking, and domestic servitude"
},
"tier rating": {
"text": "Tier 2 Watch List &mdash; Bosnia and Herzegovina does not fully meet the minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking but is making significant efforts to do so; because the government devoted sufficient resources to a written plan that, if implemented, would constitute significant efforts to meet minimum standards, Bosnia and Herzegovina was granted a waiver from being downgraded to Tier 3; the government adopted a national strategy in January 2020; the State Prosecutor&rsquo;s Office appointed a prosecutor to the anti-trafficking strike force, the only mechanism to coordinate law enforcement efforts across entities on trafficking cases; the government identified more trafficking victims and revised the structure and guidelines of regional coordinating teams to increase effectiveness; however, the lack of an approved state budget delayed funding for anti-trafficking efforts; law enforcement continued to regularly investigate trafficking under lesser offenses, while judges continued to issue sentences below the minimum penalty; the government continued to penalize victims and did not disburse annual funds to NGOs for victim protection (2020)"
}
},
"Illicit drugs": {
"text": "increasingly a transit point for heroin being trafficked to Western Europe; minor transit point for marijuana; remains highly vulnerable to money-laundering activity given a primarily cash-based and unregulated economy, weak law enforcement, and instances of corruption"

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@ -30,10 +30,10 @@
},
"Land boundaries": {
"total": {
"text": "3,642 km"
"text": "3,599 km"
},
"border countries": {
"text": "Latvia 161 km, Lithuania 640 km, Poland 418 km, Russia 1312 km, Ukraine 1111 km"
"text": "Latvia 161 km, Lithuania 640 km, Poland 375 km, Russia 1312 km, Ukraine 1111 km"
}
},
"Coastline": {
@ -1144,10 +1144,10 @@
},
"Trafficking in persons": {
"current situation": {
"text": "Belarus is a source, transit, and destination country for women, men, and children subjected to sex trafficking and forced labor; more victims are exploited within Belarus than abroad; Belarusians exploited abroad are primarily trafficked to Germany, Poland, Russian, and Turkey but also other European countries, the Middle East, Japan, Kazakhstan, and Mexico; Moldovans, Russians, Ukrainians, and Vietnamese are exploited in Belarus; state-sponsored forced labor is a continuing problem; students are forced to do farm labor without pay and military conscripts are forced to perform unpaid non-military work; the government has retained a decree forbidding workers in state-owned wood processing factories from leaving their jobs without their employers permission"
"text": "human traffickers exploit domestic and foreign victims and exploit Belarusians abroad; the majority of trafficking victims are men subjected to forced labor; most Belarusian victims are trafficked in Belarus and Russia, but also in Poland, Turkey, and other Eurasian and Middle Eastern countries; the government continued to subject factory workers, civil servants, and students to state-sponsored forced labor harvesting crops on state-owned farms or cleaning streets"
},
"tier rating": {
"text": "Tier 3 Belarus does not fully comply with the minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking and was placed on Tier 3 after being on the Tier 2 Watch List for two consecutive years without making progress; government efforts to repeal state-sponsored forced labor policies and domestic trafficking were inadequate; no trafficking offenders were convicted in 2014, and the number of investigations progressively declined from 2005-14; efforts to protect trafficking victims remain insufficient, with no identification and referral mechanism in place; care facilities were not trafficking-specific and were poorly equipped, leading most victims to seek assistance from private shelters (2015)"
"text": "Tier 3 &mdash; Belarus does not fully meet the minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking because of a government policy or pattern of government-sponsored forced labor in public works projects and the agricultural sector; however, authorities convicted traffickers under its trafficking statute for the first time in eight years, increased training for law enforcement officers, and confirmed significantly more victims; the government adopted a national action plan to protect minors from sexual violence and exploitation (2020)"
}
},
"Illicit drugs": {

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@ -1167,14 +1167,6 @@
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> 60,074 estimated refugee and migrant arrivals (January 2015-May 2021); Bulgaria is predominantly a transit country"
},
"Trafficking in persons": {
"current situation": {
"text": "Bulgaria is a source and, to a lesser extent, a transit and destination country for men, women, and children subjected to sex trafficking and forced labor; Bulgaria is one of the main sources of human trafficking in the EU; women and children are increasingly sex trafficked domestically, as well as in Europe, Russia, the Middle East, and the US; adults and children become forced laborers in agriculture, construction, and the service sector in Europe, Israel, and Zambia; Romanian girls are also subjected to sex trafficking in Bulgaria"
},
"tier rating": {
"text": "Tier 2 Watch List Bulgaria does not fully comply with the minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking; however, it is making significant efforts to do so; in 2014, authorities prosecuted and convicted fewer traffickers and issued suspended sentences for the majority of those convicted; victim protection efforts declined and were minimal relative to the number of victims identified; funding for the states two NGO-operated shelters was significantly cut, forcing them to close; specialized services for child and adult male victims were non-existent; the government took action to combat trafficking-related complicity among public officials and police officers (2015)"
}
},
"Illicit drugs": {
"text": "major European transshipment point for Southwest Asian heroin and, to a lesser degree, South American cocaine for the European market; limited producer of precursor chemicals; vulnerable to money laundering because of corruption, organized crime; some money laundering of drug-related proceeds through financial institutions"
}

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@ -546,10 +546,10 @@
"text": "area under government control: unicameral House of Representatives or Vouli Antiprosopon (80 seats; 56 assigned to Greek Cypriots, 24 to Turkish Cypriots, but only those assigned to Greek Cypriots are filled; members directly elected by both proportional representation and preferential vote; members serve 5-year terms); area administered by Turkish Cypriots: unicameral \"Assembly of the Republic\" or Cumhuriyet Meclisi (50 seats; members directly elected to 5-year terms by proportional representation system using a&nbsp;hybrid d'Hondt method&nbsp;with voter preferences for individual candidates"
},
"elections": {
"text": "area under government control: last held on 22 May 2016 (next to be held in May 2021); area administered by Turkish Cypriots: last held on 7 January 2018 (next to be held in 2023, unless early election called)"
"text": "area under government control: last held on 30 May 2021 (next to be held in 2026); area administered by Turkish Cypriots: last held on 7 January 2018 (next to be held in 2023, unless early election called)"
},
"election results": {
"text": "area under government control: House of Representatives - percent of vote by party - DISY 30.7%, AKEL 25.7%, DIKO 14.5%, KS-EDEK 6.2%, SP 6% Solidarity Movement 5.2%, other 11.7%; seats by party - DISY 18, AKEL 16, DIKO 9, KS-EDEK 3, Citizen's Alliance 3 (2 left the party in 2017 and 2018 due to disagreements over the party's policy regarding the presidential election campaign; one joined DIKO and the other became an independent MP), Solidarity Movement 3, other 4; area administered by Turkish Cypriots: \"Assembly of the Republic\" - percent of vote by party - UBP 35.6%, CTP 20.9%, HP 17.1%, TDP 8.6%, DP 7.8%, YDP 7%, 3%; seats by party - UBP 21, CTP 12, HP 9, DP 3, TDP 3, YDP 2"
"text": "area under government control: House of Representatives - percent of vote by party/coalition - DISY 27.8%, AKEL 22.3%, DIKO 11.3%, ELAM 6.8%, EDEK-SP 6.7%, DiPa 6.1%, Movement of Ecologists - Citizens' Cooperation 4.4%, other 14.6%; percent of vote by party/coalition - DISY 17, AKEL 15, DIKO 9, ELAM 4, EDEK-SP 4, DiPa 4, Movement of Ecologists - Citizens' Cooperation 3;&nbsp;area administered by Turkish Cypriots: \"Assembly of the Republic\" - percent of vote by party - UBP 35.6%, CTP 20.9%, HP 17.1%, TDP 8.6%, DP 7.8%, YDP 7%, 3%; seats by party - UBP 21, CTP 12, HP 9, DP 3, TDP 3, YDP 2"
}
},
"Judicial branch": {
@ -564,7 +564,7 @@
}
},
"Political parties and leaders": {
"text": "<strong>area under government control:</strong> <br />Citizens' Alliance or SP [Giorgos LILLIKAS]<br />Democratic Party or DIKO [Nicolas PAPADOPOULOS]<br />Democratic Rally or DISY [Averof NEOPHYTOU]<br />Movement of Ecologists and Environmentalists or KOP (Green party) [Giorgos PERDIKIS]<br />I, the Citizen or EOP [Georgios KOUNTOURIS]<br />Movement of Social Democrats EDEK [Marinos SIZOPOULOS]<br />National Popular Front or ELAM [Christos CHRISTOU]<br />Progressive Party of the Working People or AKEL (Communist party) [Andros KYPRIANOU]<br />Solidarity Movement [Eleni THEOCHAROUS]<br />United Democrats or EDI [Praxoula ANTONIADOU]<br />Democratic Front or DIPA [Marios GAROYIAN]<br />Animal Party Cyprus or APC [Kyriacos KYRIACOU]<br /><strong>area administered by Turkish Cypriots:</strong> <br />Communal Democracy Party or TDP [Cemal OZYIGIT]<br />Communal Liberation Party-New Forces or TKP-YG [Mehmet CAKICI]<br />Cyprus Socialist Party or KSP [Mehmet BIRINCI]<br />Democratic Party or DP [Serdar DENKTAS]<br />National Democratic Party or NDP [Buray BUSKUVUTCU]<br />National Unity Party or UBP [Ersin TATAR]<br />New Cyprus Party or YKP [Murat KANATLI]<br />People's Party or HP [Kudret OZERSAY]<br />Rebirth Party or YDP [Erhan ARIKLI]<br />Republican Turkish Party or CTP [Tufan ERHURMAN]<br />United Cyprus Party or BKP [Izzet IZCAN]"
"text": "<strong>area under government control:</strong> <br />Citizens' Alliance or SP [Giorgos LILLIKAS]<br />Democratic Front or DiPa [Marios GAROYIAN]<br />Democratic Party or DIKO [Nicolas PAPADOPOULOS]<br />Democratic Rally or DISY [Averof NEOPHYTOU]<br />Movement of Ecologists - Citizens' Alliance [Theopemptou CHARALAMBOS]<br />Movement of Social Democrats EDEK [Marinos SIZOPOULOS]<br />National Popular Front or ELAM [Christos CHRISTOU]<br />Progressive Party of the Working People or AKEL (Communist party) [Andros KYPRIANOU]<br /><br /><strong>area administered by Turkish Cypriots:</strong> <br />Communal Democracy Party or TDP [Cemal OZYIGIT]<br />Communal Liberation Party-New Forces or TKP-YG [Mehmet CAKICI]<br />Cyprus Socialist Party or KSP [Mehmet BIRINCI]<br />Democratic Party or DP [Serdar DENKTAS]<br />National Democratic Party or NDP [Buray BUSKUVUTCU]<br />National Unity Party or UBP [Ersin TATAR]<br />New Cyprus Party or YKP [Murat KANATLI]<br />People's Party or HP [Kudret OZERSAY]<br />Rebirth Party or YDP [Erhan ARIKLI]<br />Republican Turkish Party or CTP [Tufan ERHURMAN]<br />United Cyprus Party or BKP [Izzet IZCAN]"
},
"International organization participation": {
"text": "Australia Group, C, CD, CE, EBRD, ECB, EIB, EMU, EU, FAO, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, NAM, NSG, OAS (observer), OIF, OPCW, OSCE, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO"

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@ -43,10 +43,10 @@
},
"Elevation": {
"highest point": {
"text": "<span style=\"display: inline !important; float: none; background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 18px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;\">Mont Blanc, France 4,810 m</span>"
"text": "Mont Blanc, France 4,810 m"
},
"lowest point": {
"text": "<span style=\"display: inline !important; float: none; background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 18px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;\">Zuidplaspolder, Netherlands -7 m</span>"
"text": "Zuidplaspolder, Netherlands -7 m"
}
},
"Natural resources": {
@ -100,8 +100,7 @@
},
"female": {
"text": "45.5 years (2020 est.)"
},
"note": "<table width=\"394\">\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td width=\"152\">&nbsp;</td>\r\n<td width=\"113\">&nbsp;</td>\r\n<td width=\"129\">&nbsp;</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n</tbody>\r\n</table>"
}
},
"Population growth rate": {
"text": "-0.69% 0.10% (2021 est.)"
@ -286,12 +285,12 @@
"text": "18 years of age (16 years in Austria); universal; voting for the European Parliament is permitted in each member state"
},
"Executive branch": {
"text": "<p>under the EU treaties there are three distinct institutions, each of which conducts functions that may be regarded as executive in nature:<br /><em>European Council </em>- brings together heads of state and government, along with the president of the European Commission, and meets at least four times a year; its aim is to provide the impetus for the development of the Union and to issue general policy guidelines; the Treaty of Lisbon established the position of \"permanent\" (full-time) president of the European Council; leaders of the EU member states appoint the president for a 2 1/2 year term, renewable once; the president's responsibilities include chairing the EU summits and providing policy and organizational continuity; the current president is Charles MICHEL (Belgium), since 1 December 2019, succeeding Donald TUSK (Poland; 2014 - 2019)<br /><em>Council of the European Commission</em> - consists of ministers of each EU member state and meets regularly in 10 different configurations depending on the subject matter; it conducts policymaking and coordinating functions as well as legislative functions; ministers of EU member states chair meetings of the Council of the EU based on a 6-month rotating presidency except for the meetings of EU Foreign Ministers in the Foreign Affairs Council that are chaired by the High Representative for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy<br /><em>European Commission</em> - headed by a College of Commissioners comprised of 28 members (one from each member country) including the president; each commissioner is responsible for one or more policy areas; the Commission's main responsibilities include the sole right to initiate EU legislation (except for foreign and security/defense policy), promoting the general interest of the EU, acting as \"guardian of the Treaties\" by monitoring the application of EU law, implementing/executing the EU budget, managing programs, negotiating on the EU's behalf in core policy areas such as trade, and ensuring the Union's external representation in some policy areas; its current president is Ursula VON DER LEYEN (Belgium) elected on 16 July 2019 (took office on 1 December 2019); the president of the European Commission is nominated by the European Council and formally \"elected\" by the European Parliament; the Commission president allocates specific responsibilities among the members of the College (appointed by common accord of the member state governments in consultation with the president-elect); the European Parliament confirms the entire Commission for a 5-year term.</p><br><br><strong>note:</strong> for external representation and foreign policy making, leaders of the EU member states appointed Federica MOGHERINI (Italy) as the High Representative of the European Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy; MOGHERINI took office on 1 November 2014, succeeding Catherine ASHTON (UK) (2009-14); the High Representative's concurrent appointment as Vice President of the European Commission was meant to bring more coherence to the EU&rsquo;s foreign policy (horizontally, between policies managed by the Commission that are particularly relevant for EU external relations, such as trade, humanitarian aid and crisis management, neighborhood policy and enlargement; and vertically, between national capitals and the EU); the High Representative helps develop and implement the EU's Common Foreign and Security Policy and Common Security and Defense Policy components, chairs the Foreign Affairs Council, represents and acts for the Union in many international contexts, and oversees the European External Action Service, the diplomatic corps of the EU, established on 1 December 2010",
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> for external representation and foreign policy making, leaders of the EU member states appointed Federica MOGHERINI (Italy) as the High Representative of the European Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy; MOGHERINI took office on 1 November 2014, succeeding Catherine ASHTON (UK) (2009-14); the High Representative's concurrent appointment as Vice President of the European Commission was meant to bring more coherence to the EU&rsquo;s foreign policy (horizontally, between policies managed by the Commission that are particularly relevant for EU external relations, such as trade, humanitarian aid and crisis management, neighborhood policy and enlargement; and vertically, between national capitals and the EU); the High Representative helps develop and implement the EU's Common Foreign and Security Policy and Common Security and Defense Policy components, chairs the Foreign Affairs Council, represents and acts for the Union in many international contexts, and oversees the European External Action Service, the diplomatic corps of the EU, established on 1 December 2010"
"text": "<p>under the EU treaties there are three distinct institutions, each of which conducts functions that may be regarded as executive in nature:<br /><em>European Council </em>- brings together heads of state and government, along with the president of the European Commission, and meets at least four times a year; its aim is to provide the impetus for the development of the Union and to issue general policy guidelines; the Treaty of Lisbon established the position of \"permanent\" (full-time) president of the European Council; leaders of the EU member states appoint the president for a 2 1/2 year term, renewable once; the president's responsibilities include chairing the EU summits and providing policy and organizational continuity; the current president is Charles MICHEL (Belgium), since 1 December 2019, succeeding Donald TUSK (Poland; 2014 - 2019)<br /><em>Council of the European Commission</em> - consists of ministers of each EU member state and meets regularly in 10 different configurations depending on the subject matter; it conducts policymaking and coordinating functions as well as legislative functions; ministers of EU member states chair meetings of the Council of the EU based on a 6-month rotating presidency except for the meetings of EU Foreign Ministers in the Foreign Affairs Council that are chaired by the High Representative for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy<br /><em>European Commission</em> - headed by a College of Commissioners comprised of 28 members (one from each member country) including the president; each commissioner is responsible for one or more policy areas; the Commission's main responsibilities include the sole right to initiate EU legislation (except for foreign and security/defense policy), promoting the general interest of the EU, acting as \"guardian of the Treaties\" by monitoring the application of EU law, implementing/executing the EU budget, managing programs, negotiating on the EU's behalf in core policy areas such as trade, and ensuring the Union's external representation in some policy areas; its current president is Ursula VON DER LEYEN (Belgium) elected on 16 July 2019 (took office on 1 December 2019); the president of the European Commission is nominated by the European Council and formally \"elected\" by the European Parliament; the Commission president allocates specific responsibilities among the members of the College (appointed by common accord of the member state governments in consultation with the president-elect); the European Parliament confirms the entire Commission for a 5-year term.</p><br><br><strong>note:</strong> for external representation and foreign policy making, leaders of the EU member states appointed Joseph BORRELL (Spain) as the High Representative of the European Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy; BORRELL took office on 1 December 2019, succeeding Federica MOGHERINI (Italy (2014 - 2019); the High Representative's concurrent appointment as Vice President of the European Commission was meant to bring more coherence to the EU&rsquo;s foreign policy (horizontally, between policies managed by the Commission that are particularly relevant for EU external relations, such as trade, humanitarian aid and crisis management, neighborhood policy and enlargement; and vertically, between national capitals and the EU); the High Representative helps develop and implement the EU's Common Foreign and Security Policy and Common Security and Defense Policy components, chairs the Foreign Affairs Council, represents and acts for the Union in many international contexts, and oversees the European External Action Service, the diplomatic corps of the EU, established on 1 December 2010",
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> for external representation and foreign policy making, leaders of the EU member states appointed Joseph BORRELL (Spain) as the High Representative of the European Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy; BORRELL took office on 1 December 2019, succeeding Federica MOGHERINI (Italy (2014 - 2019); the High Representative's concurrent appointment as Vice President of the European Commission was meant to bring more coherence to the EU&rsquo;s foreign policy (horizontally, between policies managed by the Commission that are particularly relevant for EU external relations, such as trade, humanitarian aid and crisis management, neighborhood policy and enlargement; and vertically, between national capitals and the EU); the High Representative helps develop and implement the EU's Common Foreign and Security Policy and Common Security and Defense Policy components, chairs the Foreign Affairs Council, represents and acts for the Union in many international contexts, and oversees the European External Action Service, the diplomatic corps of the EU, established on 1 December 2010"
},
"Legislative branch": {
"description": {
"text": "two legislative bodies consisting of the Council of the European Union (27 seats; ministers representing the 27 member states) and the European Parliament (705 seats; seats allocated among member states roughly in proportion to population size; members elected by proportional representation to serve 5-year terms); note - the European Parliament President, Antonio TAJANI (Italian center-right), was elected in January 2017 by a majority of fellow members of the European Parliament (MEPs) and represents the Parliament within the EU and internationally; the Council of the EU and the MEPs share responsibilities for adopting the bulk of EU legislation, normally acting in co-decision on Commission proposals (but not in the area of Common Foreign and Security Policy, which is governed by consensus of the EU member state governments)"
"text": "two legislative bodies consisting of the Council of the European Union (27 seats; ministers representing the 27 member states) and the European Parliament (705 seats; seats allocated among member states roughly in proportion to population size; members elected by proportional representation to serve 5-year terms); note - the European Parliament President, David SASSOLI (Italian center-left), was elected in July 2019 by a majority of fellow members of the European Parliament (MEPs) and represents the Parliament within the EU and internationally; the Council of the EU and the MEPs share responsibilities for adopting the bulk of EU legislation, normally acting in co-decision on Commission proposals (but not in the area of Common Foreign and Security Policy, which is governed by consensus of the EU member state governments)"
},
"elections": {
"text": "last held on 23-26 May 2019 (next to be held May 2024)"
@ -302,7 +301,7 @@
},
"Judicial branch": {
"highest courts": {
"text": "<span style=\"display: inline !important; float: none; background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 18px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;\">Court of Justice of the European Union, which includes&nbsp;the Court of Justice (informally known as the European Court of Justice or ECJ) and the General Court (consists of 27 judges, one drawn from each member state; the ECJ includes 11 Advocates General while the General Court can include additional judges; both the ECJ and the General Court may sit in a \"Grand Chamber\" of 15 judges in special cases but usually in chambers of 3 to 5 judges</span>"
"text": "Court of Justice of the European Union, which includes the Court of Justice (informally known as the European Court of Justice or ECJ) and the General Court (consists of 27 judges, one drawn from each member state; the ECJ includes 11 Advocates General while the General Court can include additional judges; both the ECJ and the General Court may sit in a \"Grand Chamber\" of 15 judges in special cases but usually in chambers of 3 to 5 judges"
},
"judge selection and term of office": {
"text": "judges appointed by the common consent of the member states to serve 6-year renewable terms"
@ -317,7 +316,7 @@
},
"Diplomatic representation in the US": {
"chief of mission": {
"text": "Ambassador David O'SULLIVAN (since 18 November 2014)"
"text": "Ambassador Stavros LAMBRINIDIS (since 1 March 2019)&nbsp;"
},
"chancery": {
"text": "2175 K Street, NW, Suite 800, Washington, DC 20037"
@ -331,7 +330,7 @@
},
"Diplomatic representation from the US": {
"chief of mission": {
"text": "Ambassador Gordon SONDLAND (since 9 July 2018)"
"text": "Ambassador (Vacant); Charge D' Affaires Mark LIBBY (since 20 January 2021)"
},
"telephone": {
"text": "[32] (2) 811-4100"

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@ -1150,6 +1150,14 @@
"text": "99 (2019)"
}
},
"Trafficking in persons": {
"current situation": {
"text": "human traffickers exploit domestic and foreign victims in Ireland and Irish victims abroad; traffickers subject Irish children and foreign trafficking victims from Africa, Asia, Eastern Europe, and South America to sex trafficking; victims are exploited in forced domestic work, the restaurant industry, waste management, fishing, seasonal agriculture, and car washing services; Vietnamese and Chinese nationals convicted for cannabis cultivation often report indicators of forced labor, such as document retention, restriction of movement, and non-payment of wages; undocumented workers in the fishing industry and domestic workers, particularly au pairs, are vulnerable to trafficking; women from Eastern Europe forced into marriage in Ireland are at risk for sex trafficking and forced labor; the problem of forced labor in the country is growing"
},
"tier rating": {
"text": "Tier 2 Watch List &mdash;<strong> </strong>Ireland does not fully meet the minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking but is making significant efforts to do so; efforts included increasing prosecutions and funding to NGOs for victim assistance, increasing the number of police and immigration officers receiving anti-trafficking training, and reorganizing its anti-trafficking coordination unit; however, the government did not demonstrate overall increasing efforts; no traffickers have been convicted since the anti-trafficking law was amended in 2013; weakened deterrence meant impunity for traffickers and undermined efforts to support victims testifying against traffickers; systematic deficiencies in victim identification, a lack of specialized services for victims continued, and the amended working scheme for sea fishers increased their vulnerability to trafficking (2020)"
}
},
"Illicit drugs": {
"text": "transshipment point for and consumer of hashish from North Africa to the UK and Netherlands and of European-produced synthetic drugs; increasing consumption of South American cocaine; minor transshipment point for heroin and cocaine destined for Western Europe; despite recent legislation, narcotics-related money laundering - using bureaux de change, trusts, and shell companies involving the offshore financial community - remains a concern"
}

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@ -30,10 +30,10 @@
},
"Land boundaries": {
"total": {
"text": "2,143 km"
"text": "2,046 km"
},
"border countries": {
"text": "Austria 402 km, Germany 704 km, Poland 796 km, Slovakia 241 km"
"text": "Austria 402 km, Germany 704 km, Poland 699 km, Slovakia 241 km"
}
},
"Coastline": {

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@ -562,7 +562,7 @@
"subordinate courts": {
"text": "appellate courts or Cour d'Appel; regional courts or Tribunal de Grande Instance; first instance courts or Tribunal d'instance; administrative courts"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> in April 2018, the French Government announced its intention to reform the country's judicial system"
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> in April 2021, the French Government submitted a bill on judicial reform to Parliament"
},
"Political parties and leaders": {
"text": "Presidential majority Parties [Edouard PHILIPPE]<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Democratic Movement or MoDem [Francois BAYROU]<br />&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; La Republique en Marche! or LREM [Richard FERRAND]<br />&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; Movement of Progressives or MDP&nbsp; Robert HUE]<br />Parliamentary right Parties [Francois BAROIN]<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Hunting, Fishing, Nature and Tradition or CPNT [Eddie PUYJAION]<br />&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; The Republicans or LR [Annie GENEVARD]<br />&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; Union of Democrats and Independents or UDI [Jean-Christophe&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; CAMBADELIS]<br />&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <br />Parliamentary left Parties [Bernard CAZENEUVE]<br />&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; Sociatlist Party or PS [Jean-Christophe CAMBADEMAND]<br />&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; Radical Party of the Left or PRG [Sylvia PINEL]<br />&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; Citizen and Republican Movement or MRC [Jean-Luc LAURENT]<br />&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; Martinican Progressive Party or PPM [Aiem CESAIRE]<br />Debout la France or DLF [Nicolas DUPONT-AIGNAN]<br />Ecology Democracy Solidarity or EDS [Paula FORTEZA, Matthieu ORPHELIN <br />(splinter party formed in May 2020 by defectors of LREM)<br />Europe Ecologists - the Greens or EELV [David CORMAND]<br />French Communist Party or PCF [Pierre LAURENT]<br />La France Insoumise or FI [Jean-Luc MELENCHONLIS]<br />National Front or FN [Marine LE PEN]<br /><br />"

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@ -30,10 +30,10 @@
},
"Land boundaries": {
"total": {
"text": "3,714 km"
"text": "3,694 km"
},
"border countries": {
"text": "Austria 801 km, Belgium 133 km, Czech Republic 704 km, Denmark 140 km, France 418 km, Luxembourg 128 km, Netherlands 575 km, Poland 467 km, Switzerland 348 km"
"text": "Austria 801 km, Belgium 133 km, Czechia 704 km, Denmark 140 km, France 418 km, Luxembourg 128 km, Netherlands 575 km, Poland 447 km, Switzerland 348 km"
}
},
"Coastline": {
@ -551,7 +551,7 @@
}
},
"Political parties and leaders": {
"text": "Alliance '90/Greens [Annalena BAERBOCK and Robert HABECK]<br />Alternative for Germany or AfD [Alexander GAULAND and Joerg MEUTHEN]<br />Christian Democratic Union or CDU [Armin LASCHET]<br />Christian Social Union or CSU [Markus SOEDER]<br />Free Democratic Party or FDP [Christian LINDNER]<br />The Left or Die Linke [Katja KIPPING and Bernd RIEXINGER]<br />Social Democratic Party or SPD [Saskia ESKEN and Norbert WALTER-BORJANS]"
"text": "Alliance '90/Greens [Annalena BAERBOCK and Robert HABECK]<br />Alternative for Germany or AfD [Alexander GAULAND - Honorary President, Joerg MEUTHEN and Tino CHRUPALLA]<br />Christian Democratic Union or CDU [Armin LASCHET]<br />Christian Social Union or CSU [Markus SOEDER]<br />Free Democratic Party or FDP [Christian LINDNER]<br />The Left or Die Linke [Janine WISSLER and Susanne HENNING-WELLSOW]<br />Social Democratic Party or SPD [Saskia ESKEN and Norbert WALTER-BORJANS]"
},
"International organization participation": {
"text": "ADB (nonregional member), AfDB (nonregional member), Arctic Council (observer), Australia Group, BIS, BSEC (observer), CBSS, CD, CDB, CE, CERN, EAPC, EBRD, ECB, EIB, EITI (implementing country), EMU, ESA, EU, FAO, FATF, G-5, G-7, G-8, G-10, G-20, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IGAD (partners), IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, MINURSO, MINUSMA, NATO, NEA, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, OPCW, OSCE, Pacific Alliance (observer), Paris Club, PCA, Schengen Convention, SELEC (observer), SICA (observer), UN, UNAMID, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNMISS, UNRWA, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC"

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@ -1170,7 +1170,7 @@
"stateless persons": {
"text": "4,734 (2019)"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> 1,207,593 estimated refugee and migrant arrivals (January 2015-May 2021); as of the end of December 2020, an estimated 119,700 migrants and refugees were stranded in Greece since 2015-16"
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> 1,207,658 estimated refugee and migrant arrivals (January 2015-June 2021); as of the end of December 2020, an estimated 119,700 migrants and refugees were stranded in Greece since 2015-16"
},
"Illicit drugs": {
"text": "a gateway to Europe for traffickers smuggling cannabis and heroin from the Middle East and Southwest Asia to the West and precursor chemicals to the East; some South American cocaine transits or is consumed in Greece; money laundering related to drug trafficking and organized crime"

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@ -1165,7 +1165,7 @@
"stateless persons": {
"text": "2,886 (2019)"
},
"note": "<strong>note: </strong>721,736 estimated refugee and migrant arrivals (January 2015-March 2021); flows slowed considerably in 2017; Croatia is predominantly a transit country and hosts about 340 asylum seekers as of the end of June 2018"
"note": "<strong>note: </strong>723,059 estimated refugee and migrant arrivals (January 2015-April 2021); flows slowed considerably in 2017; Croatia is predominantly a transit country and hosts about 340 asylum seekers as of the end of June 2018"
},
"Illicit drugs": {
"text": "primarily a transit country along the Balkan route for maritime shipments of South American cocaine bound for Western Europe and other illicit drugs and chemical precursors to and from Western Europe; no significant domestic production of illicit drugs"

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@ -1190,7 +1190,7 @@
"stateless persons": {
"text": "15,822 (2019)"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> 537,001 estimated refugee and migrant arrivals by sea (January 2015-May 2021); hosts an estimated 96,862 migrants and asylum seekers as of the end of October 2019"
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> 538,607 estimated refugee and migrant arrivals by sea (January 2015-June 2021); hosts an estimated 96,862 migrants and asylum seekers as of the end of October 2019"
},
"Illicit drugs": {
"text": "important gateway for and consumer of Latin American cocaine and Southwest Asian heroin entering the European market; money laundering by organized crime and from smuggling"

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@ -930,7 +930,7 @@
"IDPs": {
"text": "16,000 (primarily ethnic Serbs displaced during the 1998-1999 war fearing reprisals from the majority ethnic-Albanian population; a smaller number of ethnic Serbs, Roma, Ashkali, and Egyptians fled their homes in 2,004 as a result of violence) (2019)"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> 6,293 estimated refugee and migrant arrivals (January 2015-March 2021)"
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> 6,343 estimated refugee and migrant arrivals (January 2015-April 2021)"
}
}
}

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@ -495,7 +495,7 @@
"note": "<strong>etymology:</strong> of the several theories explaining the name's origin, the one relating to the city's role in Baltic and North Sea commerce is the most probable; the name is likely related to the Latvian word \"rija,\" meaning \"warehouse,\" where the 'j' became a 'g' under the heavy German influence in the city from the late Middle Ages to the early 20th century"
},
"Administrative divisions": {
"text": "<p>110 municipalities (novadi, singular - novads) and 9 cities</p> <p><strong>municipalities:</strong> Adazi, Aglona, Aizkraukle, Aizpute, Akniste, Aloja, Alsunga, Aluksne, Amata, Ape, Auce, Babite, Baldone, Baltinava, Balvi, Bauska, Beverina, Broceni, Burtnieki, Carnikava, Cesis, Cesvaine, Cibla, Dagda, Daugavpils, Dobele, Dundaga, Durbe, Engure, Ergli, Garkalne, Grobina, Gulbene, Iecava, Ikskile, Ilukste, Incukalns, Jaunjelgava, Jaunpiebalga, Jaunpils, Jekabpils, Jelgava, Kandava, Karsava, Kegums, Kekava, Koceni, Koknese, Kraslava, Krimulda, Krustpils, Kuldiga, Lielvarde, Ligatne, Limbazi, Livani, Lubanas, Ludza, Madona, Malpils, Marupe, Mazsalaca, Mersrags, Naukseni, Nereta, Nica, Ogre, Olaine, Ozolnieki, Pargauja, Pavilosta, Plavinas, Preili, Priekule, Priekuli, Rauna, Rezekne, Riebini, Roja, Ropazi, Rucava, Rugaji, Rujiena, Rundale, Salacgriva, Sala, Salaspils, Saldus, Saulkrasti, Seja, Sigulda, Skriveri, Skrunda, Smiltene, Stopini, Strenci, Talsi, Tervete, Tukums, Vainode, Valka, Varaklani, Varkava, Vecpiebalga, Vecumnieki, Ventspils, Viesites, Vilaka, Vilani, Zilupe</p> <p><strong>cities:</strong> Daugavpils, Jekabpils, Jelgava, Jurmala, Liepaja, Rezekne, Riga, Valmiera, Ventspils</p>"
"text": "<p>35 municipalities (novadi, singular - novads) and 7 state cities (valstpilsetu pasvaldibas, singular valstspilsetas pasvaldiba)</p> <p><strong>municipalities:</strong> Adazi, Aizkraukle, Aluksne, Augsdaugava, Balvi, Bauska, Cesis, Dienvidkurzeme, Dobele, Gulbene, Jekabpils, Jelgava, Kekava, Kraslava, Kuldiga, Limbazi, Livani, Ludza, Madona, Marupe, Ogre, Olaine, Preili, Rezekne, Ropazi, Salaspils, Saldus, Saulkrasti, Sigulda, Smiltene, Talsi, Tukums, Valka, Valmiera, Ventspils</p> <p><strong>cities:</strong> Daugavpils, Jelgava, Jurmala, Liepaja, Rezekne, Riga, Ventspils</p>"
},
"Independence": {
"text": "18 November 1918 (from Soviet Russia); 4 May 1990 (declared from the Soviet Union); 6 September 1991 (recognized by the Soviet Union)"

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@ -30,10 +30,10 @@
},
"Land boundaries": {
"total": {
"text": "1,549 km"
"text": "1,545 km"
},
"border countries": {
"text": "Belarus 640 km, Latvia 544 km, Poland 104 km, Russia (Kaliningrad) 261 km"
"text": "Belarus 640 km, Latvia 544 km, Poland 100 km, Russia (Kaliningrad) 261 km"
}
},
"Coastline": {

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@ -30,10 +30,10 @@
},
"Land boundaries": {
"total": {
"text": "1,611 km"
"text": "1,587 km"
},
"border countries": {
"text": "Austria 105 km, Czech Republic 241 km, Hungary 627 km, Poland 541 km, Ukraine 97 km"
"text": "Austria 105 km, Czechia 241 km, Hungary 627 km, Poland 517 km, Ukraine 97 km"
}
},
"Coastline": {

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@ -1141,7 +1141,7 @@
"stateless persons": {
"text": "142 (2019)"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> 18,446 estimated refugee and migrant arrivals (January 2015-May 2021)"
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> 18,603 estimated refugee and migrant arrivals (January 2015-May 2021)"
}
}
}

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@ -1102,7 +1102,7 @@
"stateless persons": {
"text": "567 (2019)"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> 512,970 estimated refugee and migrant arrivals (January 2015-May 2021)"
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> 513,799 estimated refugee and migrant arrivals (January 2015-May 2021)"
},
"Illicit drugs": {
"text": "major transshipment point for Southwest Asian heroin and hashish; minor transit point for South American cocaine destined for Europe; although not a financial center and most criminal activity is thought to be domestic, money laundering is a problem due to a mostly cash-based economy and weak enforcement"

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@ -30,10 +30,10 @@
},
"Land boundaries": {
"total": {
"text": "3,071 km"
"text": "2,865 km"
},
"border countries": {
"text": "Belarus 418 km, Czech Republic 796 km, Germany 467 km, Lithuania 104 km, Russia (Kaliningrad Oblast) 210 km, Slovakia 541 km, Ukraine 535 km"
"text": "Belarus 375 km, Czechia 699 km, Germany 467 km, Lithuania 100 km, Russia (Kaliningrad Oblast) 209 km, Slovakia 517 km, Ukraine 498 km"
}
},
"Coastline": {

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@ -1162,7 +1162,7 @@
"stateless persons": {
"text": "1,951 (includes stateless persons in Kosovo) (2019)"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> 766,022 estimated refugee and migrant arrivals (January 2015-May 2021); Serbia is predominantly a transit country and hosts an estimated 5,450 migrants and asylum seekers as of March 2021"
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> 767,786 estimated refugee and migrant arrivals (January 2015-May 2021); Serbia is predominantly a transit country and hosts an estimated 5,450 migrants and asylum seekers as of March 2021"
},
"Illicit drugs": {
"text": "transshipment point for Southwest Asian heroin moving to Western Europe on the Balkan route; economy vulnerable to money laundering"

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@ -1160,7 +1160,15 @@
"stateless persons": {
"text": "192 (2019)"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> 7,516 estimated refugee and migrant arrivals (January 2015-April 2021)"
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> 7,659 estimated refugee and migrant arrivals (January 2015-May 2021)"
},
"Trafficking in persons": {
"current situation": {
"text": "human traffickers exploit domestic and foreign victims in Romania and Romanians abroad;&nbsp; Romania remains a primary source country for sex and labor trafficking victims in Europe; Romanian men, women, and children are subjected to forced labor in agriculture, construction, hotels, manufacturing, domestic service, commercial sex, and forced begging and theft; Romania is a destination country for a limited number of foreign trafficking victims, including migrants from Africa, Europe, and South and Southeast Asia, exploited in the construction, hotel, and food-processing industries"
},
"tier rating": {
"text": "Tier 2 Watch List &mdash; Romania does not fully meet the minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking but is making significant efforts to do so; the government identified more trafficking victims during the reporting period, participated in more international investigations, and conducted awareness campaigns; however, authorities investigated, prosecuted, and convicted fewer traffickers; officials complicit in trafficking crimes, especially with minors in government-run homes or placement centers, were not prosecuted; government funding of services for child trafficking victims remained inadequate (2020)"
}
},
"Illicit drugs": {
"text": "major transshipment point for Southwest Asian heroin transiting the Balkan route and small amounts of Latin American cocaine bound for Western Europe; although not a significant financial center, role as a narcotics conduit leaves it vulnerable to laundering, which occurs via the banking system, currency exchange houses, and casinos"

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@ -122,7 +122,7 @@
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> data represent population by country of birth"
},
"Languages": {
"text": "Castilian Spanish (official nationwide) 74%, Catalan (official in Catalonia, the Balearic Islands, and the Valencian Community (where it is known as Valencian)) 17%, Galician (official in Galicia) 7%, Basque (official in the Basque Country and in the Basque-speaking area of Navarre) 2%, Aranese (official in the northwest corner of Catalonia (Vall d'Aran) along with Catalan, <5,000 speakers)<br><br><strong>note:</strong> Aragonese, Aranese Asturian, Basque, Calo, Catalan, Galician, and Valencian are recognized as regional languages under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages",
"text": "Castilian Spanish (official nationwide) 74%, Catalan (official in Catalonia, the Balearic Islands, and the Valencian Community (where it is known as Valencian)) 17%, Galician (official in Galicia) 7%, Basque (official in the Basque Country and in the Basque-speaking area of Navarre) 2%, Aranese (official in the northwest corner of Catalonia (Vall d'Aran) along with Catalan, &lt;5,000 speakers)<br><br><strong>note:</strong> Aragonese, Aranese Asturian, Basque, Calo, Catalan, Galician, and Valencian are recognized as regional languages under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages",
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> Aragonese, Aranese Asturian, Basque, Calo, Catalan, Galician, and Valencian are recognized as regional languages under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages"
},
"Religions": {
@ -1196,7 +1196,7 @@
"stateless persons": {
"text": "4,246 (2019)"
},
"note": "<strong>note: </strong>217,247 estimated refugee and migrant arrivals (January 2015-May 2021)"
"note": "<strong>note: </strong>218,798 estimated refugee and migrant arrivals (January 2015-June 2021)"
},
"Illicit drugs": {
"text": "despite rigorous law enforcement efforts, North African, Latin American, Galician, and other European traffickers take advantage of Spain's long coastline to land large shipments of cocaine and hashish for distribution to the European market; consumer for Latin American cocaine and North African hashish; destination and minor transshipment point for Southwest Asian heroin; money-laundering site for Colombian narcotics trafficking organizations and organized crime"

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@ -31,10 +31,10 @@
},
"Land boundaries": {
"total": {
"text": "5,618 km"
"text": "5,581 km"
},
"border countries": {
"text": "Belarus 1111 km, Hungary 128 km, Moldova 1202 km, Poland 535 km, Romania 601 km, Russia 1944 km, Slovakia 97 km"
"text": "Belarus 1111 km, Hungary 128 km, Moldova 1202 km, Poland 498 km, Romania 601 km, Russia 1944 km, Slovakia 97 km"
}
},
"Coastline": {
@ -1179,14 +1179,6 @@
"text": "35,642 (2019); note - citizens of the former USSR who were permanently resident in Ukraine were granted citizenship upon Ukraine's independence in 1991, but some missed this window of opportunity; people arriving after 1991, Crimean Tatars, ethnic Koreans, people with expired Soviet passports, and people with no documents have difficulty acquiring Ukrainian citizenship; following the fall of the Soviet Union in 1989, thousands of Crimean Tatars and their descendants deported from Ukraine under the STALIN regime returned to their homeland, some being stateless and others holding the citizenship of Uzbekistan or other former Soviet republics; a 1998 bilateral agreement between Ukraine and Uzbekistan simplified the process of renouncing Uzbek citizenship and obtaining Ukrainian citizenship"
}
},
"Trafficking in persons": {
"current situation": {
"text": "Ukraine is a source, transit, and destination country for men, women, and children subjected to forced labor and sex trafficking; Ukrainian victims are sex trafficked within Ukraine as well as in Russia, Poland, Iraq, Spain, Turkey, Cyprus, Greece, Seychelles, Portugal, the Czech Republic, Israel, Italy, South Korea, Moldova, China, the United Arab Emirates, Montenegro, UK, Kazakhstan, Tunisia, and other countries; small numbers of foreigners from Moldova, Russia, Vietnam, Uzbekistan, Pakistan, Cameroon, and Azerbaijan were victims of labor trafficking in Ukraine; Ukrainian recruiters most often target Ukrainians from rural areas with limited job prospects using fraud, coercion, and debt bondage"
},
"tier rating": {
"text": "Tier 2 Watch List Ukraine does not fully comply with the minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking; however, it is making significant efforts to do so; the governments focus on its security situation constrained its anti-trafficking capabilities; law enforcement efforts to pursue trafficking cases weakened in 2014, continuing a multi-year decline, and no investigations, prosecutions, or convictions of government officials were made, despite reports of official complicity in the sex and labor trafficking of children living in state-run institutions; fewer victims were identified and referred to NGOs, which continued to provide and to fund the majority of victims services (2015)"
}
},
"Illicit drugs": {
"text": "limited cultivation of cannabis and opium poppy, mostly for CIS consumption; some synthetic drug production for export to the West; limited government eradication program; used as transshipment point for opiates and other illicit drugs from Africa, Latin America, and Turkey to Europe and Russia; Ukraine has improved anti-money-laundering controls, resulting in its removal from the Financial Action Task Force's (FATF's) Noncooperative Countries and Territories List in February 2004; Ukraine's anti-money-laundering regime continues to be monitored by FATF"
}