Algeria has known many empires and dynasties starting with the ancient Numidians (3rd century B.C.), Phoenicians, Carthaginians, Romans, Vandals, Byzantines, over a dozen different Arab and Berber dynasties, Spaniards, and Ottoman Turks. It was under the latter that the Barbary pirates operated from North Africa and preyed on shipping beginning in roughly 1500, peaking in the early to mid-17th century, until finally subdued by the French capture of Algiers in 1830. The French southward conquest of the entirety of Algeria proceeded throughout the 19th century and was marked by many atrocities. The country was heavily colonized by the French in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. A bloody eight-year struggle culminated in Algerian independence in 1962.
Algeria's primary political party, the National Liberation Front (FLN), was established in 1954 as part of the struggle for independence and has since largely dominated politics, though it is falling out of favor with the youth. The Government of Algeria in 1988 instituted a multi-party system in response to public unrest, but the surprising first round success of the Islamic Salvation Front (FIS) in the December 1991 legislative elections led the Algerian army to intervene and postpone the second round of elections to prevent what the secular elite feared would be an extremist-led government from assuming power. The army began a crackdown on the FIS that spurred FIS supporters to begin attacking government targets. Fighting escalated into an insurgency, which saw intense violence from 1992-98, resulting in over 100,000 deaths – many attributed to indiscriminate massacres of villagers by extremists. The government gained the upper hand by the late-1990s, and FIS’s armed wing, the Islamic Salvation Army, disbanded in January 2000. FIS membership is illegal.
Former president Abdelaziz BOUTEFLIKA, with the backing of the military, won the presidency in 1999 in an election that was boycotted by several candidates protesting alleged fraud, and won subsequent elections in 2004, 2009, and 2014. Protests broke out across the country in late February 2019 against President BOUTEFLIKA’s decision to seek a fifth term. BOUTEFLIKA resigned in April 2019, and in December 2019, Algerians elected former Prime Minister Abdelmadjid TEBBOUNE as the country's new president. A longtime FLN member, TEBBOUNE ran for president as an independent. In 2020, Algeria held a constitutional referendum, which President TEBBOUNE enacted in January 2021. Subsequent reforms to the national electoral law introduced open list voting to curb corruption. The new law also eliminated gender quotas in Parliament, and the June 2021 legislative elections saw female representation plummet. Local elections took place in November 2021. The referendum, parliamentary elections, and local elections saw record low voter turnout. Since 2014, Algeria’s reliance on hydrocarbon revenues to fund the government and finance the large subsidies for the population has fallen under stress because of declining oil prices.
" + "text": "Algeria has known many empires and dynasties starting with the ancient Numidians (3rd century B.C.), Phoenicians, Carthaginians, Romans, Vandals, Byzantines, over a dozen different Arab and Berber dynasties, Spaniards, and Ottoman Turks. It was under the latter that the Barbary pirates operated from North Africa and preyed on shipping beginning in roughly 1500, peaking in the early to mid-17th century, until finally subdued by the French capture of Algiers in 1830. The French southward conquest of the entirety of Algeria proceeded throughout the 19th century and was marked by many atrocities. The country was heavily colonized by the French in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. A bloody eight-year struggle culminated in Algerian independence in 1962.
Algeria's primary political party, the National Liberation Front (FLN), was established in 1954 as part of the struggle for independence and has since largely dominated politics, though it is falling out of favor with the youth. The Government of Algeria in 1988 instituted a multi-party system in response to public unrest, but the surprising first round success of the Islamic Salvation Front (FIS) in the December 1991 legislative election led the Algerian military to intervene and postpone the second round of elections to prevent what the secular elite feared would be an extremist-led government from assuming power. The army began a crackdown on the FIS that spurred FIS supporters to begin attacking government targets. Fighting escalated into an insurgency, which saw intense violence from 1992-98, resulting in over 100,000 deaths – many attributed to indiscriminate massacres of villagers by extremists. The government gained the upper hand by the late-1990s, and FIS’s armed wing, the Islamic Salvation Army, disbanded in January 2000. FIS membership is illegal.
Former president Abdelaziz BOUTEFLIKA, with the backing of the military, won the presidency in 1999 in an election that was boycotted by several candidates protesting alleged fraud, and won subsequent elections in 2004, 2009, and 2014. Protests broke out across the country in late February 2019 against President BOUTEFLIKA’s decision to seek a fifth term. BOUTEFLIKA resigned in April 2019, and in December 2019, Algerians elected former Prime Minister Abdelmadjid TEBBOUNE as the country's new president. A longtime FLN member, TEBBOUNE ran for president as an independent. In 2020, Algeria held a constitutional referendum, which President TEBBOUNE enacted in January 2021. Subsequent reforms to the national electoral law introduced open list voting to curb corruption. The new law also eliminated gender quotas in Parliament, and the June 2021 legislative elections saw female representation plummet. Local elections took place in November 2021. The referendum, parliamentary elections, and local elections saw record low voter turnout. Since 2014, Algeria’s reliance on hydrocarbon export revenues to fund the government and finance the large subsidies for the population has fallen under stress because of volatile energy prices and increased domestic consumption of energy products.
" } }, "Geography": { @@ -508,7 +508,7 @@ "text": "UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)" }, "etymology": { - "text": "name derives from the Arabic \"al-Jazair\" meaning \"the islands\" and refers to the four islands formerly off the coast but joined to the mainland since 1525" + "text": "name derives from the Arabic \"al-Jazair\" meaning \"the islands\" and refers to the four islands formerly off the coast of the capital but joined to the mainland since 1525" } }, "Administrative divisions": { @@ -1208,10 +1208,10 @@ }, "Merchant marine": { "total": { - "text": "114" + "text": "119" }, "by type": { - "text": "bulk carrier 1, container ship 2, general cargo 11, oil tanker 11, other 89 (2021)" + "text": "bulk carrier 1, container ship 4, general cargo 11, oil tanker 14, other 89 (2022)" } }, "Ports and terminals": { diff --git a/africa/ao.json b/africa/ao.json index bcdcc29c..c623cac7 100644 --- a/africa/ao.json +++ b/africa/ao.json @@ -1238,10 +1238,10 @@ }, "Merchant marine": { "total": { - "text": "54" + "text": "58" }, "by type": { - "text": "general cargo 13, oil tanker 8, other 33 (2021)" + "text": "general cargo 13, oil tanker 8, other 37 (2022)" } }, "Ports and terminals": { diff --git a/africa/bn.json b/africa/bn.json index 77824292..af18eb6a 100644 --- a/africa/bn.json +++ b/africa/bn.json @@ -1219,10 +1219,10 @@ }, "Merchant marine": { "total": { - "text": "6" + "text": "7" }, "by type": { - "text": "other 6 (2021)" + "text": "other 7 (2022)" } }, "Ports and terminals": { diff --git a/africa/cf.json b/africa/cf.json index 9e935de5..bcea5581 100644 --- a/africa/cf.json +++ b/africa/cf.json @@ -1255,7 +1255,7 @@ "text": "11" }, "by type": { - "text": "general cargo 1, oil tanker 1, other 9 (2021)" + "text": "general cargo 1, oil tanker 1, other 9 (2022)" } }, "Ports and terminals": { diff --git a/africa/cg.json b/africa/cg.json index c0e08563..44948e6c 100644 --- a/africa/cg.json +++ b/africa/cg.json @@ -1284,10 +1284,10 @@ }, "Merchant marine": { "total": { - "text": "22" + "text": "23" }, "by type": { - "text": "general cargo 4, oil tanker 2, other 16 (2021)" + "text": "general cargo 5, oil tanker 2, other 16 (2022)" } }, "Ports and terminals": { @@ -1350,7 +1350,7 @@ }, "Refugees and internally displaced persons": { "refugees (country of origin)": { - "text": "211,312 (Central African Republic), 208,389 (Rwanda), 56,192 (South Sudan) (refugees and asylum seekers), 43,623 (Burundi) (2023)" + "text": "211,409 (Central African Republic), 208,389 (Rwanda), 56,423 (South Sudan) (refugees and asylum seekers), 43,635 (Burundi) (2023)" }, "IDPs": { "text": "6.06 million (fighting between government forces and rebels since mid-1990s; conflict in Kasai region since 2016) (2023)" diff --git a/africa/cm.json b/africa/cm.json index 3b81db5d..d5df5ce9 100644 --- a/africa/cm.json +++ b/africa/cm.json @@ -1282,10 +1282,10 @@ }, "Merchant marine": { "total": { - "text": "94" + "text": "121" }, "by type": { - "text": "bulk carrier 3, container ship 1,general cargo 35, oil tanker 24, other 31 (2021)" + "text": "bulk carrier 2, general cargo 45, oil tanker 33, other 41 (2022)" } }, "Ports and terminals": { diff --git a/africa/cn.json b/africa/cn.json index ded28fe0..8e4de748 100644 --- a/africa/cn.json +++ b/africa/cn.json @@ -1095,10 +1095,10 @@ }, "Merchant marine": { "total": { - "text": "236" + "text": "248" }, "by type": { - "text": "bulk carrier 8, container ship 7, general cargo 112, oil tanker 31, other 78 (2021)" + "text": "bulk carrier 10, container ship 6, general cargo 108, oil tanker 38, other 86 (2022)" } }, "Ports and terminals": { diff --git a/africa/cv.json b/africa/cv.json index 29e25446..54d392b7 100644 --- a/africa/cv.json +++ b/africa/cv.json @@ -1131,10 +1131,10 @@ }, "Merchant marine": { "total": { - "text": "46" + "text": "47" }, "by type": { - "text": "general cargo 16, oil tanker 3, other 27 (2021)" + "text": "general cargo 16, oil tanker 3, other 28 (2022)" } }, "Ports and terminals": { diff --git a/africa/dj.json b/africa/dj.json index 152593c8..15d11e1e 100644 --- a/africa/dj.json +++ b/africa/dj.json @@ -1160,10 +1160,10 @@ }, "Merchant marine": { "total": { - "text": "33" + "text": "42" }, "by type": { - "text": "bulk carrier 1, container ship 1, general cargo 2, oil tanker 8, other 21 (2021)" + "text": "bulk carrier 1, container ship 1, general cargo 4, oil tanker 15, other 21 (2022)" } }, "Ports and terminals": { diff --git a/africa/eg.json b/africa/eg.json index f8e93789..e2584ce3 100644 --- a/africa/eg.json +++ b/africa/eg.json @@ -1,7 +1,7 @@ { "Introduction": { "Background": { - "text": "The regularity and richness of the annual Nile River flood, coupled with semi-isolation provided by deserts to the east and west, allowed for the development of one of the world's great civilizations. A unified kingdom arose circa 3200 B.C., and a series of dynasties ruled in Egypt for the next three millennia. The last native dynasty fell to the Persians in 341 B.C., who in turn were replaced by the Greeks, Romans, and Byzantines. It was the Arabs who introduced Islam and the Arabic language in the 7th century and who ruled for the next six centuries. A local military caste, the Mamluks took control about 1250 and continued to govern after the conquest of Egypt by the Ottoman Turks in 1517. Completion of the Suez Canal in 1869 elevated Egypt as an important world transportation hub. Ostensibly to protect its investments, Britain seized control of Egypt's government in 1882, but nominal allegiance to the Ottoman Empire continued until 1914. Partially independent from the UK in 1922, Egypt acquired full sovereignty from Britain in 1952. The completion of the Aswan High Dam in 1971 and the resultant Lake Nasser have reaffirmed the time-honored place of the Nile River in the agriculture and ecology of Egypt. A rapidly growing population (the largest in the Arab world), limited arable land, and dependence on the Nile all continue to overtax resources and stress society. The government has struggled to meet the demands of Egypt's fast-growing population as it implements large-scale infrastructure projects, energy cooperation, and foreign direct investment appeals.
Inspired by the 2010 Tunisian revolution, Egyptian opposition groups led demonstrations and labor strikes countrywide, culminating in President Hosni MUBARAK's ouster in 2011. Egypt's military assumed national leadership until a new legislature was in place in early 2012; later that same year, Muhammad MURSI won the presidential election. Following protests throughout the spring of 2013 against MURSI's government and the Muslim Brotherhood, the Egyptian Armed Forces intervened and removed MURSI from power in July 2013 and replaced him with interim president Adly MANSOUR. Simultaneously, the government began enacting laws to limit freedoms of assembly and expression. In January 2014, voters approved a new constitution by referendum and in May 2014 elected former defense minister Abdelfattah ELSISI president. Egypt elected a new legislature in December 2015, its first House of Representatives since 2012. ELSISI was reelected to a second four-year term in March 2018. In April 2019, Egypt approved via national referendum a set of constitutional amendments extending ELSISI’s term in office through 2024 and possibly through 2030 if reelected for a third term. The amendments would also allow future presidents up to two consecutive six-year terms in office, reestablish an upper legislative house, allow for one or more vice presidents, establish a 25% quota for female legislators, reaffirm the military’s role as guardian of Egypt, and expand presidential authority to appoint the heads of judicial councils. Successful legislative elections were held in October-November 2020, having been delayed for six months.
" + "text": "
The regularity and richness of the annual Nile River flood, coupled with semi-isolation provided by deserts to the east and west, allowed for the development of one of the world's great civilizations. A unified kingdom arose circa 3200 B.C., and a series of dynasties ruled in Egypt for the next three millennia. The last native dynasty fell to the Persians in 341 B.C., who in turn were replaced by the Greeks, Romans, and Byzantines. Arab conquerors introduced Islam and the Arabic language in the 7th century and ruled for the next six centuries. A local military caste, the Mamluks took control about 1250 and continued to govern after the conquest of Egypt by the Ottoman Turks in 1517. Completion of the Suez Canal in 1869 elevated Egypt as an important world transportation hub. Ostensibly to protect its investments, Britain seized control of Egypt's government in 1882, but nominal allegiance to the Ottoman Empire continued until 1914. Egypt gained partial independence from the UK in 1922 and acquired full sovereignty from Britain in 1952. British forces evacuated the Suez Canal Zone in 1956. The completion of the Aswan High Dam in 1971 and the resultant Lake Nasser have reaffirmed the time-honored place of the Nile River in the agriculture and ecology of Egypt. A rapidly growing population (the largest in the Arab world), limited arable land, and dependence on the Nile all continue to overtax resources and stress society. The government has struggled to meet the demands of Egypt's fast-growing population as it implements large-scale infrastructure projects, energy cooperation, and foreign direct investment appeals.
Inspired by the 2010 Tunisian revolution, Egyptian opposition groups led demonstrations and labor strikes countrywide, culminating in President Hosni MUBARAK's ouster in 2011. Egypt's military assumed national leadership until a new legislature was in place in early 2012; later that same year, Muslim Brotherhood candidate Muhammad MURSI won the presidential election. Following protests throughout the spring of 2013 against MURSI's government and the Muslim Brotherhood, the Egyptian Armed Forces intervened and removed MURSI from power in July 2013 and replaced him with interim president Adly MANSOUR. Simultaneously, the government began enacting laws to limit freedoms of assembly and expression. In January 2014, voters approved a new constitution by referendum and in May 2014 elected former defense minister Abdelfattah ELSISI president. Egypt elected a new legislature in December 2015, its first House of Representatives since 2012. ELSISI was reelected to a second four-year term in March 2018. In April 2019, Egypt approved via national referendum a set of constitutional amendments extending ELSISI’s term in office through 2024 and possibly through 2030 if reelected for a third term. The amendments would also allow future presidents up to two consecutive six-year terms in office, reestablish an upper legislative house, allow for one or more vice presidents, establish a 25% quota for female legislators, reaffirm the military’s role as guardian of Egypt, and expand presidential authority to appoint the heads of judicial councils. Successful legislative elections were held in October-November 2020, having been delayed for six months.
" } }, "Geography": { @@ -928,7 +928,7 @@ "text": "United States 9%, United Arab Emirates 6%, Italy 6%, Turkey 6%, Saudi Arabia 6%, India 5% (2019)" }, "Exports - commodities": { - "text": "crude petroleum, refined petroleum, gold, natural gas, fertilizers (2019)" + "text": "refined petroleum, crude petroleum, natural gas, nitrogen fertilizers, gold (2021)" }, "Imports": { "Imports 2021": { @@ -1255,10 +1255,10 @@ }, "Merchant marine": { "total": { - "text": "421" + "text": "436" }, "by type": { - "text": "bulk carrier 14, container ship 8, general cargo 27, oil tanker 40, other 332 (2021)" + "text": "bulk carrier 15, container ship 6, general cargo 27, oil tanker 41, other 347 (2022)" } }, "Ports and terminals": { @@ -1279,8 +1279,8 @@ }, "Military and Security": { "Military and security forces": { - "text": "Egyptian Armed Forces (EAF): Army (includes Republican Guard), Navy (includes Coast Guard), Air Force, Air Defense Forces, Border Guard Forces; Interior Ministry: Public Security Sector Police, the Central Security Force, National Security Sector (2023)", - "note": "note 1: the Public Security Sector Police are responsible for law enforcement nationwide; the Central Security Force protects infrastructure and is responsible for crowd control; the National Security Sector is responsible for internal security threats and counterterrorism along with other security services
Berbers have inhabited central north Africa since ancient times, but the region has been settled and ruled by Phoenicians, Greeks, Carthaginians, Persians, Egyptians, Greeks, Romans, and Vandals. In the the 7th century, Islam spread through the region; in the mid-16th century, Ottoman rule began. The Italians supplanted the Ottoman Turks in the area around Tripoli in 1911 and did not relinquish their hold until 1943 when they were defeated in World War II. Libya then passed to UN administration and achieved independence in 1951. Following a 1969 military coup, Col. Muammar al-QADHAFI assumed leadership and began to espouse his political system at home, which was a combination of socialism and Islam. During the 1970s, QADHAFI used oil revenues to promote his ideology outside Libya, supporting subversive and terrorist activities that included the downing of two airliners - one over Scotland, another in Northern Africa - and a discotheque bombing in Berlin. UN sanctions in 1992 isolated QADHAFI politically and economically following the attacks; sanctions were lifted in 2003 following Libyan acceptance of responsibility for the bombings and agreement to claimant compensation. QADHAFI also agreed to end Libya's program to develop weapons of mass destruction, and he made significant strides in normalizing relations with Western nations.
Unrest that began in several Middle Eastern and North African countries in late 2010 erupted in Libyan cities in early 2011. QADHAFI's brutal crackdown on protesters spawned an eight-month civil war that saw the emergence of a National Transitional Council (NTC), UN authorization of air and naval intervention by the international community, and the toppling of the QADHAFI regime. In 2012, the NTC handed power to an elected parliament, the General National Congress (GNC). Voters chose a new parliament to replace the GNC in June 2014 - the House of Representatives (HoR) - which relocated to the eastern city of Tobruk after fighting broke out in Tripoli and Benghazi in July 2014.
In December 2015, the UN brokered an agreement among a broad array of Libyan political parties and social groups - known as the Libyan Political Agreement (LPA) - establishing an interim executive body, the Government of National Accord (GNA). However, the HoR and defunct-GNC-affiliated political hardliners continued to oppose the GNA and hamper the LPA’s implementation, leaving Libya with eastern and western-based rival governments. In September 2017, UN Special Representative Ghassan SALAME announced a new roadmap for national political reconciliation. In November 2018, the international community supported SALAME’s recalibrated Action Plan for Libya that aimed to break the political deadlock by holding a National Conference in early 2019. These plans, however, were derailed when the eastern-based self-described Libyan National Army (LNA) launched an offensive to seize Tripoli in April 2019. Several countries sent armed personnel and advanced military equipment into Libya. The LNA's offensive collapsed in June 2020, and a subsequent UN-sponsored cease-fire in October 2020 helped formalize the pause in fighting between rival camps, although foreign forces, fighters, and mercenaries that aided eastern and western factions during the fighting remain in Libya.
In early 2021, the UN-facilitated Libyan Political Dialogue Forum selected a new prime minister for an interim government, the Government of National Unity (GNU), and a new presidential council charged with preparing for presidential and parliamentary elections in December 2021 and uniting the country’s state institutions. The HoR approved the GNU and its cabinet in March 2021, providing Libya with its first unified government since 2014. On 22 December 2021, Libya's parliament postponed the first round of the presidential election to an undetermined date in the future. Talks in June 2022 failed to reach agreement on eligibility requirements for presidential candidates.
Berbers have inhabited central north Africa since ancient times, but the region has been settled and ruled by Phoenicians, Greeks, Carthaginians, Persians, Egyptians, Greeks, Romans, and Vandals. In the the 7th century, Islam spread through the region; in the mid-16th century, Ottoman rule began. The Italians supplanted the Ottoman Turks in the area around Tripoli in 1911 and did not relinquish their hold until 1943 when they were defeated in World War II. Libya then passed to UN administration and achieved independence in 1951. Following a 1969 military coup, Col. Muammar al-QADHAFI assumed leadership and began to espouse his political system at home, which was a combination of socialism and Islam. During the 1970s, QADHAFI used oil revenues to promote his ideology outside Libya, supporting subversive and terrorist activities that included the downing of two airliners - one over Scotland, another in Northern Africa - and a discotheque bombing in Berlin. UN sanctions in 1992 isolated QADHAFI politically and economically following the attacks; sanctions were lifted in 2003 following Libyan acceptance of responsibility for the bombings and agreement to claimant compensation. QADHAFI also agreed to end Libya's program to develop weapons of mass destruction, and he made significant strides in normalizing relations with Western nations.
Unrest that began in several Middle Eastern and North African countries in late 2010 erupted in Libyan cities in early 2011. QADHAFI's brutal crackdown on protesters spawned an eight-month civil war that saw the emergence of a National Transitional Council (NTC), UN authorization of air and naval intervention by the international community, and the toppling of the QADHAFI regime. In 2012, the NTC handed power to an elected parliament, the General National Congress (GNC). Voters chose a new parliament to replace the GNC in June 2014 - the House of Representatives (HoR) - which relocated to the eastern city of Tobruk after fighting broke out in Tripoli and Benghazi in July 2014.
In December 2015, the UN brokered an agreement among a broad array of Libyan political parties and social groups - known as the Libyan Political Agreement (LPA) - establishing an interim executive body, the Government of National Accord (GNA). However, the HoR and defunct-GNC-affiliated political hardliners continued to oppose the GNA and hamper the LPA’s implementation, leaving Libya with eastern and western-based rival governments. In September 2017, UN Special Representative Ghassan SALAME announced a new roadmap for national political reconciliation. In November 2018, the international community supported SALAME’s recalibrated Action Plan for Libya that aimed to break the political deadlock by holding a National Conference in early 2019. These plans, however, were derailed when the eastern-based self-described Libyan National Army (LNA) launched an offensive to seize Tripoli in April 2019. Several countries sent armed personnel and advanced military equipment into Libya. The LNA's offensive collapsed in June 2020, and a subsequent UN-sponsored cease-fire in October 2020 helped formalize the pause in fighting between rival camps, although some foreign forces, fighters, and mercenaries that aided eastern and western factions during the fighting remain in Libya.
In early 2021, the UN-facilitated Libyan Political Dialogue Forum selected a new prime minister for an interim government, the Government of National Unity (GNU), and a new presidential council charged with preparing for presidential and parliamentary elections in December 2021 and uniting the country’s state institutions. The HoR approved the GNU and its cabinet in March 2021, providing Libya with its first unified government since 2014. On 22 December 2021, Libya's parliament postponed the first round of the presidential election to an undetermined date in the future. In March 2022, Libya's HoR voted to replace the GNU's interim Prime Minister, Abdul Hamid DUBAYBAH, with a government led by Fathi BASHAGHA. GNU allegations of an illegitimate HoR vote have allowed Prime Minister DUBAYBAH to remain in office and rebuff BASHAGHA's attempts to seat his government in Tripoli. In late February 2023, Special Representative of the UN Security-General to Libya and Head of the United Nations Support Mission in Libya, Abdoulaye BATHILY, announced a plan to enable Libyan presidential and legislative elections by the end of 2023.
In 788, about a century after the Arab conquest of North Africa, a series of Moroccan Muslim dynasties began to rule in Morocco. In the 16th century, the Sa'adi monarchy, particularly under Ahmad al-MANSUR (1578-1603), repelled foreign invaders and inaugurated a golden age. The Alaouite Dynasty, to which the current Moroccan royal family belongs, dates from the 17th century. In 1860, Spain occupied northern Morocco and ushered in a half-century of trade rivalry among European powers that saw Morocco's sovereignty steadily erode; in 1912, the French imposed a protectorate over the country. A protracted independence struggle with France ended successfully in 1956. The internationalized city of Tangier and most Spanish possessions were turned over to the new country that same year. Sultan MOHAMMED V, the current monarch's grandfather, organized the new state as a constitutional monarchy and in 1957 assumed the title of king. Since Spain's 1976 withdrawal from Western Sahara, Morocco has extended its de facto administrative control to roughly 75% of this territory; however, the UN does not recognize Morocco as the administering power for Western Sahara. The UN since 1991 has monitored a cease-fire between Morocco and the Polisario Front - an organization advocating the territory’s independence - and restarted negotiations over the status of the territory in December 2018. On 10 December 2020, the US recognized Morocco's sovereignty over all of Western Sahara.
King MOHAMMED VI in early 2011 responded to the spread of pro-democracy protests in the North Africa region by implementing a reform program that included a new constitution, passed by popular referendum in July 2011, under which some new powers were extended to parliament and the prime minister, but ultimate authority remains in the hands of the monarch. In November 2011, the Justice and Development Party (PJD) - a moderate Islamist party - won the largest number of seats in parliamentary elections, becoming the first Islamist party to lead the Moroccan Government. In September 2015, Morocco held its first direct elections for regional councils, one of the reforms included in the 2011 constitution. The PJD again won the largest number of seats in nationwide parliamentary elections in October 2016, but it lost its plurality to the probusiness National Rally of Independents (RNI) in September 2021. In December 2020, Morocco signed a normalization agreement with Israel, similar to those that Bahrain, the United Arab Emirates, and Sudan had concluded with Israel earlier in 2020.
" + "text": "In 788, about a century after the Arab conquest of North Africa, a series of Moroccan Muslim dynasties began to rule in Morocco. In the 16th century, the Sa'adi monarchy, particularly under Ahmad al-MANSUR (1578-1603), repelled foreign invaders and inaugurated a golden age. The Alaouite Dynasty, to which the current Moroccan royal family belongs, dates from the 17th century. In 1860, Spain occupied northern Morocco and ushered in a half-century of trade rivalry among European powers that saw Morocco's sovereignty steadily erode; in 1912, the French imposed a protectorate over the country. A protracted independence struggle with France ended successfully in 1956. The internationalized city of Tangier and most Spanish possessions were turned over to the new country that same year. Sultan MOHAMMED V, the current monarch's grandfather, organized the new state as a constitutional monarchy and in 1957 assumed the title of king. Since Spain's 1976 withdrawal from Western Sahara, Morocco has extended its de facto administrative control to roughly 75% of this territory; however, the UN does not recognize Morocco as the administering power for Western Sahara. The UN since 1991 has monitored a cease-fire, which broke down in late 2020, between Morocco and the Polisario Front - an organization advocating the territory’s independence - and restarted negotiations over the status of the territory in December 2018. On 10 December 2020, the US recognized Morocco's sovereignty over all of Western Sahara.
King MOHAMMED VI in early 2011 responded to the spread of pro-democracy protests in the North Africa region by implementing a reform program that included a new constitution, passed by popular referendum in July 2011, under which some new powers were extended to parliament and the prime minister, but ultimate authority remains in the hands of the monarch. In November 2011, the Justice and Development Party (PJD) - a moderate Islamist party - won the largest number of seats in parliamentary elections, becoming the first Islamist party to lead the Moroccan Government. In September 2015, Morocco held its first direct elections for regional councils, one of the reforms included in the 2011 constitution. The PJD again won the largest number of seats in nationwide parliamentary elections in October 2016, but it lost its plurality to the probusiness National Rally of Independents (RNI) in September 2021. In December 2020, Morocco signed a normalization agreement with Israel, similar to those that Bahrain, the United Arab Emirates, and Sudan had concluded with Israel earlier in 2020.
" } }, "Geography": { @@ -502,13 +502,13 @@ }, "Total water withdrawal": { "municipal": { - "text": "1.063 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + "text": "1.06 billion cubic meters (2020 est.)" }, "industrial": { - "text": "212 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + "text": "210 million cubic meters (2020 est.)" }, "agricultural": { - "text": "9.156 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + "text": "9.16 billion cubic meters (2020 est.)" }, "note": "note: data does not include former Western Sahara" }, @@ -1157,10 +1157,10 @@ }, "Internet users": { "total": { - "text": "31,004,869 (2020 est.)" + "text": "32.56 million (2021 est.)" }, "percent of population": { - "text": "84% (2020 est.)" + "text": "88% (2021 est.)" } }, "Broadband - fixed subscriptions": { @@ -1257,7 +1257,7 @@ "text": "93" }, "by type": { - "text": "container ship 6, general cargo 5, oil tanker 2, other 80 (2021)" + "text": "container ship 6, general cargo 5, oil tanker 2, other 80 (2022)" } }, "Ports and terminals": { diff --git a/africa/mp.json b/africa/mp.json index 22a5d9e2..73c55810 100644 --- a/africa/mp.json +++ b/africa/mp.json @@ -433,13 +433,13 @@ }, "Total water withdrawal": { "municipal": { - "text": "260 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + "text": "290 million cubic meters (2020 est.)" }, "industrial": { - "text": "12 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + "text": "10 million cubic meters (2020 est.)" }, "agricultural": { - "text": "344 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + "text": "310 million cubic meters (2020 est.)" } }, "Total renewable water resources": { @@ -1069,10 +1069,10 @@ }, "Internet users": { "total": { - "text": "822,731 (2020 est.)" + "text": "884,000 (2021 est.)" }, "percent of population": { - "text": "65% (2020 est.)" + "text": "68% (2021 est.)" } }, "Broadband - fixed subscriptions": { @@ -1140,10 +1140,10 @@ }, "Merchant marine": { "total": { - "text": "29" + "text": "31" }, "by type": { - "text": "general cargo 1, oil tanker 4, other 24 (2021)" + "text": "general cargo 1, oil tanker 5, other 25 (2022)" } }, "Ports and terminals": { diff --git a/africa/mr.json b/africa/mr.json index 37d3617d..dea3a204 100644 --- a/africa/mr.json +++ b/africa/mr.json @@ -510,13 +510,13 @@ }, "Total water withdrawal": { "municipal": { - "text": "95.4 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + "text": "100 million cubic meters (2020 est.)" }, "industrial": { - "text": "31.8 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + "text": "30 million cubic meters (2020 est.)" }, "agricultural": { - "text": "1.223 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + "text": "1.2 billion cubic meters (2020 est.)" } }, "Total renewable water resources": { @@ -1143,10 +1143,10 @@ }, "Internet users": { "total": { - "text": "1,906,360 (2020 est.)" + "text": "2.714 million (2021 est.)" }, "percent of population": { - "text": "41% (2020 est.)" + "text": "59% (2021 est.)" } }, "Broadband - fixed subscriptions": { @@ -1228,10 +1228,10 @@ }, "Merchant marine": { "total": { - "text": "5" + "text": "11" }, "by type": { - "text": "general cargo 2, other 3 (2021)" + "text": "general cargo 2, other 9 (2022)" } }, "Ports and terminals": { diff --git a/africa/mz.json b/africa/mz.json index 393d25c5..531875fa 100644 --- a/africa/mz.json +++ b/africa/mz.json @@ -506,13 +506,13 @@ }, "Total water withdrawal": { "municipal": { - "text": "372 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + "text": "370 million cubic meters (2020 est.)" }, "industrial": { - "text": "25 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + "text": "30 million cubic meters (2020 est.)" }, "agricultural": { - "text": "1.076 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + "text": "1.08 billion cubic meters (2020 est.)" } }, "Total renewable water resources": { @@ -1156,10 +1156,10 @@ }, "Internet users": { "total": { - "text": "5,313,424 (2020 est.)" + "text": "5.44 million (2021 est.)" }, "percent of population": { - "text": "17% (2020 est.)" + "text": "17% (2021 est.)" } }, "Broadband - fixed subscriptions": { @@ -1259,7 +1259,7 @@ "text": "30" }, "by type": { - "text": "general cargo 9, other 21 (2021)" + "text": "general cargo 9, other 21 (2022)" } }, "Ports and terminals": { diff --git a/africa/ng.json b/africa/ng.json index 591c623e..bb27f875 100644 --- a/africa/ng.json +++ b/africa/ng.json @@ -513,13 +513,13 @@ }, "Total water withdrawal": { "municipal": { - "text": "178.9 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + "text": "190 million cubic meters (2020 est.)" }, "industrial": { - "text": "36 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + "text": "40 million cubic meters (2020 est.)" }, "agricultural": { - "text": "1.536 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + "text": "2.35 billion cubic meters (2020 est.)" } }, "Total renewable water resources": { @@ -1150,10 +1150,10 @@ }, "Internet users": { "total": { - "text": "2,331,072 (2019 est.)" + "text": "5.5 million (2021 est.)" }, "percent of population": { - "text": "10% (2019 est.)" + "text": "22% (2021 est.)" } }, "Broadband - fixed subscriptions": { @@ -1230,10 +1230,10 @@ }, "Merchant marine": { "total": { - "text": "1" + "text": "2" }, "by type": { - "text": "general cargo 1 (2021)" + "text": "general cargo 1, other 1 (2022)" } } }, @@ -1288,7 +1288,7 @@ }, "Refugees and internally displaced persons": { "refugees (country of origin)": { - "text": "188,015 (Nigeria), 65,847 (Mali) (refugees and asylum seekers) (2023)" + "text": "188,006 (Nigeria), 65,847 (Mali) (refugees and asylum seekers) (2023)" }, "IDPs": { "text": "376,809 (includes the regions of Diffa, Tillaberi, and Tahoua; unknown how many of the 11,000 people displaced by clashes between government forces and the Tuareg militant group, Niger Movement for Justice, in 2007 are still displaced; inter-communal violence; Boko Haram attacks in southern Niger, 2015) (2022)" diff --git a/africa/ni.json b/africa/ni.json index 2e2b05d8..2a1b4241 100644 --- a/africa/ni.json +++ b/africa/ni.json @@ -519,13 +519,13 @@ }, "Total water withdrawal": { "municipal": { - "text": "5 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + "text": "5 billion cubic meters (2020 est.)" }, "industrial": { - "text": "1.965 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + "text": "1.97 billion cubic meters (2020 est.)" }, "agricultural": { - "text": "5.51 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + "text": "5.51 billion cubic meters (2020 est.)" } }, "Total renewable water resources": { @@ -1170,10 +1170,10 @@ }, "Internet users": { "total": { - "text": "74,210,251 (2020 est.)" + "text": "115.5 million (2021 est.)" }, "percent of population": { - "text": "36% (2020 est.)" + "text": "55% (2021 est.)" } }, "Broadband - fixed subscriptions": { @@ -1274,10 +1274,10 @@ }, "Merchant marine": { "total": { - "text": "791" + "text": "832" }, "by type": { - "text": "general cargo 14, oil tanker 110, other 667 (2021)" + "text": "general cargo 16, oil tanker 111, other 705 (2022)" } }, "Ports and terminals": { @@ -1349,7 +1349,7 @@ "text": "87,220 (Cameroon) (2023)" }, "IDPs": { - "text": "3.17 million (northeast Nigeria; Boko Haram attacks and counterinsurgency efforts in northern Nigeria; communal violence between Christians and Muslims in the middle belt region, political violence; flooding; forced evictions; cattle rustling; competition for resources) (2023)" + "text": "3.3 million (northeast Nigeria; Boko Haram attacks and counterinsurgency efforts in northern Nigeria; communal violence between Christians and Muslims in the middle belt region, political violence; flooding; forced evictions; cattle rustling; competition for resources) (2023)" } }, "Illicit drugs": { diff --git a/africa/od.json b/africa/od.json index 1403a370..340c2f6e 100644 --- a/africa/od.json +++ b/africa/od.json @@ -969,10 +969,10 @@ }, "Internet users": { "total": { - "text": "783,561 (2020 est.)" + "text": "869,000 (2021 est.)" }, "percent of population": { - "text": "7% (2020 est.)" + "text": "7.9% (2021 est.)" } }, "Broadband - fixed subscriptions": { diff --git a/africa/pu.json b/africa/pu.json index 6f418ba8..a03d5a4b 100644 --- a/africa/pu.json +++ b/africa/pu.json @@ -470,13 +470,13 @@ }, "Total water withdrawal": { "municipal": { - "text": "30 million cubic meters (2019 est.)" + "text": "30 million cubic meters (2020 est.)" }, "industrial": { - "text": "10 million cubic meters (2019 est.)" + "text": "10 million cubic meters (2020 est.)" }, "agricultural": { - "text": "140 million cubic meters (2019 est.)" + "text": "140 million cubic meters (2020 est.)" } }, "Total renewable water resources": { @@ -1137,7 +1137,7 @@ "text": "8" }, "by type": { - "text": "general cargo 5, other 3 (2021)" + "text": "general cargo 5, other 3 (2022)" } }, "Ports and terminals": { diff --git a/africa/rw.json b/africa/rw.json index 8cd2f9d7..5c452ca9 100644 --- a/africa/rw.json +++ b/africa/rw.json @@ -1123,10 +1123,10 @@ }, "Internet users": { "total": { - "text": "3,497,096 (2020 est.)" + "text": "3.9 million (2021 est.)" }, "percent of population": { - "text": "27% (2020 est.)" + "text": "30% (2021 est.)" } }, "Broadband - fixed subscriptions": { diff --git a/africa/se.json b/africa/se.json index b2384a57..ae343465 100644 --- a/africa/se.json +++ b/africa/se.json @@ -1049,10 +1049,10 @@ }, "Internet users": { "total": { - "text": "77,785 (2020 est.)" + "text": "90,200 (2021 est.)" }, "percent of population": { - "text": "79% (2020 est.)" + "text": "82% (2021 est.)" } }, "Broadband - fixed subscriptions": { @@ -1126,10 +1126,10 @@ }, "Merchant marine": { "total": { - "text": "27" + "text": "31" }, "by type": { - "text": "general cargo 5, oil tanker 6, other 16 (2021)" + "text": "general cargo 6, oil tanker 7, other 18 (2022)" } }, "Ports and terminals": { diff --git a/africa/sf.json b/africa/sf.json index f8e8dae0..320fe734 100644 --- a/africa/sf.json +++ b/africa/sf.json @@ -1156,10 +1156,10 @@ }, "Internet users": { "total": { - "text": "41,516,083 (2020 est.)" + "text": "42.48 million (2021 est.)" }, "percent of population": { - "text": "70% (2020 est.)" + "text": "72% (2021 est.)" } }, "Broadband - fixed subscriptions": { @@ -1259,10 +1259,10 @@ }, "Merchant marine": { "total": { - "text": "105" + "text": "107" }, "by type": { - "text": "bulk carrier 2, general cargo 1, oil tanker 7, other 95 (2021)" + "text": "bulk carrier 3, general cargo 1, oil tanker 7, other 96 (2022)" } }, "Ports and terminals": { diff --git a/africa/sg.json b/africa/sg.json index 996fb3ae..b9588432 100644 --- a/africa/sg.json +++ b/africa/sg.json @@ -1151,10 +1151,10 @@ }, "Internet users": { "total": { - "text": "7,199,890 (2020 est.)" + "text": "9.86 million (2021 est.)" }, "percent of population": { - "text": "43% (2020 est.)" + "text": "58% (2021 est.)" } }, "Broadband - fixed subscriptions": { @@ -1245,7 +1245,7 @@ "text": "35" }, "by type": { - "text": "general cargo 5, oil tanker 1, other 29 (2021)" + "text": "general cargo 5, oil tanker 1, other 29 (2022)" } }, "Ports and terminals": { diff --git a/africa/sh.json b/africa/sh.json index 1599c7bf..3964a512 100644 --- a/africa/sh.json +++ b/africa/sh.json @@ -745,10 +745,10 @@ }, "Internet users": { "total": { - "text": "2,302 (2019 est.)" + "text": "2,287 (2021 est.)" }, "percent of population": { - "text": "38% (2019 est.)" + "text": "37.6% (2021 est.)" } }, "Broadband - fixed subscriptions": { diff --git a/africa/sl.json b/africa/sl.json index 02c87ec4..205b2aae 100644 --- a/africa/sl.json +++ b/africa/sl.json @@ -1113,10 +1113,10 @@ }, "Internet users": { "total": { - "text": "1,435,857 (2020 est.)" + "text": "1,047,499 (2022 est.)" }, "percent of population": { - "text": "18% (2020 est.)" + "text": "12.7% (2022 est.)" } } }, @@ -1176,10 +1176,10 @@ }, "Merchant marine": { "total": { - "text": "591" + "text": "605" }, "by type": { - "text": "bulk carrier 30, container ship 9, general cargo 319, oil tanker 108, other 125 (2021)" + "text": "bulk carrier 36, container ship 6, general cargo 325, oil tanker 104, other 134 (2022)" } }, "Ports and terminals": { diff --git a/africa/so.json b/africa/so.json index 6460d705..2dbd488f 100644 --- a/africa/so.json +++ b/africa/so.json @@ -1059,10 +1059,10 @@ }, "Internet users": { "total": { - "text": "308,858 (2019 est.)" + "text": "2.465 million (2021 est.)" }, "percent of population": { - "text": "2% (2019 est.)" + "text": "14.5% (2021 est.)" } }, "Broadband - fixed subscriptions": { @@ -1133,7 +1133,7 @@ "text": "4" }, "by type": { - "text": "general cargo 1, other 3 (2021)" + "text": "general cargo 1, other 3 (2022)" } }, "Ports and terminals": { diff --git a/africa/su.json b/africa/su.json index c27c198b..71838e3d 100644 --- a/africa/su.json +++ b/africa/su.json @@ -652,7 +652,7 @@ }, "Diplomatic representation from the US": { "chief of mission": { - "text": "Ambassador (vacant); Chargé d'Affaires Lucy TAMLYN (since 3 February 2022)" + "text": "Ambassador (vacant); Chargé d'Affaires Lucy TAMLYN (since 3 February 2022)" }, "embassy": { "text": "P.O. Box 699, Kilo 10, Soba, Khartoum" @@ -1125,10 +1125,10 @@ }, "Internet users": { "total": { - "text": "12,277,795 (2020 est.)" + "text": "13.248 million (2021 est.)" }, "percent of population": { - "text": "28% (2020 est.)" + "text": "28.8% (2021 est.)" } }, "Broadband - fixed subscriptions": { @@ -1229,7 +1229,7 @@ "text": "15" }, "by type": { - "text": "other 15 (2021)" + "text": "other 15 (2022)" } }, "Ports and terminals": { @@ -1262,7 +1262,7 @@ "note": "note: many defense expenditures are probably off-budget" }, "Military and security service personnel strengths": { - "text": "information varies widely; estimated 100-125,000 active duty armed forces personnel; approximately 30-40,000 Rapid Support Forces (2022)" + "text": "information varies widely; estimated 100-125,000 active duty armed forces personnel; estimated up to 50,000 Rapid Support Forces (2022)" }, "Military equipment inventories and acquisitions": { "text": "the SAF's inventory includes a mix of Chinese, Russian, Soviet-era, and domestically produced weapons systems; in recent years, Russia has been the leading arms provider; Sudan has one of the largest defense industries in Africa, which includes state-owned companies with military involvement; it mostly manufactures weapons systems under license from China, Russia, Turkey, and Ukraine (2022)" diff --git a/africa/to.json b/africa/to.json index 7c500d9b..88c6a105 100644 --- a/africa/to.json +++ b/africa/to.json @@ -1144,10 +1144,10 @@ }, "Internet users": { "total": { - "text": "1,986,897 (2020 est.)" + "text": "3.01 million (2021 est.)" }, "percent of population": { - "text": "24% (2020 est.)" + "text": "35% (2021 est.)" } }, "Broadband - fixed subscriptions": { @@ -1229,10 +1229,10 @@ }, "Merchant marine": { "total": { - "text": "411" + "text": "403" }, "by type": { - "text": "bulk carrier 1, container ship 9, general cargo 265, oil tanker 56, other 80 (2021)" + "text": "bulk carrier 1, container ship 10, general cargo 254, oil tanker 57, other 81 (2022)" } }, "Ports and terminals": { diff --git a/africa/tp.json b/africa/tp.json index 92698050..7637d5ad 100644 --- a/africa/tp.json +++ b/africa/tp.json @@ -1080,10 +1080,10 @@ }, "Internet users": { "total": { - "text": "72,323 (2020 est.)" + "text": "112,200 (2021 est.)" }, "percent of population": { - "text": "33% (2020 est.)" + "text": "51% (2021 est.)" } }, "Broadband - fixed subscriptions": { @@ -1134,10 +1134,10 @@ }, "Merchant marine": { "total": { - "text": "22" + "text": "25" }, "by type": { - "text": "general cargo 13, oil tanker 2, other 7 (2021)" + "text": "general cargo 15, oil tanker 2, other 8 (2022)" } }, "Ports and terminals": { diff --git a/africa/ts.json b/africa/ts.json index efd7989b..6aa91d6d 100644 --- a/africa/ts.json +++ b/africa/ts.json @@ -1,7 +1,7 @@ { "Introduction": { "Background": { - "text": "Tunisia has been the nexus of many different colonizations including those of the Phoenicians (as early as the 12 century B.C.), the Carthaginians, Romans, Vandals, Byzantines, various Arab and Berber kingdoms, and the Ottomans (16th to late 19th centuries). Rivalry between French and Italian interests in Tunisia culminated in a French invasion in 1881 and the creation of a protectorate. Agitation for independence in the decades following World War I was finally successful in convincing the French to recognize Tunisia as an independent state in 1956. The country's first president, Habib BOURGUIBA, established a strict one-party state. He dominated the country for 31 years, repressing Islamic fundamentalism and establishing rights for women unmatched by any other Arab nation. In November 1987, BOURGUIBA was removed from office and replaced by Zine el Abidine BEN ALI in a bloodless coup. Street protests that began in Tunis in December 2010 over high unemployment, corruption, widespread poverty, and high food prices escalated in January 2011, culminating in rioting that led to hundreds of deaths. On 14 January 2011, the same day BEN ALI dismissed the government, he fled the country, and by late January 2011, a \"national unity government\" was formed. Elections for the new Constituent Assembly were held in late October 2011, and in December, it elected human rights activist Moncef MARZOUKI as interim president. The Assembly began drafting a new constitution in February 2012 and, after several iterations and a months-long political crisis that stalled the transition, ratified the document in January 2014. Parliamentary and presidential elections for a permanent government were held at the end of 2014. Beji CAID ESSEBSI was elected as the first president under the country's new constitution. Following ESSEBSI’s death in office in July 2019, Tunisia moved its scheduled presidential election forward two months and after two rounds of voting, Kais SAIED was sworn in as president in October 2019. Tunisia also held legislative elections on schedule in October 2019. SAIED's term, as well as that of Tunisia's 217-member parliament, expires in 2024. On 25 July 2021, SAIED seized exceptional powers allowed under Tunisia's constitution to fire the prime minister and suspend the legislature.
" + "text": "Tunisia has been the nexus of many different colonizations including those of the Phoenicians (as early as the 12 century B.C.), the Carthaginians, Romans, Vandals, Byzantines, various Arab and Berber kingdoms, and the Ottomans (16th to late 19th centuries). Rivalry between French and Italian interests in Tunisia culminated in a French invasion in 1881 and the creation of a protectorate. Agitation for independence in the decades following World War I was finally successful in convincing the French to recognize Tunisia as an independent state in 1956. The country's first president, Habib BOURGUIBA, established a strict one-party state. He dominated the country for 31 years, repressing Islamic fundamentalism and establishing rights for women. In November 1987, BOURGUIBA was removed from office and replaced by Zine el Abidine BEN ALI in a bloodless coup. Street protests that began in Tunis in December 2010 over high unemployment, corruption, widespread poverty, and high food prices escalated in January 2011, culminating in rioting that led to hundreds of deaths. On 14 January 2011, the same day BEN ALI dismissed the government, he fled the country, and by late January 2011, a \"national unity government\" was formed. Elections for the new Constituent Assembly were held in late October 2011, and in December, it elected human rights activist Moncef MARZOUKI as interim president. The Assembly began drafting a new constitution in February 2012 and, after several iterations and a months-long political crisis that stalled the transition, ratified the document in January 2014. Parliamentary and presidential elections for a permanent government were held at the end of 2014. Beji CAID ESSEBSI was elected as the first president under the country's new constitution. Following ESSEBSI’s death in office in July 2019, Tunisia moved its scheduled presidential election forward two months and after two rounds of voting, Kais SAIED was sworn in as president in October 2019. Tunisia held legislative elections on schedule in October 2019. SAIED's term, as well as that of Tunisia's 217-member parliament, was set to expire in 2024. However, on 25 July 2021, SAIED seized exceptional powers allowed under Tunisia's constitution to fire the prime minister and suspend the legislature. Tunisians approved a new constitution through public referendum in July 2022 that expanded presidential powers and created a new bicameral legislature.
" } }, "Geography": { @@ -1100,10 +1100,10 @@ }, "Internet users": { "total": { - "text": "8,509,405 (2020 est.)" + "text": "9.48 million (2021 est.)" }, "percent of population": { - "text": "72% (2020 est.)" + "text": "79% (2021 est.)" } }, "Broadband - fixed subscriptions": { @@ -1191,10 +1191,10 @@ }, "Merchant marine": { "total": { - "text": "71" + "text": "70" }, "by type": { - "text": "container ship 1, general cargo 8 oil tanker 1, other 61 (2021)" + "text": "container ship 1, general cargo 8, oil tanker 1, other 60 (2022)" } }, "Ports and terminals": { @@ -1205,7 +1205,7 @@ }, "Military and Security": { "Military and security forces": { - "text": "Tunisian Armed Forces (Forces Armées Tunisiennes, FAT): Tunisian Army (includes Air Defense Force), Tunisian Navy, Tunisia Air Force; Ministry of Interior: National Police, National Guard (2022)", + "text": "Tunisian Armed Forces (Forces Armées Tunisiennes, FAT): Tunisian Army (includes Air Defense Force), Tunisian Navy, Tunisia Air Force; Ministry of Interior: National Police, National Guard (2023)", "note": "note: the National Police has primary responsibility for law enforcement in the major cities, while the National Guard (gendarmerie) oversees border security and patrols smaller towns and rural areas" }, "Military expenditures": { @@ -1239,7 +1239,7 @@ "text": "325 Central African Republic (MINUSCA); 100 Mali (MINUSMA) (May 2022)" }, "Military - note": { - "text": "as of 2022, the Tunisian military’s primary operational areas of focus were counterterrorism, counterinsurgency, and border security; it was conducting counterterrorism and counterinsurgency operations against al-Qa’ida in the Islamic Maghreb (AQIM) and Islamic State of ash-Sham (ISIS)-linked militants who have been fighting a low-intensity insurgency, mostly in the mountainous region along the border with Algeria, particularly the Chaambi Mountains near the city of Kasserine; the military maintained the lead role for security in this area and also routinely conducted joint operations with Algerian security forces against these groups, as well to counter smuggling and trafficking activities; the military in recent years also has increased its role in securing the southern border against militant activity, smuggling, and trafficking from war-torn Libya; since 2015, Tunisia has constructed a complex structure of berms, trenches, and water-filled moats, complemented by electronic surveillance equipment such as motion detectors, ground surveillance radars, and infrared sensors along the 220-kilometer border with Libya; in the remote southern areas of the border with Libya, buffer/exclusion zones have also been established where the military has the lead for counterterrorism efforts; outside of these border areas, the Ministry of Interior (MOI) has the lead responsibility for counter-terrorism in Tunisia, particularly for urban areas; the National Police Anti-Terrorism Brigade (BAT) and the National Guard Special Unit have the lead for MOI counterterrorism operationsThe native Taino - who inhabited the island of Hispaniola when Christopher COLUMBUS first landed on it in 1492 - were virtually wiped out by Spanish settlers within 25 years. In the early 17th century, the French established a presence on Hispaniola. In 1697, Spain ceded to the French the western third of the island, which later became Haiti. The French colony, based on forestry and sugar-related industries, became one of the wealthiest in the Caribbean but relied heavily on the forced labor of enslaved Africans and environmentally degrading practices. In the late 18th century, Toussaint L'OUVERTURE led a revolution of Haiti's nearly half a million slaves that ended France's rule on the island. After a prolonged struggle, and under the leadership of Jean-Jacques DESSALINES, Haiti became the first country in the world led by former slaves after declaring its independence in 1804, but it was forced to pay an indemnity of 100 million francs (equivalent to $21 billion USD in March 2022) to France for more than a century and was shunned by other countries for nearly 40 years. On 12 July 1862, the US officially recognized Haiti, but foreign economic influence and internal political instability induced the US to occupy Haiti from 1915-1934. Subsequently, Francois \"Papa Doc\" DUVALIER and then his son Jean-Claude \"Baby Doc\" DUVALIER led repressive and corrupt regimes that ruled Haiti in 1957-1971 and 1971-1986, respectively. President Jovenel MOISE was assassinated on 7 July 2021, leading the country further into an extra-constitutional governance structure and contributing to the country’s growing fragility. President MOISE's five-year term would have ended on 7 February 2022; his assassination plunged Haiti deeper into a political crisis that was not anticipated in its constitution. Thus, on 20 July 2021, the Government of Haiti installed Ariel HENRY - whom President MOISE had nominated - as prime minister. As of March 2022, Haiti had no president, no parliamentary quorum, and a dysfunctional high court due to a lack of judges. Haiti has long been plagued by natural disasters. In January 2010, a major 7.0 magnitude earthquake struck Haiti with an epicenter about 25 km (15 mi) west of the capital, Port-au-Prince. Estimates are that over 300,000 people were killed and some 1.5 million left homeless. The earthquake was assessed as the worst in this region over the last 200 years. A 7.2 magnitude earthquake hit Haiti’s southern peninsula in August 2021, causing well over 2,000 deaths; an estimated 500,000 required emergency humanitarian aid. Haiti is the poorest country in the Western Hemisphere, as well as one of the most unequal in wealth distribution.
" + "text": "The native Taino - who inhabited the island of Hispaniola when Christopher COLUMBUS first landed on it in 1492 - were virtually wiped out by Spanish settlers within 25 years. In the early 17th century, the French established a presence on Hispaniola. In 1697, Spain ceded to the French the western third of the island, which later became Haiti. The French colony, based on forestry and sugar-related industries, became one of the wealthiest in the Caribbean but relied heavily on the forced labor of enslaved Africans and environmentally degrading practices. In the late 18th century, Toussaint L'OUVERTURE led a revolution of Haiti's nearly half a million slaves that ended France's rule on the island. After a prolonged struggle, and under the leadership of Jean-Jacques DESSALINES, Haiti became the first country in the world led by former slaves after declaring its independence in 1804, but it was forced to pay an indemnity of 100 million francs (equivalent to $22 billion USD in March 2023) to France for more than a century and was shunned by other countries for nearly 40 years. On 12 July 1862, the US officially recognized Haiti, but foreign economic influence and internal political instability induced the US to occupy Haiti from 1915-1934. Subsequently, Francois \"Papa Doc\" DUVALIER and then his son Jean-Claude \"Baby Doc\" DUVALIER led repressive and corrupt regimes that ruled Haiti in 1957-1971 and 1971-1986, respectively. President Jovenel MOISE was assassinated on 7 July 2021, leading the country further into an extra-constitutional governance structure and contributing to the country’s growing fragility. On 20 July 2021, the Government of Haiti installed Ariel HENRY - whom President MOISE had nominated shortly before his death - as prime minister. As of March 2023, Haiti had no sitting elected officials. The country has long been plagued by natural disasters. In January 2010, a major 7.0 magnitude earthquake struck Haiti with an epicenter about 25 km (15 mi) west of the capital, Port-au-Prince. Estimates are that over 300,000 people were killed and some 1.5 million left homeless. The earthquake was assessed as the worst in this region over the last 200 years. A 7.2 magnitude earthquake hit Haiti’s southern peninsula in August 2021, causing well over 2,000 deaths; an estimated 500,000 required emergency humanitarian aid. Haiti is the poorest country in the Western Hemisphere, as well as one of the most unequal in wealth distribution.
" } }, "Geography": { @@ -473,13 +473,13 @@ }, "Total water withdrawal": { "municipal": { - "text": "190 million cubic meters (2019 est.)" + "text": "190 million cubic meters (2020 est.)" }, "industrial": { - "text": "50 million cubic meters (2019 est.)" + "text": "50 million cubic meters (2020 est.)" }, "agricultural": { - "text": "1.2 billion cubic meters (2019 est.)" + "text": "1.21 billion cubic meters (2020 est.)" } }, "Total renewable water resources": { @@ -1183,7 +1183,7 @@ "text": "4" }, "by type": { - "text": "general cargo 3, other 1 (2021)" + "text": "general cargo 3, other 1 (2022)" } }, "Ports and terminals": { diff --git a/central-america-n-caribbean/ho.json b/central-america-n-caribbean/ho.json index acb962c5..1148c788 100644 --- a/central-america-n-caribbean/ho.json +++ b/central-america-n-caribbean/ho.json @@ -469,13 +469,13 @@ }, "Total water withdrawal": { "municipal": { - "text": "320 million cubic meters (2019 est.)" + "text": "320 million cubic meters (2020 est.)" }, "industrial": { - "text": "111 million cubic meters (2019 est.)" + "text": "111 million cubic meters (2020 est.)" }, "agricultural": { - "text": "1.1 billion cubic meters (2019 est.)" + "text": "1.18 billion cubic meters (2020 est.)" } }, "Total renewable water resources": { @@ -1222,7 +1222,7 @@ "text": "505" }, "by type": { - "text": "bulk carrier 1, general cargo 244, oil tanker 82, other 178 (2021)" + "text": "general cargo 246, oil tanker 82, other 177 (2022)" } }, "Ports and terminals": { diff --git a/central-america-n-caribbean/jm.json b/central-america-n-caribbean/jm.json index 6fd61acd..0a485c8a 100644 --- a/central-america-n-caribbean/jm.json +++ b/central-america-n-caribbean/jm.json @@ -438,13 +438,13 @@ }, "Total water withdrawal": { "municipal": { - "text": "140 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + "text": "140 million cubic meters (2020 est.)" }, "industrial": { - "text": "1.1 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + "text": "1.1 billion cubic meters (2020 est.)" }, "agricultural": { - "text": "114 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + "text": "110 million cubic meters (2020 est.)" } }, "Total renewable water resources": { @@ -1147,10 +1147,10 @@ }, "Merchant marine": { "total": { - "text": "43" + "text": "36" }, "by type": { - "text": "bulk carrier 1, container ship 5, general cargo 9, oil tanker 1, other 27 (2021)" + "text": "bulk carrier 1, general cargo 9, oil tanker 1, other 25 (2022)" } }, "Ports and terminals": { diff --git a/central-america-n-caribbean/mh.json b/central-america-n-caribbean/mh.json index 361fb3f3..7510563b 100644 --- a/central-america-n-caribbean/mh.json +++ b/central-america-n-caribbean/mh.json @@ -820,10 +820,10 @@ }, "Internet users": { "total": { - "text": "2,744 (2019 est.)" + "text": "2,473 (2021 est.)" }, "percent of population": { - "text": "55% (2019 est.)" + "text": "56.2% (2021 est.)" } }, "Broadband - fixed subscriptions": { diff --git a/central-america-n-caribbean/nn.json b/central-america-n-caribbean/nn.json index d0d9ce86..a0b6d6a5 100644 --- a/central-america-n-caribbean/nn.json +++ b/central-america-n-caribbean/nn.json @@ -610,10 +610,10 @@ }, "Internet users": { "total": { - "text": "39,100 (March 2022)" + "text": "39,089 (2022)" }, "percent of population": { - "text": "89.5% (March 2022)" + "text": "89.5% (2022)" } } }, diff --git a/central-america-n-caribbean/nu.json b/central-america-n-caribbean/nu.json index 9d84253c..14852ae9 100644 --- a/central-america-n-caribbean/nu.json +++ b/central-america-n-caribbean/nu.json @@ -455,13 +455,13 @@ }, "Total water withdrawal": { "municipal": { - "text": "286 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + "text": "286 million cubic meters (2020 est.)" }, "industrial": { - "text": "73.6 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + "text": "50 million cubic meters (2020 est.)" }, "agricultural": { - "text": "1.185 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + "text": "1.08 billion cubic meters (2020 est.)" } }, "Total renewable water resources": { @@ -1101,10 +1101,10 @@ }, "Internet users": { "total": { - "text": "2,981,049 (2020 est.)" + "text": "3.933 million (2021 est.)" }, "percent of population": { - "text": "45% (2020 est.)" + "text": "57% (2021 est.)" } }, "Broadband - fixed subscriptions": { @@ -1184,7 +1184,7 @@ "text": "5" }, "by type": { - "text": "general cargo 1, oil tanker 1, other 3 (2021)" + "text": "general cargo 1, oil tanker 1, other 3 (2022)" } }, "Ports and terminals": { diff --git a/central-america-n-caribbean/pm.json b/central-america-n-caribbean/pm.json index 551e5ac3..70b56167 100644 --- a/central-america-n-caribbean/pm.json +++ b/central-america-n-caribbean/pm.json @@ -473,13 +473,13 @@ }, "Total water withdrawal": { "municipal": { - "text": "759.1 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + "text": "760 million cubic meters (2020 est.)" }, "industrial": { - "text": "6.2 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + "text": "10 million cubic meters (2020 est.)" }, "agricultural": { - "text": "446.1 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + "text": "450 million cubic meters (2020 est.)" } }, "Total renewable water resources": { @@ -1130,10 +1130,10 @@ }, "Internet users": { "total": { - "text": "2,761,452 (2020 est.)" + "text": "2.992 million (2021 est.)" }, "percent of population": { - "text": "64% (2020 est.)" + "text": "68% (2021 est.)" } }, "Broadband - fixed subscriptions": { @@ -1219,10 +1219,10 @@ }, "Merchant marine": { "total": { - "text": "7,980" + "text": "8,025" }, "by type": { - "text": "bulk carrier 2,697, container ship 643, general cargo 1,381, oil tanker 771, other 2,488 (2021)" + "text": "bulk carrier 2,690, container ship 662, general cargo 1,418, oil tanker 785, other 2,470 (2022)" } }, "Ports and terminals": { diff --git a/central-america-n-caribbean/rn.json b/central-america-n-caribbean/rn.json index f0583583..19939dbc 100644 --- a/central-america-n-caribbean/rn.json +++ b/central-america-n-caribbean/rn.json @@ -486,10 +486,10 @@ }, "Internet users": { "total": { - "text": "19,300 (March 2022 est.)" + "text": "19,284 (2022 est.)" }, "percent of population": { - "text": "48.5% (March 2022 est.)" + "text": "48.5% (2022 est.)" } } }, diff --git a/central-america-n-caribbean/rq.json b/central-america-n-caribbean/rq.json index 9c838cc1..3115688b 100644 --- a/central-america-n-caribbean/rq.json +++ b/central-america-n-caribbean/rq.json @@ -919,10 +919,10 @@ }, "Internet users": { "total": { - "text": "2,559,600 (2020 est.)" + "text": "2,564,100 (2021 est.)" }, "percent of population": { - "text": "78% (2020 est.)" + "text": "77.7% (2021 est.)" } }, "Broadband - fixed subscriptions": { diff --git a/central-america-n-caribbean/sc.json b/central-america-n-caribbean/sc.json index 99a1537c..93609f86 100644 --- a/central-america-n-caribbean/sc.json +++ b/central-america-n-caribbean/sc.json @@ -977,10 +977,10 @@ }, "Internet users": { "total": { - "text": "42,796 (2019 est.)" + "text": "37,920 (2021 est.)" }, "percent of population": { - "text": "81% (2019 est.)" + "text": "79% (2021 est.)" } }, "Broadband - fixed subscriptions": { @@ -1031,10 +1031,10 @@ }, "Merchant marine": { "total": { - "text": "244" + "text": "282" }, "by type": { - "text": "bulk carrier 6, container ship 7, general cargo 45, oil tanker 53, other 133 (2021)" + "text": "bulk carrier 9, container ship 11, general cargo 64, oil tanker 46, other 152 (2022)" } }, "Ports and terminals": { diff --git a/central-america-n-caribbean/st.json b/central-america-n-caribbean/st.json index 5382bd25..688484bc 100644 --- a/central-america-n-caribbean/st.json +++ b/central-america-n-caribbean/st.json @@ -1027,10 +1027,10 @@ }, "Internet users": { "total": { - "text": "97,323 (2020 est.)" + "text": "140,400 (2021 est.)" }, "percent of population": { - "text": "53% (2020 est.)" + "text": "78% (2021 est.)" } }, "Broadband - fixed subscriptions": { diff --git a/central-america-n-caribbean/tb.json b/central-america-n-caribbean/tb.json index 2b379c10..adb513ad 100644 --- a/central-america-n-caribbean/tb.json +++ b/central-america-n-caribbean/tb.json @@ -429,10 +429,10 @@ }, "Internet users": { "total": { - "text": "7,128 (2020 est.)" + "text": "7,077 (2022 est.)" }, "percent of population": { - "text": "72% (2020 est.)" + "text": "71.3% (2022 est.)" } } }, diff --git a/central-america-n-caribbean/td.json b/central-america-n-caribbean/td.json index 95497c01..41a5a02f 100644 --- a/central-america-n-caribbean/td.json +++ b/central-america-n-caribbean/td.json @@ -1027,10 +1027,10 @@ }, "Internet users": { "total": { - "text": "1,074,126 (2019 est.)" + "text": "1.185 million (2021 est.)" }, "percent of population": { - "text": "77% (2019 est.)" + "text": "79% (2021 est.)" } }, "Broadband - fixed subscriptions": { @@ -1090,10 +1090,10 @@ }, "Merchant marine": { "total": { - "text": "105" + "text": "102" }, "by type": { - "text": "general cargo 1, other 104 (2021)" + "text": "general cargo 1, other 101 (2022)" } }, "Ports and terminals": { diff --git a/central-america-n-caribbean/tk.json b/central-america-n-caribbean/tk.json index b8561e05..d45441cb 100644 --- a/central-america-n-caribbean/tk.json +++ b/central-america-n-caribbean/tk.json @@ -813,6 +813,14 @@ }, "Internet country code": { "text": ".tc" + }, + "Internet users": { + "total": { + "text": "37,008 (2022)" + }, + "percent of population": { + "text": "93.5% (2022)" + } } }, "Transportation": { @@ -871,7 +879,7 @@ "text": "3" }, "by type": { - "text": "general cargo 1, other 2 (2021)" + "text": "general cargo 1, other 2 (2022)" } }, "Ports and terminals": { diff --git a/central-america-n-caribbean/uc.json b/central-america-n-caribbean/uc.json index 62ed50f3..681f6ce9 100644 --- a/central-america-n-caribbean/uc.json +++ b/central-america-n-caribbean/uc.json @@ -796,10 +796,10 @@ }, "Merchant marine": { "total": { - "text": "63" + "text": "59" }, "by type": { - "text": "general cargo 6, oil tanker 1, other 56 (2021)" + "text": "general cargo 5, oil tanker 1, other 53 (2022)" } }, "Ports and terminals": { diff --git a/central-america-n-caribbean/vc.json b/central-america-n-caribbean/vc.json index 8ffb68db..6c9052e5 100644 --- a/central-america-n-caribbean/vc.json +++ b/central-america-n-caribbean/vc.json @@ -1,7 +1,7 @@ { "Introduction": { "Background": { - "text": "Resistance by native Caribs prevented colonization on Saint Vincent until 1719. Disputed by France and the UK for most of the 18th century, the island was ceded to the latter in 1783. The British prized Saint Vincent due to its fertile soil, which allowed for thriving slave-run plantations of sugar, coffee, indigo, tobacco, cotton, and cocoa. In 1834, the British abolished slavery. Immigration of indentured servants eased the ensuing labor shortage, as did subsequent Portuguese immigrants from Madeira and East Indian laborers. Conditions remained harsh for both former slaves and immigrant agricultural workers, however, as depressed world sugar prices kept the economy stagnant until the early 1900s. The economy then went into a period of decline with many landowners abandoning their estates and leaving the land to be cultivated by liberated slaves. Between 1960 and 1962, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines was a separate administrative unit of the Federation of the West Indies. Autonomy was granted in 1969 and independence in 1979. In April 2021, the explosive eruption of the La Soufrière volcano in the north of Saint Vincent destroyed much of Saint Vincent’s most productive agricultural lands. Unlike most of its tourism-dependent neighbors, the Vincentian economy is primarily agricultural. The US provided $4.7 million in humanitarian support after the eruption." + "text": "Resistance by native Caribs prevented colonization on Saint Vincent until 1719. Disputed by France and the UK for most of the 18th century, the island was ceded to Britain in 1783. The British prized Saint Vincent due to its fertile soil, which allowed for thriving slave-run plantations of sugar, coffee, indigo, tobacco, cotton, and cocoa. In 1834, the British abolished slavery. Immigration of indentured servants eased the ensuing labor shortage, as did subsequent Portuguese immigrants from Madeira and East Indian laborers. Conditions remained harsh for both former slaves and immigrant agricultural workers, however, as depressed world sugar prices kept the economy stagnant until the early 1900s. The economy then went into a period of decline with many landowners abandoning their estates and leaving the land to be cultivated by liberated slaves. Between 1960 and 1962, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines was a separate administrative unit of the Federation of the West Indies. Autonomy was granted in 1969 and independence in 1979. In April 2021, the explosive eruption of the La Soufrière volcano in the north of Saint Vincent destroyed much of Saint Vincent’s most productive agricultural lands. Unlike most of its tourism-dependent neighbors, the Vincentian economy is primarily agricultural. The US provided $4.7 million in humanitarian support after the eruption." } }, "Geography": { @@ -1001,10 +1001,10 @@ }, "Internet users": { "total": { - "text": "24,408 (2020 est.)" + "text": "85,000 (2021 est.)" }, "percent of population": { - "text": "22% (2020 est.)" + "text": "85% (2021 est.)" } }, "Broadband - fixed subscriptions": { @@ -1055,10 +1055,10 @@ }, "Merchant marine": { "total": { - "text": "792" + "text": "832" }, "by type": { - "text": "bulk carrier 27, container ship 17, general cargo 155, oil tanker 16, other 577 (2021)" + "text": "bulk carrier 32, container ship 17, general cargo 148, oil tanker 14, other 621 (2022)" } }, "Ports and terminals": { diff --git a/central-america-n-caribbean/vi.json b/central-america-n-caribbean/vi.json index dedb2ffd..77eff384 100644 --- a/central-america-n-caribbean/vi.json +++ b/central-america-n-caribbean/vi.json @@ -860,7 +860,7 @@ "text": "30" }, "by type": { - "text": "general cargo 3, other 27 (2021)" + "text": "general cargo 3, other 27 (2022)" } }, "Ports and terminals": { diff --git a/central-america-n-caribbean/vq.json b/central-america-n-caribbean/vq.json index 0a1aaf9a..f606c1dd 100644 --- a/central-america-n-caribbean/vq.json +++ b/central-america-n-caribbean/vq.json @@ -819,10 +819,10 @@ }, "Internet users": { "total": { - "text": "68,268 (2019 est.)" + "text": "67,508 (2022 est.)" }, "percent of population": { - "text": "64% (2019 est.)" + "text": "64.8% (2022 est.)" } } }, diff --git a/central-asia/kg.json b/central-asia/kg.json index efbd445c..f07b260c 100644 --- a/central-asia/kg.json +++ b/central-asia/kg.json @@ -466,13 +466,13 @@ }, "Total water withdrawal": { "municipal": { - "text": "224 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + "text": "220 million cubic meters (2020 est.)" }, "industrial": { - "text": "336 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + "text": "340 million cubic meters (2020 est.)" }, "agricultural": { - "text": "7.1 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + "text": "7.1 billion cubic meters (2020 est.)" } }, "Total renewable water resources": { diff --git a/central-asia/kz.json b/central-asia/kz.json index b18c20c8..4090859e 100644 --- a/central-asia/kz.json +++ b/central-asia/kz.json @@ -471,13 +471,13 @@ }, "Total water withdrawal": { "municipal": { - "text": "2.347 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + "text": "4.62 billion cubic meters (2020 est.)" }, "industrial": { - "text": "6.984 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + "text": "4.54 billion cubic meters (2020 est.)" }, "agricultural": { - "text": "15.12 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + "text": "15.4 billion cubic meters (2020 est.)" } }, "Total renewable water resources": { @@ -1239,10 +1239,10 @@ }, "Merchant marine": { "total": { - "text": "119" + "text": "120" }, "by type": { - "text": "general cargo 3, oil tanker 7, other 109 (2021)" + "text": "general cargo 3, oil tanker 7, other 110 (2022)" } }, "Ports and terminals": { diff --git a/central-asia/rs.json b/central-asia/rs.json index 4f350553..fc8ed5e7 100644 --- a/central-asia/rs.json +++ b/central-asia/rs.json @@ -1178,10 +1178,10 @@ }, "Internet users": { "total": { - "text": "122,488,468 (2020 est.)" + "text": "132 million (2021 est.)" }, "percent of population": { - "text": "85% (2020 est.)" + "text": "88% (2021 est.)" } }, "Broadband - fixed subscriptions": { @@ -1284,10 +1284,10 @@ }, "Merchant marine": { "total": { - "text": "2,873" + "text": "2,917" }, "by type": { - "text": "bulk carrier 13, container ship 17, general cargo 946, oil tanker 406, other 1,491 (2021)" + "text": "bulk carrier 12, container ship 18, general cargo 987, oil tanker 392, other 1,508 (2022)" } }, "Ports and terminals": { diff --git a/central-asia/ti.json b/central-asia/ti.json index e89899e4..0a9969cc 100644 --- a/central-asia/ti.json +++ b/central-asia/ti.json @@ -1101,10 +1101,10 @@ }, "Internet users": { "total": { - "text": "3,013,256 (July 2022 est.)" + "text": "3,009,054 (2022 est.)" }, "percent of population": { - "text": "30.4% (July 2022 est.)" + "text": "30.4% (2022 est.)" } }, "Broadband - fixed subscriptions": { diff --git a/central-asia/tx.json b/central-asia/tx.json index cbdccce7..800b5951 100644 --- a/central-asia/tx.json +++ b/central-asia/tx.json @@ -1091,10 +1091,10 @@ }, "Internet users": { "total": { - "text": "1,247,940 (July 2022 est.)" + "text": "1,563,023 (2022 est.)" }, "percent of population": { - "text": "25.3% (July 2022 est.)" + "text": "25.3% (2022 est.)" } }, "Broadband - fixed subscriptions": { @@ -1185,10 +1185,10 @@ }, "Merchant marine": { "total": { - "text": "73" + "text": "72" }, "by type": { - "text": "general cargo 6, oil tanker 8, other 59 (2021)" + "text": "general cargo 6, oil tanker 8, other 58 (2022)" } }, "Ports and terminals": { diff --git a/central-asia/uz.json b/central-asia/uz.json index d719bcea..26140dcc 100644 --- a/central-asia/uz.json +++ b/central-asia/uz.json @@ -1108,10 +1108,10 @@ }, "Internet users": { "total": { - "text": "17,161,534 (July 2022 est.)" + "text": "26.18 million (2021 est.)" }, "percent of population": { - "text": "50.1% (July 2022 est.)" + "text": "77% (2021 est.)" } }, "Broadband - fixed subscriptions": { diff --git a/east-n-southeast-asia/bm.json b/east-n-southeast-asia/bm.json index bb84129e..110c8417 100644 --- a/east-n-southeast-asia/bm.json +++ b/east-n-southeast-asia/bm.json @@ -930,7 +930,8 @@ "text": "China 24%, Thailand 24%, Japan 7%, Germany 5% (2019)" }, "Exports - commodities": { - "text": "natural gas, clothing products, dried legumes, precious stones, yttrium, scandium, rice, corn (2021)" + "text": "natural gas, clothing products, dried legumes, precious stones, yttrium, scandium, rice, corn (2021)", + "note": "note: Burmese methamphetamine production and opiate production remain significant illicit trade commodities" }, "Imports": { "Imports 2019": { @@ -1261,10 +1262,10 @@ }, "Merchant marine": { "total": { - "text": "95" + "text": "102" }, "by type": { - "text": "bulk carrier 2, general cargo 39, oil tanker 5, other 49 (2021)" + "text": "bulk carrier 1, general cargo 45, oil tanker 5, other 51 (2022)" } }, "Ports and terminals": { @@ -1308,7 +1309,7 @@ "text": "18-35 years of age (men) and 18-27 years of age (women) for voluntary military service; no conscription (a 2010 law reintroducing conscription has not yet entered into force); 2-year service obligation; male (ages 18-45) and female (ages 18-35) professionals (including doctors, engineers, mechanics) serve up to 3 years; service terms may be stretched to 5 years in an officially declared emergency (2022)" }, "Military - note": { - "text": "since the country’s founding, the Tatmadaw has been heavily involved in domestic politics and the national economy; it ran the country for five decades following a military coup in 1962; prior to the most recent coup in 2021, the military already controlled three key security ministries (Defense, Border, and Home Affairs), one of two vice presidential appointments, 25% of the parliamentary seats, and had a proxy political party, the Union Solidarity and Development Party (USDP); it owns and operates two business conglomerates that have over 100 subsidiaries; the business activities of these conglomerates include banking and insurance, hotels, tourism, jade and ruby mining, timber, construction, real estate, and the production of palm oil, sugar, soap, cement, beverages, drinking water, coal, and gas; some of the companies supply goods and services to the military, such as food, clothing, insurance, and cellphone service; the military also manages a film industry, publishing houses, and television stationsTwo unified Thai kingdoms emerged in the mid-13th century. The Sukhothai, located in the south-central plains, gained its independence from the Khmer Empire to the east. By the late 13th century, Sukhothai’s territory extended into present-day Burma and Laos. Sukhotai lasted until the mid-15th century. The Thai Lan Na Kingdom was established in the north with its capital at Chang Mai. Lan Na was conquered by the Burmese in the 16th century. The Ayutthaya Kingdom (14th-18th centuries) succeeded the Sukhothai and would become known as the Siamese Kingdom. During the Ayutthaya period, the Thai/Siamese peoples consolidated their hold on what is present-day central and north-central Thailand. Following a military defeat at the hands of the Burmese in 1767, the Siamese Kingdom rose to new heights under the military ruler TAKSIN, who defeated the Burmese occupiers and expanded the kingdom’s territory into modern-day northern Thailand (formerly the Lan Na Kingdom), Cambodia, Laos, and the Malay Peninsula. The kingdom fought off additional Burmese invasions and raids in the late 1700s and early 1800s. In the mid-1800s, Western pressure led to Siam signing trade treaties that reduced the country’s sovereignty and independence. In the 1890s and 1900s, the British and French forced the kingdom to cede Cambodian, Laotian, and Malay territories that had been under Siamese control.
A bloodless revolution in 1932 led to the establishment of a constitutional monarchy. After the Japanese invaded Thailand in 1941, the government split into a pro-Japan faction and a pro-Ally faction backed by the king. Following the war, Thailand became a US treaty ally in 1954 after sending troops to Korea and later fighting alongside the US in Vietnam. Thailand since 2005 has experienced several rounds of political turmoil including a military coup in 2006 that ousted then Prime Minister THAKSIN Chinnawat, followed by large-scale street protests by competing political factions in 2008, 2009, and 2010. THAKSIN's youngest sister, YINGLAK Chinnawat, in 2011 led the Puea Thai Party to an electoral win and assumed control of the government.
In early May 2014, after months of large-scale anti-government protests in Bangkok beginning in November 2013, YINGLAK was removed from office by the Constitutional Court and in late May 2014 the Royal Thai Army, led by Royal Thai Army Gen. PRAYUT Chan-ocha, staged a coup against the caretaker government. The military-affiliated National Council for Peace and Order (NCPO), led by PRAYUT as the appointed minister, ruled the country for more than four years, during which time the NCPO drafted a new constitution guaranteeing military sway over Thai politics in future elections by allowing the military to appoint the entire 250-member Senate and requiring a joint meeting of the House and Senate to select the prime minister, effectively giving the military a veto over the top executive. King PHUMIPHON Adunyadet passed away in October 2016 after 70 years on the throne; his only son, WACHIRALONGKON Bodinthrathepphayawarangkun (aka King RAMA X), ascended the throne in December 2016. He signed the new constitution in April 2017. A long-delayed election in March 2019, disputed and widely viewed as skewed in favor of the party aligned with the military, allowed PRAYUT to continue his premiership. The country experienced large-scale pro-democracy protests in 2020.
" + "text": "Two unified Thai kingdoms emerged in the mid-13th century. The Sukhothai, located in the south-central plains, gained its independence from the Khmer Empire to the east. By the late 13th century, Sukhothai’s territory extended into present-day Burma and Laos. Sukhothai lasted until the mid-15th century. The Thai Lan Na Kingdom was established in the north with its capital at Chang Mai. Lan Na was conquered by the Burmese in the 16th century. The Ayutthaya Kingdom (14th-18th centuries) succeeded the Sukhothai and would become known as the Siamese Kingdom. During the Ayutthaya period, the Thai/Siamese peoples consolidated their hold on what is present-day central and north-central Thailand. Following a military defeat at the hands of the Burmese in 1767, the Siamese Kingdom rose to new heights under the military ruler TAKSIN, who defeated the Burmese occupiers and expanded the kingdom’s territory into modern-day northern Thailand (formerly the Lan Na Kingdom), Cambodia, Laos, and the Malay Peninsula. The kingdom fought off additional Burmese invasions and raids in the late 1700s and early 1800s. In the mid-1800s, Western pressure led to Siam signing trade treaties that reduced the country’s sovereignty and independence. In the 1890s and 1900s, the British and French forced the kingdom to cede Cambodian, Laotian, and Malay territories that had been under Siamese control.
A bloodless revolution in 1932 led to the establishment of a constitutional monarchy. After the Japanese invaded Thailand in 1941, the government split into a pro-Japan faction and a pro-Ally faction backed by the king. Thailand became a US treaty ally in 1954 after sending troops to Korea and later fighting alongside the US in Vietnam. Thailand since 2005 has experienced several rounds of political turmoil including a military coup in 2006 that ousted then Prime Minister THAKSIN Chinnawat, followed by large-scale street protests by competing political factions in 2008, 2009, and 2010. THAKSIN's youngest sister, YINGLAK Chinnawat, in 2011 led the Puea Thai Party to an electoral win and assumed control of the government.
In early May 2014, after months of large-scale anti-government protests in Bangkok beginning in November 2013, YINGLAK was removed from office by the Constitutional Court and in late May 2014 the Royal Thai Army, led by Gen. PRAYUT Chan-ocha, staged a coup against the caretaker government. The military-affiliated National Council for Peace and Order (NCPO), led by PRAYUT as the appointed minister, ruled the country for more than four years, during which time the NCPO drafted a new constitution guaranteeing military sway over Thai politics in future elections by allowing the military to appoint the entire 250-member Senate and requiring a joint meeting of the House and Senate to select the prime minister, effectively giving the military a veto over the choice for the top executive. King PHUMIPHON Adunyadet passed away in October 2016 after 70 years on the throne; his only son, WACHIRALONGKON (aka King RAMA X), formally ascended the throne in December 2019. He signed the new constitution in April 2017. A long-delayed election in March 2019, disputed and widely viewed as skewed in favor of the party aligned with the military, allowed PRAYUT to continue his premiership. The country experienced large-scale anti-government protests in 2020.
" } }, "Geography": { @@ -534,7 +534,7 @@ "text": "Siam" }, "etymology": { - "text": "Land of the Tai [People]\"; the meaning of \"tai\" is uncertain, but may originally have meant \"human beings,\" \"people,\" or \"free people" + "text": "Land of the Tai [People]\"; the meaning of \"tai\" is uncertain, but may originally have meant \"human beings,\" \"people,\" or \"free people''" } }, "Government type": { @@ -605,16 +605,16 @@ "text": "Council of Ministers nominated by the prime minister, appointed by the king; a Privy Council advises the king" }, "elections/appointments": { - "text": "the monarchy is hereditary; the House of Representatives and Senate approves a person for prime minister who must then be appointed by the King (as stated in the transitory provision of the 2017 constitution); the office of prime minister can be held for up to a total of 8 years" + "text": "the monarchy is hereditary; the House of Representatives and Senate approves a person for prime minister who must then be appointed by the king (as stated in the transitory provision of the 2017 constitution); starting in 2024, only the approval of the House of Representatives will be required for the name of a prime minister to be forwarded for the king's approval; the office of prime minister can be held for up to a total of 8 years" }, - "note": "note: PRAYUT Chan-ocha was appointed interim prime minister in August 2014, three months after he staged the coup that removed the previously elected government of Prime Minister YINGLAK Chinnawat; on 5 June 2019 PRAYUT (independent) was approved as prime minister by the parliament " + "note": "note: PRAYUT Chan-ocha was appointed interim prime minister in August 2014, three months after he staged the coup that removed the previously elected government of Prime Minister YINGLAK Chinnawat; on 5 June 2019 PRAYUT (independent) was approved as prime minister by the parliament; the Constitutional Court in September 2022 ruled that PRAYUT's term as prime minister began in April 2017 with the promulgation of Thailand's most recent constitution, meaning he will not reach the statutory 8-year limit until 2025" }, "Legislative branch": { "description": { - "text": "bicameral National Assembly or Ratthasapha consists of:Timor was actively involved in Southeast Asian trading networks for centuries, and by the 14th century exported aromatic sandalwood, slaves, honey, and wax. A number of local chiefdoms ruled the island in the early 16th century when Portuguese traders arrived, chiefly attracted by the relative abundance of sandalwood on Timor; by mid-century, the Portuguese had colonized the island. Skirmishing with the Dutch in the region eventually resulted in an 1859 treaty in which Portugal ceded the western portion of the island. Imperial Japan occupied Portuguese Timor from 1942 to 1945, but Portugal resumed colonial authority after the Japanese defeat in World War II. East Timor declared itself independent from Portugal on 28 November 1975 and was invaded and occupied by Indonesian forces nine days later. It was incorporated into Indonesia in July 1976 as the province of Timor Timur (East Timor). An unsuccessful campaign of pacification followed over the next two decades, during which an estimated 100,000 to 250,000 people died. In an August 1999 UN-supervised popular referendum, an overwhelming majority of the people of Timor-Leste voted for independence from Indonesia. However, in the next three weeks, anti-independence Timorese militias - organized and supported by the Indonesian military - commenced a large-scale, scorched-earth campaign of retribution. The militias killed approximately 1,400 Timorese and displaced nearly 500,000. Most of the country's infrastructure, including homes, irrigation systems, water supply systems, and schools, and nearly all of the country's electrical grid were destroyed. On 20 September 1999, Australian-led peacekeeping troops deployed to the country and brought the violence to an end. On 20 May 2002, Timor-Leste was internationally recognized as an independent state.
In 2006, internal tensions threatened the new nation's security when a military strike led to violence and a breakdown of law and order. At Dili's request, an Australian-led International Stabilization Force (ISF) deployed to Timor-Leste, and the UN Security Council established the UN Integrated Mission in Timor-Leste (UNMIT), which included an authorized police presence of over 1,600 personnel. The ISF and UNMIT restored stability, allowing for presidential and parliamentary elections in 2007 in a largely peaceful atmosphere. In 2008, rebels staged an unsuccessful attack against the president and prime minister. Since the attack, Timor-Leste has made considerable progress in building stability and democratic institutions, holding a series of successful parliamentary and presidential elections since 2012. Nonetheless, weak and unstable political coalitions have led to periodic episodes of political stalemate and crisis in governance. The ISF and UNMIT departed in 2012 but the UN continues to provide assistance on economic development and strengthening governing institutions. Currently, Timor-Leste is one of the world's poorest nations with an economy that relies heavily on energy resources in the Timor Sea.
" + "text": "The island of Timor was actively involved in Southeast Asian trading networks for centuries, and by the 14th century exported aromatic sandalwood, slaves, honey, and wax. A number of local chiefdoms ruled the island in the early 16th century when Portuguese traders arrived, chiefly attracted by the relative abundance of sandalwood on Timor; by mid-century, the Portuguese had colonized the island. Skirmishing with the Dutch in the region eventually resulted in an 1859 treaty in which Portugal ceded the western portion of the island. Imperial Japan occupied Portuguese Timor from 1942 to 1945, but Portugal resumed colonial authority after the Japanese defeat in World War II. East Timor declared itself independent from Portugal on 28 November 1975 and was invaded and occupied by Indonesian forces nine days later. It was incorporated into Indonesia in July 1976 as the province of Timor Timur (East Timor or Timor Leste). An unsuccessful campaign of pacification followed over the next two decades, during which an estimated 100,000 to 250,000 people died. In an August 1999 UN-supervised popular referendum, an overwhelming majority of the people of Timor-Leste voted for independence from Indonesia. However, in the next three weeks, anti-independence Timorese militias - organized and supported by the Indonesian military - commenced a large-scale, scorched-earth campaign of retribution. The militias killed approximately 1,400 Timorese and displaced nearly 500,000. Most of the country's infrastructure, including homes, irrigation systems, water supply systems, and schools, and nearly all of the country's electrical grid were destroyed. On 20 September 1999, Australian-led peacekeeping troops deployed to the country and brought the violence to an end. On 20 May 2002, Timor-Leste was internationally recognized as an independent state.
In 2006, internal tensions threatened the new nation's security when a military strike led to violence and a breakdown of law and order. At Dili's request, an Australian-led International Stabilization Force (ISF) deployed to Timor-Leste, and the UN Security Council established the UN Integrated Mission in Timor-Leste (UNMIT), which included an authorized police presence of over 1,600 personnel. The ISF and UNMIT restored stability, allowing for presidential and parliamentary elections in 2007 in a largely peaceful atmosphere. In 2008, rebels staged an unsuccessful attack against the president and prime minister. Since the attack, Timor-Leste has made considerable progress in building stability and democratic institutions, holding a series of successful parliamentary and presidential elections since 2012. Nonetheless, weak and unstable political coalitions have led to periodic episodes of political stalemate and crisis in governance. The ISF and UNMIT departed in 2012 but the UN continues to provide assistance on economic development and strengthening governing institutions. Currently, Timor-Leste is one of the world's poorest nations with an economy that relies heavily on energy resources in the Timor Sea.
" } }, "Geography": { @@ -572,7 +572,7 @@ "text": "unicameral National Parliament (65 seats; members directly elected in a single nationwide constituency by closed, party-list proportional representation vote using the D'Hondt method to serve 5-year terms)" }, "elections": { - "text": "last held on 12 May 2018 (next to be held in July 2023)" + "text": "last held on 12 May 2018 (next to be held in May 2023)" }, "election results": { "text": "percent of vote by party - AMP - 49.6%, FRETILIN 34.2%, PD 8.1%, DDF 5.5%, other 2.6%; seats by party - AMP 34, FRETILIN 23, PD 5, DDF 3; composition - men 39, women 26, percent of women 40%" @@ -591,7 +591,7 @@ "note": "note: the UN Justice System Programme, launched in 2003 and being rolled out in 4 phases through 2018, is helping strengthen the country's justice system; the Programme is aligned with the country's long-range Justice Sector Strategic Plan, which includes legal reforms" }, "Political parties and leaders": { - "text": "Democratic Party or PD [Mariano Assanami SABINO Lopes]drug trafficking groups are major players in the procurement and transportation of large quantities of cocaine destined for European markets
" diff --git a/europe/bo.json b/europe/bo.json index 4434dc94..d83c216c 100644 --- a/europe/bo.json +++ b/europe/bo.json @@ -559,7 +559,7 @@ "text": "President Alyaksandr LUKASHENKA (since 20 July 1994)" }, "head of government": { - "text": "Prime Minister Raman HALOWCHENKA (since 4 June 2020); First Deputy Prime Minister Mikalay SNAPKOW (since 4 June 2020); Deputy Prime Ministers Uladzimir KUKHARAW, Ihar PETRYSHENKA (since 18 August 2018), Yuryy NAZARAW (since 3 March 2020), Alyaksandr SUBOTSIN (since 4 June 2020)" + "text": "Prime Minister Roman GOLOVCHENKO (since 4 June 2020); First Deputy Prime Minister Mikalay SNAPKOW (since 4 June 2020); Deputy Prime Ministers Ihar PETRYSHENKA (since 18 August 2018), Anatol SIVAK (since 1 September 2020), Leanid ZAYATS (since 21 March 2022), Petr PARKHOMCHYK (since 16 August 2022)" }, "cabinet": { "text": "Council of Ministers appointed by the president" @@ -576,7 +576,7 @@ "text": "bicameral National Assembly or Natsyyalny Skhod consists of:drug trafficking groups are major players in the procurement and transportation of large quantities of cocaine destined for European markets
" diff --git a/europe/mk.json b/europe/mk.json index 01d63f01..e2d27c22 100644 --- a/europe/mk.json +++ b/europe/mk.json @@ -443,13 +443,13 @@ }, "Total water withdrawal": { "municipal": { - "text": "277.5 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + "text": "310 million cubic meters (2020 est.)" }, "industrial": { - "text": "225,809,581.6 cubic meters (2017 est.)" + "text": "20 million cubic meters (2020 est.)" }, "agricultural": { - "text": "329,217,707.7 cubic meters (2017 est.)" + "text": "140 million cubic meters (2020 est.)" } }, "Total renewable water resources": { @@ -1096,10 +1096,10 @@ }, "Internet users": { "total": { - "text": "1,678,750 (2020 est.)" + "text": "1.743 million (2021 est.)" }, "percent of population": { - "text": "81% (2020 est.)" + "text": "83% (2021 est.)" } }, "Broadband - fixed subscriptions": { diff --git a/europe/mn.json b/europe/mn.json index 8fc58af0..3c7759a1 100644 --- a/europe/mn.json +++ b/europe/mn.json @@ -383,7 +383,7 @@ }, "Total water withdrawal": { "municipal": { - "text": "5 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + "text": "10 million cubic meters (2020 est.)" }, "industrial": { "text": "0 cubic meters (2017 est.)" @@ -777,10 +777,10 @@ }, "Internet users": { "total": { - "text": "37,798 (2019 est.)" + "text": "31,820 (2021 est.)" }, "percent of population": { - "text": "97% (2019 est.)" + "text": "86% (2021 est.)" } }, "Broadband - fixed subscriptions": { diff --git a/europe/mt.json b/europe/mt.json index 1aecb215..0ca4a612 100644 --- a/europe/mt.json +++ b/europe/mt.json @@ -440,13 +440,13 @@ }, "Total water withdrawal": { "municipal": { - "text": "37.4 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + "text": "40 million cubic meters (2020 est.)" }, "industrial": { - "text": "1 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + "text": "1 million cubic meters (2020 est.)" }, "agricultural": { - "text": "25.4 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + "text": "20 million cubic meters (2020 est.)" } }, "Total renewable water resources": { @@ -1078,10 +1078,10 @@ }, "Internet users": { "total": { - "text": "448,339 (2020 est.)" + "text": "461,100 (2021 est.)" }, "percent of population": { - "text": "87% (2020 est.)" + "text": "87% (2021 est.)" } }, "Broadband - fixed subscriptions": { @@ -1144,10 +1144,10 @@ }, "Merchant marine": { "total": { - "text": "2,137" + "text": "2,047" }, "by type": { - "text": "bulk carrier 601, container ship 310, general cargo 218, oil tanker 412, other 596 (2021)" + "text": "bulk carrier 545, container ship 312, general cargo 182, oil tanker 395, other 613 (2022)" } }, "Ports and terminals": { diff --git a/europe/nl.json b/europe/nl.json index 8cf9c9c6..3dc69634 100644 --- a/europe/nl.json +++ b/europe/nl.json @@ -458,13 +458,13 @@ }, "Total water withdrawal": { "municipal": { - "text": "1.26 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + "text": "2.05 billion cubic meters (2020 est.)" }, "industrial": { - "text": "14.74 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + "text": "5.94 billion cubic meters (2020 est.)" }, "agricultural": { - "text": "76.5 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + "text": "31 million cubic meters (2020 est.)" } }, "Total renewable water resources": { @@ -1117,10 +1117,10 @@ }, "Internet users": { "total": { - "text": "15,871,765 (2020 est.)" + "text": "16.56 million (2021 est.)" }, "percent of population": { - "text": "91% (2020 est.)" + "text": "92% (2021 est.)" } }, "Broadband - fixed subscriptions": { @@ -1205,10 +1205,10 @@ }, "Merchant marine": { "total": { - "text": "1,199" + "text": "1,175" }, "by type": { - "text": "bulk carrier 10, container ship 40, general cargo 559, oil tanker 26, other 564 (2021)" + "text": "bulk carrier 11, container ship 37, general cargo 543, oil tanker 26, other 558 (2022)" } }, "Ports and terminals": { diff --git a/europe/no.json b/europe/no.json index d8fb9910..25f7be5c 100644 --- a/europe/no.json +++ b/europe/no.json @@ -451,13 +451,13 @@ }, "Total water withdrawal": { "municipal": { - "text": "775.3 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + "text": "780 million cubic meters (2020 est.)" }, "industrial": { - "text": "1.071 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + "text": "1.07 billion cubic meters (2020 est.)" }, "agricultural": { - "text": "844.9 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + "text": "840 million cubic meters (2020 est.)" } }, "Total renewable water resources": { @@ -1104,10 +1104,10 @@ }, "Internet users": { "total": { - "text": "5,218,091 (2020 est.)" + "text": "5.346 million (2021 est.)" }, "percent of population": { - "text": "97% (2020 est.)" + "text": "99% (2021 est.)" } }, "Broadband - fixed subscriptions": { @@ -1183,10 +1183,10 @@ }, "Merchant marine": { "total": { - "text": "1,644" + "text": "1,710" }, "by type": { - "text": "bulk carrier 109, container ship 1, general cargo 242, oil tanker 96, other 1,196 (2021)" + "text": "bulk carrier 105, container ship 1, general cargo 273, oil tanker 95, other 1,236 (2022)" } }, "Ports and terminals": { diff --git a/europe/pl.json b/europe/pl.json index d9f23903..0bea3438 100644 --- a/europe/pl.json +++ b/europe/pl.json @@ -1143,10 +1143,10 @@ }, "Internet users": { "total": { - "text": "31,456,228 (2020 est.)" + "text": "32.3 million (2021 est.)" }, "percent of population": { - "text": "83% (2020 est.)" + "text": "85% (2021 est.)" } }, "Broadband - fixed subscriptions": { @@ -1240,10 +1240,10 @@ }, "Merchant marine": { "total": { - "text": "143" + "text": "149" }, "by type": { - "text": "general cargo 7, oil tanker 6, other 130 (2021)" + "text": "general cargo 7, oil tanker 6, other 136 (2022)" } }, "Ports and terminals": { diff --git a/europe/po.json b/europe/po.json index 7bf98ea7..d116c06c 100644 --- a/europe/po.json +++ b/europe/po.json @@ -1109,10 +1109,10 @@ }, "Internet users": { "total": { - "text": "8,031,723 (2020 est.)" + "text": "8.2 million (2021 est.)" }, "percent of population": { - "text": "78% (2020 est.)" + "text": "82% (2021 est.)" } }, "Broadband - fixed subscriptions": { @@ -1200,10 +1200,10 @@ }, "Merchant marine": { "total": { - "text": "726" + "text": "820" }, "by type": { - "text": "bulk carrier 86, container ship 267, general cargo 137, oil tanker 27, other 209 (2021)" + "text": "bulk carrier 103, container ship 290, general cargo 175, oil tanker 28, other 224 (2022)" } }, "Ports and terminals": { diff --git a/europe/ri.json b/europe/ri.json index be64576f..849b1146 100644 --- a/europe/ri.json +++ b/europe/ri.json @@ -1141,10 +1141,10 @@ }, "Internet users": { "total": { - "text": "5,381,318 (2020 est.)" + "text": "5.589 million (2021 est.)" }, "percent of population": { - "text": "78% (2020 est.)" + "text": "81% (2021 est.)" } }, "Broadband - fixed subscriptions": { @@ -1292,7 +1292,7 @@ "stateless persons": { "text": "2,594 (includes stateless persons in Kosovo) (2022)" }, - "note": "note: 948,336 estimated refugee and migrant arrivals (January 2015-March 2023); Serbia is predominantly a transit country and hosts an estimated 7,271 migrants and asylum seekers as of November 2022" + "note": "note: 951,905 estimated refugee and migrant arrivals (January 2015-March 2023); Serbia is predominantly a transit country and hosts an estimated 7,271 migrants and asylum seekers as of November 2022" }, "Trafficking in persons": { "tier rating": { diff --git a/europe/ro.json b/europe/ro.json index 52240044..c735c574 100644 --- a/europe/ro.json +++ b/europe/ro.json @@ -1122,10 +1122,10 @@ }, "Internet users": { "total": { - "text": "15,020,866 (2020 est.)" + "text": "15.96 million (2021 est.)" }, "percent of population": { - "text": "78% (2020 est.)" + "text": "84% (2021 est.)" } }, "Broadband - fixed subscriptions": { @@ -1213,10 +1213,10 @@ }, "Merchant marine": { "total": { - "text": "121" + "text": "125" }, "by type": { - "text": "general cargo 11, oil tanker 6, other 104 (2021)" + "text": "general cargo 11, oil tanker 6, other 108 (2022)" } }, "Ports and terminals": { @@ -1282,7 +1282,7 @@ "stateless persons": { "text": "297 (2022)" }, - "note": "note: 12,969 estimated refugee and migrant arrivals (January 2015-March 2023)" + "note": "note: 13,070 estimated refugee and migrant arrivals (January 2015-April 2023)" }, "Illicit drugs": { "text": "a source country for cannabis
" diff --git a/europe/si.json b/europe/si.json index a8519104..55e61c1a 100644 --- a/europe/si.json +++ b/europe/si.json @@ -1099,10 +1099,10 @@ }, "Internet users": { "total": { - "text": "1,829,105 (2020 est.)" + "text": "1.869 million (2021 est.)" }, "percent of population": { - "text": "87% (2020 est.)" + "text": "89% (2021 est.)" } }, "Broadband - fixed subscriptions": { @@ -1187,7 +1187,7 @@ "text": "9" }, "by type": { - "text": "other 9 (2021)" + "text": "general cargo 1, other 8 (2022)" } }, "Ports and terminals": { @@ -1246,7 +1246,7 @@ "stateless persons": { "text": "10 (2020)" }, - "note": "note: 572,520 estimated refugee and migrant arrivals (January 2015-February 2023)" + "note": "note: 575,533 estimated refugee and migrant arrivals (January 2015-March 2023)" }, "Illicit drugs": { "text": "minor transit point for cocaine and Southwest Asian heroin bound for Western Europe, and for precursor chemicals" diff --git a/europe/sm.json b/europe/sm.json index 6f533f3d..3532f9b1 100644 --- a/europe/sm.json +++ b/europe/sm.json @@ -837,10 +837,10 @@ }, "Internet users": { "total": { - "text": "20,318 (2019 est.)" + "text": "25,500 (2021 est.)" }, "percent of population": { - "text": "60% (2019 est.)" + "text": "75% (2021 est.)" } }, "Broadband - fixed subscriptions": { diff --git a/europe/sp.json b/europe/sp.json index c1c21cf4..6d989627 100644 --- a/europe/sp.json +++ b/europe/sp.json @@ -1122,10 +1122,10 @@ }, "Internet users": { "total": { - "text": "44,047,980 (2020 est.)" + "text": "44.18 million (2021 est.)" }, "percent of population": { - "text": "93% (2020 est.)" + "text": "94% (2021 est.)" } }, "Broadband - fixed subscriptions": { @@ -1213,10 +1213,10 @@ }, "Merchant marine": { "total": { - "text": "478" + "text": "494" }, "by type": { - "text": "bulk carrier 1, general cargo 36, oil tanker 24, other 417 (2021)" + "text": "bulk carrier 1, general cargo 35, oil tanker 23, other 435 (2022)" } }, "Ports and terminals": { @@ -1292,7 +1292,7 @@ "stateless persons": { "text": "6,489 (2022)" }, - "note": "note: 283,183 estimated refugee and migrant arrivals, including Canary Islands (January 2015-March 2023)" + "note": "note: 283,666 estimated refugee and migrant arrivals, including Canary Islands (January 2015-April 2023)" }, "Illicit drugs": { "text": "primary transit point in Europe for cocaine from South America and for hashish from Morocco; cocaine is shipped in raw or liquid form with mixed cargo to avoid detection; traffickers ship methamphetamine via express mail; increasing indoor cannabis production; illegal labs cutting, mixing, and reconstituting cocaine, heroin, and methamphetamine labs; synthetic drugs, including ketamine and MDMA (ecstasy) transit from Spain to the US" diff --git a/europe/sw.json b/europe/sw.json index 1046eb1c..81a2a0f7 100644 --- a/europe/sw.json +++ b/europe/sw.json @@ -1110,10 +1110,10 @@ }, "Internet users": { "total": { - "text": "9,835,769 (2020 est.)" + "text": "8.8 million (2021 est.)" }, "percent of population": { - "text": "95% (2020 est.)" + "text": "88% (2021 est.)" } }, "Broadband - fixed subscriptions": { @@ -1202,10 +1202,10 @@ }, "Merchant marine": { "total": { - "text": "370" + "text": "368" }, "by type": { - "text": "general cargo 49, oil tanker 22, other 299 (2021)" + "text": "general cargo 46, oil tanker 21, other 301 (2022)" } }, "Ports and terminals": { diff --git a/europe/sz.json b/europe/sz.json index 0369b9ad..40795b41 100644 --- a/europe/sz.json +++ b/europe/sz.json @@ -1124,10 +1124,10 @@ }, "Internet users": { "total": { - "text": "8,118,367 (2020 est.)" + "text": "8.352 million (2021 est.)" }, "percent of population": { - "text": "94% (2020 est.)" + "text": "96% (2021 est.)" } }, "Broadband - fixed subscriptions": { @@ -1215,7 +1215,7 @@ "text": "20" }, "by type": { - "text": "bulk carrier 16, general cargo 1, other 3 (includes Liechtenstein) (2021)" + "text": "bulk carrier 16, general cargo 1, other 3 (includes Liechtenstein) (2022)" } }, "Ports and terminals": { diff --git a/europe/uk.json b/europe/uk.json index 5c3716e3..5e9b832c 100644 --- a/europe/uk.json +++ b/europe/uk.json @@ -1117,10 +1117,10 @@ }, "Internet users": { "total": { - "text": "63,854,528 (2020 est.)" + "text": "64.99 million (2021 est.)" }, "percent of population": { - "text": "95% (2020 est.)" + "text": "97% (2021 est.)" } }, "Broadband - fixed subscriptions": { @@ -1214,10 +1214,10 @@ }, "Merchant marine": { "total": { - "text": "1,249" + "text": "1,174" }, "by type": { - "text": "bulk carrier 140, container ship 59, general cargo 109, oil tanker 84, other 857 (2021)" + "text": "bulk carrier 133, container ship 58, general cargo 97, oil tanker 73, other 813 (2022)" } }, "Ports and terminals": { diff --git a/europe/up.json b/europe/up.json index 4980f15c..6582f79b 100644 --- a/europe/up.json +++ b/europe/up.json @@ -1133,10 +1133,10 @@ }, "Internet users": { "total": { - "text": "40,912,381 (July 2022 est.)" + "text": "3.239 million (2021 est.)" }, "percent of population": { - "text": "94.5% (July 2022 est.)" + "text": "79% (2021 est.)" } }, "Broadband - fixed subscriptions": { @@ -1239,10 +1239,10 @@ }, "Merchant marine": { "total": { - "text": "409" + "text": "410" }, "by type": { - "text": "bulk carrier 1, container ship 1, general cargo 84, oil tanker 15, other 308 (2021)" + "text": "bulk carrier 1, container ship 1, general cargo 84, oil tanker 15, other 309 (2022)" } }, "Ports and terminals": { diff --git a/middle-east/ae.json b/middle-east/ae.json index 9c8248dc..d376988f 100644 --- a/middle-east/ae.json +++ b/middle-east/ae.json @@ -1078,10 +1078,10 @@ }, "Internet users": { "total": { - "text": "9,890,400 (2020 est.)" + "text": "9.4 million (2021 est.)" }, "percent of population": { - "text": "100% (2020 est.)" + "text": "100% (2021 est.)" } }, "Broadband - fixed subscriptions": { @@ -1170,10 +1170,10 @@ }, "Merchant marine": { "total": { - "text": "623" + "text": "636" }, "by type": { - "text": "bulk carrier 1, container ship 3, general cargo 117, oil tanker 19, other 483 (2021)" + "text": "bulk carrier 2, container ship 3, general cargo 121, oil tanker 16, other 494 (2022)" } }, "Ports and terminals": { @@ -1190,8 +1190,8 @@ }, "Military and Security": { "Military and security forces": { - "text": "United Arab Emirates Armed Forces: Land Forces, Navy Forces, Air Force, Presidential Guard (includes special operations forces); Ministry of Interior: Critical Infrastructure and Coastal Patrol Agency (CICPA) (2022)", - "note": "note: each emirate maintains a local police force called a general directorate, which is officially a branch of the federal Ministry of Interior; all emirate-level general directorates of police enforce their respective emirate’s laws autonomously; they also enforce federal laws within their emirate in coordination with one another under the federal ministry" + "text": "United Arab Emirates Armed Forces: Land Forces, Navy Forces, Air Force, Presidential Guard (includes special operations forces); Ministry of Interior: Coast Guard Forces, Critical Infrastructure and Coastal Patrol Agency (CICPA) (2023)", + "note": "note: each emirate maintains a local police force called a general directorate, which is officially a branch of the federal Ministry of Interior; all emirate-level general directorates of police enforce their respective emirate’s laws autonomously; they also enforce federal laws within their emirate in coordination with one another under the federal ministry; the State Security Directorate (SSD) in Abu Dhabi and Dubai State Security (DSS) have primary responsible for counterterrorism law enforcement efforts; local, emirate-level police forces, especially Abu Dhabi Police and Dubai Police, are the first responders in such cases and provide technical assistance to SSD and DSS " }, "Military expenditures": { "Military Expenditures 2020": { @@ -1214,17 +1214,18 @@ "text": "approximately 65,000 active personnel (45,000 Land Forces; 3,000 Navy; 5,000 Air Force; 12,000 Presidential Guard) (2022)" }, "Military equipment inventories and acquisitions": { - "text": "the military's inventory is comprised of wide variety of mostly modern imported equipment; over the past decade, the UAE has acquired military equipment from more than 20 countries with France, Russia, and the US as the leading suppliers; in recent years, the UAE has tried to boost its domestic defense industry (2022)" + "text": "the military's inventory is comprised of a wide variety of mostly modern imported equipment; over the past decade, the UAE has acquired military equipment from more than 20 countries with France, Russia, and the US as the leading suppliers; in recent years, the UAE has tried to boost its domestic defense industry (2023)" }, "Military service age and obligation": { "text": "18-30 years of age for compulsory military service for men (compulsory service initiated in 2014); 17 years of age for volunteers with parental approval; men can volunteer up to age 40; 24-month general service obligation, 16 months for secondary school graduates; women can volunteer to serve for 9 months regardless of education (2022)", - "note": "note 1: compulsory service may be completed in the uniformed military, the Ministry of Interior, the State Security Service, or other institutions designated by the military leadershipArmenia’s population peaked at nearly 3.7 million in the late 1980s but has declined sharply since independence in 1991, to just over 3 million in 2021, largely as a result of its decreasing fertility rate, increasing death rate, and negative net emigration rate. The total fertility rate (the average number of children born per woman) first fell below the 2.1 replacement level in the late 1990s and has hovered around 1.6-1.65 for over 15 years. In an effort to increase the country’s birth rate, the government has expanded its child benefits, including a substantial increase in the lump sum payment for having a first and second child and a boost in the monthly payment to mothers of children under two. Reversing net negative migration, however, remains the biggest obstacle to stabilizing or increasing population growth. Emigration causes Armenia not only lose individuals but also the children they might have.
The emigration of a significant number of working-age people combined with decreased fertility and increased life expectancy is causing the elderly share of Armenia’s population to grow. The growing elderly population will put increasing pressure on the government’s ability to fund the pension system, health care, and other services for seniors. Improving education, creating more jobs (particularly in the formal sector), promoting labor market participation, and increasing productivity would mitigate the financial impact of supporting a growing elderly population.
Armenia has a long history of migration, some forced and some voluntary. Its large diaspora is diverse and dispersed around the world. Widely varying estimates suggest the Armenian diaspora may number anywhere from 5-9 million, easily outnumbering the number of Armenians living in Armenia. Armenians forged communities abroad from ancient Egypt, Greece and Rome to Russia and to the Americas, where they excelled as craftsmen, merchants, and in other occupations.
Several waves of Armenian migration occurred in the 20th century. In the aftermath of the 1915 Armenian genocide, hundreds of thousands of survivors fled to communities in the Caucasus (including present day Armenia), Lebanon, Syria, Iran, Europe, and Russia and established new communities in Africa and the Americas. In the 1930s, the Soviets deported thousands of Armenians to Siberia and Central Asia. After World War II, the Soviets encouraged the Armenian diaspora in France, the Middle East, and Iran to return the Armenian homeland in order to encourage population growth after significant losses in the male workforce during the war.
Following Armenian independence in 1991, the economic downturn and high unemployment prompted hundreds of thousands of Armenians to seek better economic opportunities primarily in Russia but also in the US, former Soviet states, and Europe. In the early 1990s, hundreds of thousands of Armenians fled from Azerbaijan to Armenia because of the ongoing Nagorno-Karbakh conflict, but many of them then emigrated again, mainly to Russia and the US. When the economy became more stable in the late 1990s, permanent emigration slowed, but Armenians continued to seek temporary seasonal work in Russia. The remittances families receive from relatives working abroad is vital to Armenian households and the country’s economy." @@ -522,7 +522,7 @@ "text": "previous 1915, 1978; latest adopted 5 July 1995" }, "amendments": { - "text": "proposed by the president of the republic or by the National Assembly; passage requires approval by the president, by the National Assembly, and by a referendum with at least 25% registered voter participation and more than 50% of votes; constitutional articles on the form of government and democratic procedures are not amendable; amended 2005, 2015, last in 2020; note - a constitutional referendum originally scheduled for 4 May 2020 was indefinitely postponed due to the COVID-19 pandemic that began in early 2020, the Nagorno-Karabakh war in the fall of 2020, and the postwar political crisis of early 2021" + "text": "proposed by the president of the republic or by the National Assembly; passage requires approval by the president, by the National Assembly, and by a referendum with at least 25% registered voter participation and more than 50% of votes; constitutional articles on the form of government and democratic procedures are not amendable; amended 2005, 2015, last in 2020" } }, "Legal system": { @@ -553,13 +553,13 @@ "text": "President Vahagn KHACHATURYAN (since 13 March 2022)" }, "head of government": { - "text": "Prime Minister Nikol PASHINYAN (since 10 September 2021); Deputy Prime Ministers Mher GRIGORYAN (since 3 August 2021) and Hambardzum MATEVOSYAN (since 25 November 2021); note - Prime Minister Nikol PASHINYAN resigned on 25 April 2021; he was reappointed by the president on 2 August 2021 and sworn in on 10 September 2021" + "text": "Prime Minister Nikol PASHINYAN (since 10 September 2021); Deputy Prime Ministers Mher GRIGORYAN (since 3 August 2021) and Tigran KHACHATRYAN (since 19 December 2022); note - Prime Minister Nikol PASHINYAN resigned on 25 April 2021 in advance of the 20 June 2021 parliamentary election; he was reappointed by the president on 2 August 2021 and sworn in on 10 September 2021" }, "cabinet": { "text": "Council of Ministers appointed by the prime minister" }, "elections/appointments": { - "text": "president indirectly elected by the National Assembly in 3 rounds if needed for a single 7-year term; election last held on 2-3 March 2022; prime minister elected by majority vote in 2 rounds if needed by the National Assembly; election last held 2 August 2021; the next parliamentary elections are expected to be held in Armenia by 2026" + "text": "president indirectly elected by the National Assembly in 3 rounds if needed for a single 7-year term; election last held on 2-3 March 2022; prime minister elected by majority vote in 2 rounds if needed by the National Assembly; election last held 20 June 2021; the next parliamentary elections are expected to be held in Armenia by 2026" }, "election results": { "text": " 2022: Vahagn KHACHATURYAN elected president in second round; note - Vahagn KHACHATURYAN ran unopposed and won the Assembly vote 71-01 American Ave., Yerevan 0082
" diff --git a/middle-east/ba.json b/middle-east/ba.json index 7433ac3a..bbad37f6 100644 --- a/middle-east/ba.json +++ b/middle-east/ba.json @@ -1,7 +1,7 @@ { "Introduction": { "Background": { - "text": "In 1783, the Sunni Al-KHALIFA family took power in Bahrain. In order to secure these holdings, it entered into a series of treaties with the UK during the 19th century that made Bahrain a British protectorate. The archipelago attained its independence in 1971. A steady decline in oil production and reserves since 1970 prompted Bahrain to take steps to diversify its economy, in the process developing petroleum processing and refining, aluminum production, and hospitality and retail sectors. It has also endeavored to become a leading regional banking center, especially with respect to Islamic finance. Bahrain's small size, central location among Gulf countries, economic dependence on Saudi Arabia, and proximity to Iran require it to play a delicate balancing act in foreign affairs among its larger neighbors. Its foreign policy activities usually fall in line with Saudi Arabia and the UAE.
The Sunni royal family has long struggled to manage relations with its large Shia-majority population. In early 2011, amid Arab uprisings elsewhere in the region, the Bahraini Government confronted similar pro-democracy and reform protests at home with police and military action, including deploying Gulf Cooperation Council security forces to Bahrain. Failed political talks prompted opposition political societies to boycott 2014 legislative and municipal council elections. In 2018, a law preventing members of political societies dissolved by the courts from participating in elections effectively sidelined the majority of opposition figures from taking part in national elections. As a result, most members of parliament are independents. Ongoing dissatisfaction with the political status quo continues to factor into sporadic clashes between demonstrators and security forces. On 15 September 2020, Bahrain and the United Arab Emirates signed peace agreements (the Abraham Accords) with Israel – brokered by the US – in Washington DC. Bahrain and the UAE thus became the third and fourth Middle Eastern countries, along with Egypt and Jordan, to recognize Israel.
" + "text": "In 1783, the Sunni Al-KHALIFA family took power in Bahrain. In order to secure these holdings, it entered into a series of treaties with the UK during the 19th century that made Bahrain a British protectorate. The archipelago attained its independence in 1971. A steady decline in oil production and reserves since 1970 prompted Bahrain to take steps to diversify its economy, in the process developing petroleum processing and refining, aluminum production, and hospitality and retail sectors. It has also endeavored to become a leading regional banking center, especially with respect to Islamic finance. Bahrain's small size, central location among Gulf countries, economic dependence on Saudi Arabia, and proximity to Iran require it to play a delicate balancing act in foreign affairs among its larger neighbors. Its foreign policy activities usually fall in line with Saudi Arabia and the UAE. In 2022, the United States designated Bahrain as a major non-NATO ally.
The Sunni royal family has long struggled to manage relations with its large Shia-majority population. In early 2011, amid Arab uprisings elsewhere in the region, the Bahraini Government confronted similar pro-democracy and reform protests at home with police and military action, including deploying Gulf Cooperation Council security forces to Bahrain. Failed political talks prompted opposition political societies to boycott 2014 legislative and municipal council elections. In 2018, a law preventing members of political societies dissolved by the courts from participating in elections effectively sidelined the majority of opposition figures from taking part in national elections. As a result, most members of parliament are independents. Ongoing dissatisfaction with the political status quo continues to factor into sporadic clashes between demonstrators and security forces. On 15 September 2020, Bahrain and the United Arab Emirates signed peace agreements (the Abraham Accords) with Israel – brokered by the US – in Washington DC. Bahrain and the UAE thus became the third and fourth Middle Eastern countries, along with Egypt and Jordan, to recognize Israel.
" } }, "Geography": { @@ -1143,10 +1143,10 @@ }, "Merchant marine": { "total": { - "text": "205" + "text": "190" }, "by type": { - "text": "general cargo 12, oil tanker 4, other 189 (2021)" + "text": "general cargo 11, oil tanker 3, other 176 (2022)" } }, "Ports and terminals": { @@ -1188,7 +1188,7 @@ "note": "note: the BDF hires foreign nationals, Sunni Muslims primarily from Arabic countries and Pakistan, to serve under contract; as of 2020, foreigners were estimated to comprise as much as 80% of the military; the policy has become a controversial issue with the primarily Shia population; during the 2011, the BDF reportedly deployed mostly foreign personnel against protesters" }, "Military - note": { - "text": "Bahrain hosts the US Naval Forces Central Command (USNAVCENT; established 1983), which includes the US 5th Fleet, several subordinate naval task forces, and the Combined Maritime Forces (established 2002), a coalition of more than 30 nations providing maritime security for regional shipping lanes; in 2018, the UK opened a naval support base in BahrainAnalyzing population trends in Georgia since independence in 1991 has proven difficult due to a lack of reliable demographic statistics. Censuses were fairly accurately and regularly updated through a vital statistics system during Georgia’s period of Soviet rule, but from independence until about 2010, the system broke down as a result of institutional and economic change, social unrest, and large-scale outmigration. The 2002 census is believed to have significantly overestimated the size of Georgia’s population, in part because respondents continued to include relatives living abroad as part of their household count. The 2014 census indicates that Georgia’s population is decreasing and aging. Census data shows that the median age increased from 34.5 years in 2002 to 37.7 years in 2014. The working-age population (ages 15-65 years) was fairly high in 2002 and rose between 2005 and 2011. Nonetheless, Georgia did not reap economic benefits from this age structure, since the working-age population increase seems to have stimulated labor outmigration to Russia, Ukraine, and other neighboring countries.
Since the Russian invasion of Ukraine in 2022, Georgia has seen its economy grow to its highest level in years due to the influx of Russian businesses, information and communications technology specialists, and money transfers. This growth may only be temporary and conditions could still easily change depending on future events. Meanwhile, the Russian inflow is also a source of concern, as some Georgians fear it could prompt Putin to target their country next. In addition, Ukrainian refugees use Georgia not just as a transit country but also as a destination. Some 25,000 Ukrainians remain in the country as of November 2022; they pose an additional strain on resources in Georgia, which has a significant population of its own displaced citizens – from the 2008 Russian occupation of Abkhazia and South Ossetia – who continue to need government support.
" @@ -456,13 +456,13 @@ }, "Total water withdrawal": { "municipal": { - "text": "660 million cubic meters (2019 est.)" + "text": "610 million cubic meters (2020 est.)" }, "industrial": { - "text": "330 million cubic meters (2019 est.)" + "text": "340 million cubic meters (2020 est.)" }, "agricultural": { - "text": "590 million cubic meters (2019 est.)" + "text": "710 million cubic meters (2020 est.)" } }, "Total renewable water resources": { @@ -888,7 +888,7 @@ "text": "Russia 12%, Azerbaijan 12%, Armenia 9%, Bulgaria 8%, China 6%, Turkey 6%, Ukraine 6% (2019)" }, "Exports - commodities": { - "text": "copper, cars, iron alloys, wine, packaged medicines (2019)" + "text": "copper, iron alloys, cars, wine, refined petroleum, nitrogen fertilizers, liquors (2021)" }, "Imports": { "Imports 2021": { @@ -1206,10 +1206,10 @@ }, "Merchant marine": { "total": { - "text": "25" + "text": "24" }, "by type": { - "text": "bulk carrier 2, general cargo 3, other 20 (2021)" + "text": "general cargo 3, other 21 (2022)" } }, "Ports and terminals": { diff --git a/middle-east/gz.json b/middle-east/gz.json index dc1c3569..2320a710 100644 --- a/middle-east/gz.json +++ b/middle-east/gz.json @@ -1,7 +1,7 @@ { "Introduction": { "Background": { - "text": "The Gaza Strip has been under the de facto governing authority of the Islamic Resistance Movement (HAMAS) since 2007, and has faced years of conflict, poverty, and humanitarian crises. Inhabited since at least the 15th century B.C., the Gaza Strip area has been dominated by many different peoples and empires throughout its history; it was incorporated into the Ottoman Empire in the early 16th century. The Gaza Strip fell to British forces during World War I, becoming a part of the British Mandate of Palestine. Following the 1948 Arab-Israeli War, Egypt administered the newly formed Gaza Strip; Israel captured it in the Six-Day War in 1967. Under a series of agreements known as the Oslo accords signed between 1993 and 1999, Israel transferred to the newly-created Palestinian Authority (PA) security and civilian responsibility for many Palestinian-populated areas of the Gaza Strip as well as the West Bank.
In 2000, a violent intifada or uprising began, and in 2001 negotiations to determine the permanent status of the West bank and Gaza Strip stalled. Subsequent attempts to re-start negotiations have not resulted in progress toward determining final status of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. Israel in late 2005 unilaterally withdrew all of its settlers and soldiers and dismantled its military facilities in the Gaza Strip, but it continues to control the Gaza Strip’s land and maritime borders and airspace. In early 2006, HAMAS won a majority in the Palestinian Legislative Council election. Fatah, the dominant Palestinian political faction in the West Bank, and HAMAS failed to maintain a unity government, leading to violent clashes between their respective supporters and HAMAS’s violent seizure of all PA military and governmental institutions in the Gaza Strip in June 2007. Since HAMAS’s takeover, Israel and Egypt have enforced tight restrictions on movement and access of goods and individuals into and out of the territory. Fatah and HAMAS have since reached a series of agreements aimed at restoring political unity between the Gaza Strip and the West Bank but have struggled to enact them.
Palestinian militants in the Gaza Strip and the Israel Defense Forces periodically exchange projectiles and air strikes, respectively, threatening broader conflict. In May 2021, HAMAS launched rockets at Israel, sparking an 11-day conflict that also involved other Gaza-based militant groups. Egypt, Qatar, and the UN Special Coordinator for the Middle East Peace Process have negotiated ceasefires to avert a broader conflict. Since 2018, HAMAS has also coordinated demonstrations along the Gaza-Israel security fence. Many of these protests have turned violent, resulting in several Israeli soldiers’ deaths and injuries as well as more than 200 Palestinian deaths and thousands of injuries, most of which occurred during weekly March of Return protests from 2018 to the end of 2019.
" + "text": "The Gaza Strip has been under the de facto governing authority of the Islamic Resistance Movement (HAMAS) since 2007, and has faced years of conflict, poverty, and humanitarian crises. Inhabited since at least the 15th century B.C., the Gaza Strip area has been dominated by many different peoples and empires throughout its history; it was incorporated into the Ottoman Empire in the early 16th century. The Gaza Strip fell to British forces during World War I, becoming a part of the British Mandate of Palestine. Following the 1948 Arab-Israeli War, Egypt administered the newly formed Gaza Strip; Israel captured it in the Six-Day War in 1967. Under a series of agreements known as the Oslo Accords signed between 1993 and 1999, Israel transferred to the newly-created Palestinian Authority (PA) security and civilian responsibility for many Palestinian-populated areas of the Gaza Strip as well as the West Bank.
In 2000, a violent intifada or uprising began, and in 2001 negotiations to determine the permanent status of the West Bank and Gaza Strip stalled. Subsequent attempts to re-start negotiations have not resulted in progress toward determining final status of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. Israel in late 2005 unilaterally withdrew all of its settlers and soldiers and dismantled its military facilities in the Gaza Strip, but it continues to control the Gaza Strip’s land and maritime borders and airspace. In early 2006, HAMAS won a majority in the Palestinian Legislative Council election. Fatah, the dominant Palestinian political faction in the West Bank, and HAMAS failed to maintain a unity government, leading to violent clashes between their respective supporters and HAMAS’s violent seizure of all PA military and governmental institutions in the Gaza Strip in June 2007. Since HAMAS’s takeover, Israel and Egypt have enforced tight restrictions on movement and access of goods and individuals into and out of the territory. Fatah and HAMAS have since reached a series of agreements aimed at restoring political unity between the Gaza Strip and the West Bank but have struggled to enact them.
Palestinian militants in the Gaza Strip and the Israel Defense Forces periodically exchange projectiles and air strikes, respectively, threatening broader conflict. In May 2021, HAMAS launched rockets at Israel, sparking an 11-day conflict that also involved other Gaza-based militant groups. Egypt, Qatar, and the UN Special Coordinator for the Middle East Peace Process have negotiated ceasefires to avert a broader conflict. Since 2018, HAMAS has also coordinated demonstrations along the Gaza-Israel security fence. Many of these protests have turned violent, resulting in several Israeli soldiers’ deaths and injuries as well as more than 200 Palestinian deaths and thousands of injuries, most of which occurred during weekly March of Return protests from 2018 to the end of 2019.
" } }, "Geography": { @@ -599,7 +599,8 @@ } }, "Exports - commodities": { - "text": "strawberries, carnations, vegetables, fish (small and irregular shipments, as permitted to transit the Israeli-controlled Kerem Shalom crossing)" + "text": "building stone, scrap iron, plastic lids, furniture, seating, dates, olive oil (2021)", + "note": "note: data includes both Gaza Strip and West Bank export commodities" }, "Imports": { "Imports 2021": { diff --git a/middle-east/ir.json b/middle-east/ir.json index aa358ca7..ae937806 100644 --- a/middle-east/ir.json +++ b/middle-east/ir.json @@ -1,7 +1,7 @@ { "Introduction": { "Background": { - "text": "Known as Persia until 1935, Iran became an Islamic republic in 1979 after the ruling monarchy was overthrown and Shah Mohammad Reza PAHLAVI was forced into exile. Conservative clerical forces led by Ayatollah Ruhollah KHOMEINI established a theocratic system of government with ultimate political authority vested in a learned religious scholar referred to commonly as the Supreme Leader who, according to the constitution, is accountable only to the Assembly of Experts - a popularly elected 88-member body of clerics. US-Iranian relations became strained when a group of Iranian students seized the US Embassy in Tehran in November 1979 and held embassy personnel hostage until mid-January 1981. The US cut off diplomatic relations with Iran in April 1980. During the period 1980-88, Iran fought a bloody, indecisive war with Iraq that eventually expanded into the Persian Gulf and led to clashes between US Navy and Iranian military forces. Iran has been designated a state sponsor of terrorism and was subject to US, UN, and EU economic sanctions and export controls because of its continued involvement in terrorism and concerns over possible military dimensions of its nuclear program until Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA) Implementation Day in 2016. The US began gradually re-imposing sanctions on Iran after the US withdrawal from JCPOA in May 2018.
Following the election of reformer Hojjat ol-Eslam Mohammad KHATAMI as president in 1997 and a reformist Majles (legislature) in 2000, a campaign to foster political reform in response to popular dissatisfaction was initiated. The movement floundered as conservative politicians, supported by the Supreme Leader, unelected institutions of authority like the Council of Guardians, and the security services reversed and blocked reform measures while increasing security repression. Starting with nationwide municipal elections in 2003 and continuing through Majles elections in 2004, conservatives reestablished control over Iran's elected government institutions, which culminated with the August 2005 inauguration of hardliner Mahmud AHMADI-NEJAD as president. His controversial reelection in June 2009 sparked nationwide protests over allegations of electoral fraud, but the protests were quickly suppressed. Deteriorating economic conditions due primarily to government mismanagement and international sanctions prompted at least two major economically based protests in July and October 2012, but Iran's internal security situation remained stable. President AHMADI-NEJAD's independent streak angered regime establishment figures, including the Supreme Leader, leading to conservative opposition to his agenda for the last year of his presidency, and an alienation of his political supporters. In June 2013, Iranians elected a centrist cleric Dr. Hasan Fereidun RUHANI to the presidency. A longtime senior member in the regime, he made promises of reforming society and Iran's foreign policy. In July 2015, Iran and the five permanent members, plus Germany (P5+1) signed the JCPOA under which Iran agreed to restrictions on its nuclear program in exchange for sanctions relief; however, the US reimposed sanctions in 2018 dealing a blow to RUHANI's legacy and the Iranian economy. Negotiations to restore the deal started in 2021 and are ongoing. Iran held elections in February 2020 for the Majles and the president in June 2021, resulting in a hardline and conservative monopoly across the regime's elected and unelected institutions. President Ebrahim RAISI is a hardline cleric with a decades-long career in Iran's judiciary and has had limited foreign policy and economic experience.
" + "text": "Known as Persia until 1935, Iran became an Islamic republic in 1979 after the ruling monarchy was overthrown and Shah Mohammad Reza PAHLAVI was forced into exile. Conservative clerical forces led by Ayatollah Ruhollah KHOMEINI established a theocratic system of government with ultimate political authority vested in a learned religious scholar referred to commonly as the Supreme Leader who, according to the constitution, is accountable only to the Assembly of Experts - a popularly elected 88-member body of clerics. US-Iranian relations became strained when a group of Iranian students seized the US Embassy in Tehran in November 1979 and held embassy personnel hostage until mid-January 1981. The US cut off diplomatic relations with Iran in April 1980. During the period 1980-88, Iran fought a bloody, indecisive war with Iraq that eventually expanded into the Persian Gulf and led to clashes between US Navy and Iranian military forces. Iran has been designated a state sponsor of terrorism and was subject to US, UN, and EU economic sanctions and export controls because of its continued involvement in terrorism and concerns over possible military dimensions of its nuclear program until Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA) Implementation Day in 2016. The US began gradually re-imposing sanctions on Iran after the US withdrawal from JCPOA in May 2018.
Following the election of reformer Hojjat ol-Eslam Mohammad KHATAMI as president in 1997 and a reformist Majles (legislature) in 2000, a campaign to foster political reform in response to popular dissatisfaction was initiated. The movement floundered as conservative politicians, supported by the Supreme Leader, unelected institutions of authority like the Guardians Council, and the security services reversed and blocked reform measures while increasing security repression. Starting with nationwide municipal elections in 2003 and continuing through Majles elections in 2004, conservatives reestablished control over Iran's elected government institutions, which culminated with the August 2005 inauguration of hardliner Mahmud AHMADI-NEJAD as president. His controversial reelection in June 2009 sparked nationwide protests over allegations of electoral fraud, which persisted until early 2011. President AHMADI-NEJAD's independent streak angered regime establishment figures, including the Supreme Leader, leading to conservative opposition to his agenda for the last year of his presidency, and an alienation of his political supporters. In June 2013, Iranians elected a centrist cleric Dr. Hasan Fereidun RUHANI to the presidency. A longtime senior member in the regime, he made promises of reforming society and Iran's foreign policy. In July 2015, Iran and the five UNSC permanent members, plus Germany (P5+1) finalized the JCPOA under which Iran agreed to restrictions on its nuclear program in exchange for sanctions relief; however, the US reimposed sanctions in 2018 dealing a blow to RUHANI's legacy and the Iranian economy. In November 2019, Tehran's decision to increase the price of gasoline overnight sparked nationwide protests, which the regime violently suppressed within a week. Conservatives won the majority of seats in Iranian Majles elections in elections in February 2020 and hardline cleric Ebrahim RAISI - who had a decades-long career in Iran's judiciary - was elected president in June 2021, resulting in a hardline and conservative monopoly across the regime's elected and unelected institutions.
As president, RAISI has concentrated on deepening Iran's foreign relations with anti-US states - particularly China and Russia - to weather US sanctions and diplomatic pressure, while supporting negotiations to restore a nuclear deal that began in 2021. RAISI contended with nationwide protests that began in September 2022 and persisted for over three months following the death of a Kurdish Iranian woman, Mahsa AMINI, in morality police custody. Young people and women led the protests and in contrast to previous periods of unrest, this latest bout focused on demands for regime change rather than reform within the system or the redressal of economic grievances.
Kuwait has been ruled by the AL-SABAH dynasty since the 18th century. The threat of Ottoman invasion in 1899 prompted Amir Mubarak AL-SABAH to seek protection from Britain, ceding foreign and defense responsibility to Britain until 1961, when the country attained its independence. Kuwait was attacked and overrun by Iraq in August 1990. Following several weeks of aerial bombardment, a US-led UN coalition began a ground assault in February 1991 that liberated Kuwait in four days. In 1992, the Amir reconstituted the parliament that he had dissolved in 1986. Amid the 2010-11 uprisings and protests across the Arab world, stateless Arabs, known as Bidoon, staged small protests in early 2011 demanding citizenship, jobs, and other benefits available to Kuwaiti nationals. Other demographic groups, notably Islamists and Kuwaitis from tribal backgrounds, soon joined the growing protest movements, which culminated in late 2011 with the resignation of the prime minister amidst allegations of corruption. Demonstrations renewed in late 2012 in response to an amiri decree amending the electoral law that lessened the voting power of the tribal blocs.
An opposition coalition of Sunni Islamists, tribal populists, and some liberals, largely boycotted legislative elections in 2012 and 2013, which ushered in a legislature more amenable to the government's agenda. Faced with the prospect of painful subsidy cuts, oppositionists and independents actively participated in the November 2016 election, winning nearly half of the seats, but a cohesive opposition alliance largely ceased to exist with the 2016 election and the opposition became increasingly factionalized. Since coming to power in 2006, the Amir has dissolved the National Assembly on seven occasions (the Constitutional Court annulled the Assembly elections in June 2012 and again in June 2013) and shuffled the cabinet over a dozen times, usually citing political stagnation and gridlock between the legislature and the government.
The current Amir, who assumed his role in 2020, launched a \"National Dialogue\" in September 2021 meant to resolve political gridlock. As part of the \"National Dialogue,\" the Amir pardoned several opposition figures who had been living in exile, and they returned to Kuwait. Legislative challenges remain, and the cabinet was reshuffled in March 2022.
Kuwait has been ruled by the AL-SABAH dynasty since the 18th century. The threat of Ottoman invasion in 1899 prompted Amir Mubarak AL-SABAH to seek protection from Britain, ceding foreign and defense responsibility to Britain until 1961, when the country attained its independence. Kuwait was attacked and overrun by Iraq in August 1990. Following several weeks of aerial bombardment, a US-led UN coalition began a ground assault in February 1991 that liberated Kuwait in four days. In 1992, the Amir reconstituted the parliament that he had dissolved in 1986. Amid the 2010-11 uprisings and protests across the Arab world, stateless Arabs, known as Bidoon, staged small protests in early 2011 demanding citizenship, jobs, and other benefits available to Kuwaiti nationals. Other demographic groups, notably Islamists and Kuwaitis from tribal backgrounds, soon joined the growing protest movements, which culminated in late 2011 with the resignation of the prime minister amidst allegations of corruption. Demonstrations renewed in late 2012 in response to an amiri decree amending the electoral law that lessened the voting power of the tribal blocs.
An opposition coalition of Sunni Islamists, tribal populists, and some liberals, largely boycotted legislative elections in 2012 and 2013, which ushered in a legislature more amenable to the government's agenda. Faced with the prospect of painful subsidy cuts, oppositionists and independents actively participated in the November 2016 election, winning nearly half of the seats, but a cohesive opposition alliance largely ceased to exist with the 2016 election and the opposition became increasingly factionalized. Between 2006 and his death in 2020, the previous Kuwaiti Amir dissolved the National Assembly on seven occasions (the Constitutional Court annulled the Assembly elections in June 2012 and again in June 2013) and shuffled the cabinet over a dozen times, usually citing political stagnation and gridlock between the legislature and the government.
The current Amir, who assumed his role in 2020, launched a \"National Dialogue\" in September 2021 meant to resolve political gridlock. As part of the \"National Dialogue,\" the Amir pardoned several opposition figures who had been living in exile, and they returned to Kuwait. Legislative challenges remain, and the cabinet has been reshuffled six times since late 2020.
The inhabitants of the area of Oman have long prospered from Indian Ocean trade. In the late 18th century, the nascent sultanate in Muscat signed the first in a series of friendship treaties with Britain. Over time, Oman's dependence on British political and military advisors increased, although the sultanate never became a British colony. In 1970, QABOOS bin Said Al-Said overthrew his father, and ruled as sultan for the next five decades. His extensive modernization program opened the country to the outside world. He prioritized strategic ties with the UK and US, and his moderate, independent foreign policy allowed Oman to maintain good relations with its neighbors and to avoid external entanglements.
Inspired by the popular uprisings that swept the Middle East and North Africa beginning in January 2011, some Omanis staged demonstrations, calling for more jobs and economic benefits and an end to corruption. In response to those protester demands, QABOOS in 2011 pledged to implement economic and political reforms, such as granting Oman’s bicameral legislative body more power and authorizing direct elections for its lower house, which took place in November 2011. Additionally, the sultan increased unemployment benefits, and, in August 2012, issued a royal directive mandating the speedy implementation of a national job creation plan for thousands of public and private sector Omani jobs. As part of the government's efforts to decentralize authority and allow greater citizen participation in local governance, Oman successfully conducted its first municipal council elections in December 2012. Announced by the sultan in 2011, the municipal councils have the power to advise the Royal Court on the needs of local districts across Oman's 11 governorates. Sultan QABOOS, Oman's longest reigning monarch, died on 11 January 2020. His cousin, HAYTHAM bin Tariq bin Taimur Al-Said, former Minister of Heritage and Culture, was sworn in as Oman's new sultan the same day.
The inhabitants of the area of Oman have long prospered from Indian Ocean trade. In the late 18th century, the nascent sultanate in Muscat signed the first in a series of friendship treaties with Britain. Over time, Oman's dependence on British political and military advisors increased, although the sultanate never became a British colony. In 1970, QABOOS bin Said Al Said overthrew his father, and ruled as sultan for the next five decades. His extensive modernization program opened the country to the outside world. He prioritized strategic ties with the UK and US, and his moderate, independent foreign policy allowed Oman to maintain good relations with its neighbors and to avoid external entanglements.
Inspired by the popular uprisings that swept the Middle East and North Africa beginning in January 2011, some Omanis staged demonstrations, calling for more jobs and economic benefits and an end to corruption. In response to those protester demands, QABOOS in 2011 pledged to implement economic and political reforms, such as granting Oman’s bicameral legislative body more power and authorizing direct elections for its lower house, which took place in November 2011. Additionally, the sultan increased unemployment benefits, and, in August 2012, issued a royal directive mandating the speedy implementation of a national job creation plan for thousands of public and private sector Omani jobs. As part of the government's efforts to decentralize authority and allow greater citizen participation in local governance, Oman successfully conducted its first municipal council elections in December 2012. Announced by the sultan in 2011, the municipal councils have the power to advise the Royal Court on the needs of local districts across Oman's 11 governorates. Sultan QABOOS, Oman's longest reigning monarch, died on 11 January 2020. His cousin, HAYTHAM bin Tariq Al Said, former Minister of Heritage and Culture, was sworn in as Oman's new sultan the same day.
Ruled by the Al Thani family since the mid-1800s, Qatar within the last 60 years transformed itself from a poor British protectorate noted mainly for pearling into an independent state with significant oil and natural gas revenues. Former Amir HAMAD bin Khalifa Al Thani, who overthrew his father in a bloodless coup in 1995, ushered in wide-sweeping political and media reforms, unprecedented economic investment, and a growing Qatari regional leadership role, in part through the creation of the pan-Arab satellite news network Al-Jazeera and Qatar's mediation of some regional conflicts. In the 2000s, Qatar resolved its longstanding border disputes with both Bahrain and Saudi Arabia and by 2007 had attained the highest per capita income in the world. Qatar did not experience domestic unrest or violence like that seen in other Near Eastern and North African countries in 2011, due in part to its immense wealth and patronage network. In mid-2013, HAMAD peacefully abdicated, transferring power to his son, the current Amir TAMIM bin Hamad. TAMIM is popular with the Qatari public, for his role in shepherding the country through an economic embargo by some other regional countries, for his efforts to improve the country's healthcare and education systems, and for his expansion of the country's infrastructure in anticipation of Doha's hosting of the 2022 FIFA Men’s World Cup.
Following the outbreak of regional unrest in 2011, Doha prided itself on its support for many popular revolutions, particularly in Libya and Syria. This stance was to the detriment of Qatar’s relations with Bahrain, Egypt, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates (UAE), which temporarily recalled their respective ambassadors from Doha in March 2014. TAMIM later oversaw a warming of Qatar’s relations with Bahrain, Egypt, Saudi Arabia, and the UAE in November 2014 following Kuwaiti mediation and signing of the Riyadh Agreement. This reconciliation, however, was short-lived. In June 2017, Bahrain, Egypt, Saudi Arabia, and the UAE (the \"Quartet\") cut diplomatic and economic ties with Qatar in response to alleged violations of the agreement, among other complaints. They restored ties in January 2021 after signing a declaration at the Gulf Cooperation Council Summit in Al Ula, Saudi Arabia." + "text": "
Ruled by the Al Thani family since the mid-1800s, Qatar within the last 60 years transformed itself from a poor British protectorate noted mainly for pearling into an independent state with significant hydrocarbon revenues. Former Amir HAMAD bin Khalifa Al Thani, who overthrew his father in a bloodless coup in 1995, ushered in wide-sweeping political and media reforms, unprecedented economic investment, and a growing Qatari regional leadership role, in part through the creation of the pan-Arab satellite news network Al-Jazeera and Qatar's mediation of some regional conflicts. In the 2000s, Qatar resolved its longstanding border disputes with both Bahrain and Saudi Arabia and by 2007, Doha had attained the highest per capita income in the world. Qatar did not experience domestic unrest or violence like that seen in other Near Eastern and North African countries in 2011, due in part to its immense wealth and patronage network. In mid-2013, HAMAD peacefully abdicated, transferring power to his son, the current Amir TAMIM bin Hamad. TAMIM is popular with the Qatari public, for his role in shepherding the country through an economic embargo by some other regional countries, for his efforts to improve the country's healthcare and education systems, and for his expansion of the country's infrastructure in anticipation of Doha's hosting international sporting events. Qatar became the first country in the Arab world to host the FIFA Men’s World Cup in 2022.
Following the outbreak of regional unrest in 2011, Doha prided itself on its support for many popular revolutions, particularly in Libya and Syria. This stance was to the detriment of Qatar’s relations with Bahrain, Egypt, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates (UAE), which temporarily recalled their respective ambassadors from Doha in March 2014. TAMIM later oversaw a warming of Qatar’s relations with Bahrain, Egypt, Saudi Arabia, and the UAE in November 2014 following Kuwaiti mediation and signing of the Riyadh Agreement. This reconciliation, however, was short-lived. In June 2017, Bahrain, Egypt, Saudi Arabia, and the UAE (the \"Quartet\") cut diplomatic and economic ties with Qatar in response to alleged violations of the agreement, among other complaints. They restored ties in January 2021 after signing a declaration at the Gulf Cooperation Council Summit in Al Ula, Saudi Arabia. In 2022, the United States designated Qatar as a major non-NATO ally." } }, "Geography": { @@ -1086,10 +1086,10 @@ }, "Internet users": { "total": { - "text": "2,881,060 (2020 est.)" + "text": "2.7 million (2021 est.)" }, "percent of population": { - "text": "100% (2020 est.)" + "text": "100% (2021 est.)" } }, "Broadband - fixed subscriptions": { @@ -1157,10 +1157,10 @@ }, "Merchant marine": { "total": { - "text": "129" + "text": "123" }, "by type": { - "text": "bulk carrier 9, container ship 4, general cargo 4, oil tanker 5, other 107 (2021)" + "text": "bulk carrier 6, container ship 4, general cargo 4, oil tanker 3, other 106 (2022)" } }, "Ports and terminals": { diff --git a/middle-east/sa.json b/middle-east/sa.json index d8b2c2cb..fc114078 100644 --- a/middle-east/sa.json +++ b/middle-east/sa.json @@ -1,7 +1,7 @@ { "Introduction": { "Background": { - "text": "
Saudi Arabia is the birthplace of Islam and home to Islam's two holiest shrines in Mecca and Medina. The king's official title is the Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques. The modern Saudi state was founded in 1932 by ABD AL-AZIZ bin Abd al-Rahman AL SAUD (Ibn Saud) after a 30-year campaign to unify most of the Arabian Peninsula. One of his male descendants rules the country today, as required by the country's 1992 Basic Law. Following Iraq's invasion of Kuwait in 1990, Saudi Arabia accepted the Kuwaiti royal family and 400,000 refugees while allowing Western and Arab troops to deploy on its soil for the liberation of Kuwait the following year. The continuing presence of foreign troops on Saudi soil after the liberation of Kuwait became a source of tension between the royal family and the public until all operational US troops left the country in 2003. Major terrorist attacks in May and November 2003 spurred a strong ongoing campaign against domestic terrorism and extremism. US troops returned to the Kingdom in October 2019 after attacks on Saudi oil infrastructure.
From 2005 to 2015, King ABDALLAH bin Abd al-Aziz Al Saud incrementally modernized the Kingdom. Driven by personal ideology and political pragmatism, he introduced a series of social and economic initiatives, including expanding employment and social opportunities for women, attracting foreign investment, increasing the role of the private sector in the economy, and discouraging businesses from hiring foreign workers. These reforms have accelerated under King SALMAN bin Abd al-Aziz, who ascended to the throne in 2015, and has since lifted the Kingdom's ban on women driving, implemented education reforms, funded green initiatives, and allowed cinemas to operate for the first time in decades. Saudi Arabia saw some protests during the 2011 Arab Spring but not the level of bloodshed seen in protests elsewhere in the region. Shia Muslims in the Eastern Province protested primarily against the detention of political prisoners, endemic discrimination, and Bahraini and Saudi Government actions in Bahrain. Riyadh took a cautious but firm approach by arresting some protesters but releasing most of them quickly and by using its state-sponsored clerics to counter political and Islamist activism.
The government held its first-ever elections in 2005 and 2011, when Saudis went to the polls to elect municipal councilors. In December 2015, women were allowed to vote and stand as candidates for the first time in municipal council elections, with 19 women winning seats. After King SALMAN ascended to the throne in 2015, he placed the first next-generation prince, MUHAMMAD BIN NAYIF bin Abd al-Aziz Al Saud, in the line of succession as Crown Prince. He designated his son, MUHAMMAD BIN SALMAN bin Abd al-Aziz Al Saud, as the Deputy Crown Prince. In March 2015, Saudi Arabia led a coalition of 10 countries in a military campaign to restore the legitimate government of Yemen, which had been ousted by Huthi forces allied with former president ALI ABDULLAH al-Salih. The war in Yemen has drawn international criticism for civilian casualties and its effect on the country’s dire humanitarian situation. In December 2015, then Deputy Crown Prince MUHAMMAD BIN SALMAN announced Saudi Arabia would lead a 34-nation Islamic Coalition to fight terrorism (it has since grown to 41 nations). In May 2017, Saudi Arabia inaugurated the Global Center for Combatting Extremist Ideology (also known as \"Etidal\") as part of its ongoing efforts to counter violent extremism. In June 2017, King SALMAN elevated MUHAMMAD BIN SALMAN to Crown Prince. Since then, he has jockeyed for influence with neighboring countries in a bid to be the region’s main power broker.
The country remains a leading producer of oil and natural gas and holds about 17% of the world's proven oil reserves as of 2020. The government continues to pursue economic reform and diversification, particularly since Saudi Arabia's accession to the WTO in 2005, and promotes foreign investment in the Kingdom. In April 2016, the Saudi Government announced a broad set of socio-economic reforms, known as Vision 2030. Low global oil prices throughout 2015 and 2016 significantly lowered Saudi Arabia’s governmental revenue. In response, the government cut subsidies on water, electricity, and gasoline; reduced government employee compensation packages; and announced limited new land taxes. In coordination with OPEC and some key non-OPEC countries, Saudi Arabia agreed to cut oil output in early 2017 to regulate supply and help elevate global prices. In early 2020, this agreement by the so-called OPEC+ coalition collapsed. Saudi Arabia launched a price war by flooding the market with low-priced oil before returning to the negotiating table to agree to OPEC+’s largest and longest-lasting output cut. This cut helped to buoy prices that had collapsed as a result of the price war and the effect of the COVID-19 pandemic.
" + "text": "Saudi Arabia is the birthplace of Islam and home to Islam's two holiest shrines in Mecca and Medina. The king's official title is the Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques. The modern Saudi state was founded in 1932 by ABD AL-AZIZ bin Abd al-Rahman AL SAUD (Ibn Saud) after a 30-year campaign to unify most of the Arabian Peninsula. One of his male descendants rules the country today, as required by the country's 1992 Basic Law. Following Iraq's invasion of Kuwait in 1990, Saudi Arabia accepted the Kuwaiti royal family and 400,000 refugees while allowing Western and Arab troops to deploy on its soil for the liberation of Kuwait the following year. The continuing presence of foreign troops on Saudi soil after the liberation of Kuwait became a source of tension between the royal family and the public until all operational US troops left the country in 2003. Major terrorist attacks in May and November 2003 spurred a strong ongoing campaign against domestic terrorism and extremism. US troops returned to the Kingdom in October 2019 after attacks on Saudi oil infrastructure.
From 2005 to 2015, King ABDALLAH bin Abd al-Aziz Al Saud incrementally modernized the Kingdom. Driven by personal ideology and political pragmatism, he introduced a series of social and economic initiatives, including expanding employment and social opportunities for women, attracting foreign investment, increasing the role of the private sector in the economy, and discouraging businesses from hiring foreign workers. These reforms have accelerated under King SALMAN bin Abd al-Aziz, who ascended to the throne in 2015, and has since lifted the Kingdom's ban on women driving, implemented education reforms, funded green initiatives, and allowed cinemas to operate for the first time in decades. Saudi Arabia saw some protests during the 2011 Arab Spring but not the level of bloodshed seen in protests elsewhere in the region. Shia Muslims in the Eastern Province protested primarily against the detention of political prisoners, endemic discrimination, and Bahraini and Saudi Government actions in Bahrain. Riyadh took a cautious but firm approach by arresting some protesters but releasing most of them quickly and by using its state-sponsored clerics to counter political and Islamist activism.
The government held its first-ever elections in 2005 and 2011, when Saudis went to the polls to elect municipal councilors. In December 2015, women were allowed to vote and stand as candidates for the first time in municipal council elections, with 19 women winning seats. After King SALMAN ascended to the throne in 2015, he placed the first next-generation prince, MUHAMMAD BIN NAYIF bin Abd al-Aziz Al Saud, in the line of succession as Crown Prince. He designated his son, MUHAMMAD BIN SALMAN bin Abd al-Aziz Al Saud, as the Deputy Crown Prince. In March 2015, Saudi Arabia led a coalition of 10 countries in a military campaign to restore the legitimate government of Yemen, which had been ousted by Houthi forces allied with former president ALI ABDULLAH al-Salih. The war in Yemen has drawn international criticism for civilian casualties and its effect on the country’s dire humanitarian situation. In December 2015, then Deputy Crown Prince MUHAMMAD BIN SALMAN announced Saudi Arabia would lead a 34-nation Islamic Coalition to fight terrorism (it has since grown to 41 nations). In May 2017, Saudi Arabia inaugurated the Global Center for Combatting Extremist Ideology (also known as \"Etidal\") as part of its ongoing efforts to counter violent extremism. In June 2017, King SALMAN elevated MUHAMMAD BIN SALMAN to Crown Prince. Since then, he has jockeyed for influence with neighboring countries in a bid to be the region’s main power broker.
The country remains a leading producer of oil and natural gas and holds about 17% of the world's proven oil reserves as of 2020. The government continues to pursue economic reform and diversification, particularly since Saudi Arabia's accession to the WTO in 2005, and promotes foreign investment in the Kingdom. In April 2016, the Saudi Government announced a broad set of socio-economic reforms, known as Vision 2030. Low global oil prices throughout 2015 and 2016 significantly lowered Saudi Arabia’s governmental revenue. In response, the government cut subsidies on water, electricity, and gasoline; reduced government employee compensation packages; and announced limited new land taxes. In coordination with OPEC and some key non-OPEC countries, Saudi Arabia agreed to cut oil output in early 2017 to regulate supply and help elevate global prices. In early 2020, this agreement by the so-called OPEC+ coalition collapsed. Saudi Arabia launched a price war by flooding the market with low-priced oil before returning to the negotiating table to agree to OPEC+’s largest and longest-lasting output cut. This cut helped to buoy prices that had collapsed as a result of the price war and the effect of the COVID-19 pandemic.
" } }, "Geography": { @@ -1105,10 +1105,10 @@ }, "Internet users": { "total": { - "text": "34,117,590 (2020 est.)" + "text": "36 million (2021 est.)" }, "percent of population": { - "text": "98% (2020 est.)" + "text": "100% (2021 est.)" } }, "Broadband - fixed subscriptions": { @@ -1208,10 +1208,10 @@ }, "Merchant marine": { "total": { - "text": "392" + "text": "413" }, "by type": { - "text": "bulk carrier 5, container ship 1, general cargo 21, oil tanker 58, other 307 (2021)" + "text": "bulk carrier 6, container ship 1, general cargo 21, oil tanker 58, other 327 (2022)" } }, "Ports and terminals": { @@ -1225,7 +1225,7 @@ }, "Military and Security": { "Military and security forces": { - "text": "Ministry of Defense: Royal Saudi Land Forces, Royal Saudi Naval Forces (includes marines, special forces, naval aviation), Royal Saudi Air Force, Royal Saudi Air Defense Forces, Royal Saudi Strategic Missiles Force; Ministry of the National Guard (SANG); Ministry of Interior: police, Border Guard, Facilities Security Force; State Security Presidency: General Directorate of Investigation (Mabahith), Special Security Forces, Special Emergency Forces (2022)", + "text": "Saudi Arabian Armed Forces (SAAF): Ministry of Defense: Royal Saudi Land Forces, Royal Saudi Naval Forces (includes marines, special forces, naval aviation), Royal Saudi Air Force, Royal Saudi Air Defense Forces, Royal Saudi Strategic Missiles Force; Ministry of the National Guard (SANG)Following World War I, France acquired a mandate over the northern portion of the former Ottoman Empire province of Syria. The French administered the area as Syria until granting it independence in 1946. The new country lacked political stability and experienced a series of military coups. Syria united with Egypt in February 1958 to form the United Arab Republic. In September 1961, the two entities separated, and the Syrian Arab Republic was reestablished. In the 1967 Arab-Israeli War, Syria lost the Golan Heights region to Israel. During the 1990s, Syria and Israel held occasional, albeit unsuccessful, peace talks over its return. In November 1970, Hafiz al-ASAD, a member of the socialist Ba'ath Party and the minority Alawi sect, seized power in a bloodless coup and brought political stability to the country. Following the death of President Hafiz al-ASAD, his son, Bashar al-ASAD, was approved as president by popular referendum in July 2000. Syrian troops - stationed in Lebanon since 1976 in an ostensible peacekeeping role - were withdrawn in April 2005. During the July-August 2006 conflict between Israel and Hizballah, Syria placed its military forces on alert but did not intervene directly on behalf of its ally Hizballah. In May 2007, Bashar al-ASAD's second term as president was approved by popular referendum.
Influenced by major uprisings that began elsewhere in the region, and compounded by additional social and economic factors, antigovernment protests broke out first in the southern province of Dar'a in March 2011 with protesters calling for the repeal of the restrictive Emergency Law allowing arrests without charge, the legalization of political parties, and the removal of corrupt local officials. Demonstrations and violent unrest spread across Syria with the size and intensity of protests fluctuating. The government responded to unrest with a mix of concessions - including the repeal of the Emergency Law, new laws permitting new political parties, and liberalizing local and national elections - and with military force and detentions. The government's efforts to quell unrest and armed opposition activity led to extended clashes and eventually civil war between government forces, their allies, and oppositionists.
International pressure on the ASAD regime intensified after late 2011, as the Arab League, the EU, Turkey, and the US expanded economic sanctions against the regime and those entities that support it. In December 2012, the Syrian National Coalition, was recognized by more than 130 countries as the sole legitimate representative of the Syrian people. In September 2015, Russia launched a military intervention on behalf of the ASAD regime, and domestic and foreign government-aligned forces recaptured swaths of territory from opposition forces, and eventually the country’s second largest city, Aleppo, in December 2016, shifting the conflict in the regime’s favor. The regime, with this foreign support, also recaptured opposition strongholds in the Damascus suburbs and the southern province of Dar’a in 2018. The government lacks territorial control over much of the northeastern part of the country, which is dominated by the predominantly Kurdish Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF), and a smaller area dominated by Turkey. The SDF expanded its territorial hold beyond its traditional homelands, subsuming much of the northeast since 2014 as it battled the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria. Since 2016, Turkey has been engaged in northern Syria and has conducted three large-scale military operations to capture territory along Syria's northern border in the provinces of Aleppo, Ar Raqqah, and Al Hasakah. Some opposition forces organized under the Turkish-backed Syrian National Army and Turkish forces have maintained control of northwestern Syria along the Turkish border with the Afrin area of Aleppo Province since 2018. In 2019, Turkey and its opposition allies occupied formerly SDF-controlled territory between the cities of Tall Abyad to Ra’s Al ‘Ayn along Syria’s northern border. The extremist organization Hay’at Tahrir al-Sham (formerly the Nusrah Front) in 2017 emerged as the predominate opposition force in Idlib Province, and still dominates an area also hosting additional Turkish forces. Negotiations between the government and opposition delegations at UN-sponsored Geneva conferences since 2014 and separately held discussions between Iran, Russia, and Turkey since early 2017 have failed to produce a resolution to the conflict. According to a September 2021 UN estimate, the death toll resulting from the past 10 years of civil war is more than 350,000, although the UN acknowledges that this is the minimum number of verifiable deaths and is an undercount. According to a June 2022 UN estimate, the death toll resulting from the past 10 plus years of civil war is more than 306,000. As of early 2022, approximately 6.66 million Syrians were internally displaced and 14.6 million people were in need of humanitarian assistance across the country. An additional 5.6 million Syrians were registered refugees in Turkey, Jordan, Iraq, Egypt, and North Africa. The conflict in Syria remains one of the two largest displacement crises worldwide (the other is the invasion of Ukraine).
" + "text": "Following World War I, France acquired a mandate over the northern portion of the former Ottoman Empire province of Syria. The French administered the area as Syria until granting it independence in 1946. The new country lacked political stability and experienced a series of military coups. Syria united with Egypt in February 1958 to form the United Arab Republic. In September 1961, the two entities separated, and the Syrian Arab Republic was reestablished. In the 1967 Arab-Israeli War, Syria lost the Golan Heights region to Israel. During the 1990s, Syria and Israel held occasional, albeit unsuccessful, peace talks over its return. In November 1970, Hafiz al-ASAD, a member of the socialist Ba'ath Party and the minority Alawi sect, seized power in a bloodless coup and brought political stability to the country. Following the death of President Hafiz al-ASAD, his son, Bashar al-ASAD, was approved as president by popular referendum in July 2000. Syrian troops - stationed in Lebanon since 1976 in an ostensible peacekeeping role - were withdrawn in April 2005. During the July-August 2006 conflict between Israel and Hizballah, Syria placed its military forces on alert but did not intervene directly on behalf of its ally Hizballah. In May 2007, Bashar al-ASAD's second term as president was approved by popular referendum.
Influenced by major uprisings that began elsewhere in the region, and compounded by additional social and economic factors, antigovernment protests broke out first in the southern province of Dar'a in March 2011 with protesters calling for the repeal of the restrictive Emergency Law allowing arrests without charge, the legalization of political parties, and the removal of corrupt local officials. Demonstrations and violent unrest spread across Syria with the size and intensity of protests fluctuating. The government responded to unrest with a mix of concessions - including the repeal of the Emergency Law, new laws permitting new political parties, and liberalizing local and national elections - and with military force and detentions. The government's efforts to quell unrest and armed opposition activity led to extended clashes and eventually civil war between government forces, their allies, and oppositionists.
International pressure on the ASAD regime intensified after late 2011, as the Arab League, the EU, Turkey, and the US expanded economic sanctions against the regime and those entities that support it. In December 2012, the Syrian National Coalition, was recognized by more than 130 countries as the sole legitimate representative of the Syrian people. In September 2015, Russia launched a military intervention on behalf of the ASAD regime, and domestic and foreign government-aligned forces recaptured swaths of territory from opposition forces, and eventually the country’s second largest city, Aleppo, in December 2016, shifting the conflict in the regime’s favor. With this foreign support, the regime also recaptured opposition strongholds in the Damascus suburbs and the southern province of Dar’a in 2018. The regime continued to periodically regain opposition held territory until early 2020 when Turkish firepower halted a regime advance and forced a stalemate between regime and opposition forces that has prevented any subsequent advances. The government lacks territorial control over much of the northeastern part of the country, which is dominated by the predominantly Kurdish Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF), and a smaller area dominated by Turkey. The SDF expanded its territorial hold beyond its traditional homelands, subsuming much of the northeast since 2014 as it battled the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria. Since 2016, Turkey has been engaged in northern Syria and has conducted three large-scale military operations to capture territory along Syria's northern border in the provinces of Aleppo, Ar Raqqah, and Al Hasakah. Some opposition forces organized under the Turkish-backed Syrian National Army and Turkish forces have maintained control of northwestern Syria along the Turkish border with the Afrin area of Aleppo Province since 2018. In 2019, Turkey and its opposition allies occupied formerly SDF-controlled territory between the cities of Tall Abyad to Ra’s Al ‘Ayn along Syria’s northern border. The extremist organization Hay’at Tahrir al-Sham (formerly the Nusrah Front) in 2017 emerged as the predominate opposition force in Idlib Province, and still dominates an area also hosting additional Turkish forces. Negotiations between the government and opposition delegations at UN-sponsored Geneva conferences since 2014 and separately held discussions between Iran, Russia, and Turkey since early 2017 have failed to produce a resolution to the conflict. According to a September 2021 UN estimate, the death toll resulting from the past 10 years of civil war is more than 350,000, although the UN acknowledges that this is the minimum number of verifiable deaths and is an undercount. According to a June 2022 UN estimate, the death toll resulting from the past 10 plus years of civil war is more than 306,000. As of early 2022, approximately 6.66 million Syrians were internally displaced and 14.6 million people were in need of humanitarian assistance across the country. An additional 5.6 million Syrians were registered refugees in Turkey, Jordan, Iraq, Egypt, and North Africa. The conflict in Syria remains one of the two largest displacement crises worldwide (the other is the invasion of Ukraine).
" } }, "Geography": { @@ -1043,10 +1043,10 @@ }, "Internet users": { "total": { - "text": "6,300,237 (2020 est.)" + "text": "8,492,468 (2022 est.)" }, "percent of population": { - "text": "36% (2020 est.)" + "text": "46.6% (2022 est.)" } }, "Broadband - fixed subscriptions": { @@ -1143,10 +1143,10 @@ }, "Merchant marine": { "total": { - "text": "28" + "text": "22" }, "by type": { - "text": "bulk carrier 1, general cargo 11, other 16 (2021)" + "text": "bulk carrier 1, general cargo 8, other 13 (2022)" } }, "Ports and terminals": { @@ -1189,7 +1189,7 @@ "note": "note: the military is comprised largely of conscripts" }, "Military - note": { - "text": "the UN Disengagement Observer Force (UNDOF) has operated in the Golan between Israel and Syria since 1974 to monitor the ceasefire following the 1973 Arab-Israeli War and supervise the areas of separation between the two countries; as of 2022, UNDOF consisted of about 1,000 military personnelThe Kingdom of Yemen (colloquially known as North Yemen) became independent from the Ottoman Empire in 1918 and in 1962 became the Yemen Arab Republic. The British, who had set up a protectorate area around the southern port of Aden in the 19th century, withdrew in 1967 from what became the People's Republic of Southern Yemen (colloquially known as South Yemen). Three years later, the southern government adopted a Marxist orientation and changed the country's name to the People's Democratic Republic of Yemen. The massive exodus of hundreds of thousands of Yemenis from the south to the north contributed to two decades of hostility between the states. The two countries were formally unified as the Republic of Yemen in 1990. A southern secessionist movement and brief civil war in 1994 was quickly subdued. In 2000, Saudi Arabia and Yemen agreed to delineate their border.
Fighting in the northwest between the government and the Huthis, a Zaydi Shia Muslim minority, continued intermittently from 2004 to 2010, and then again from 2014-present. The southern secessionist movement was revitalized in 2007.
Public rallies in Sana'a against then President Ali Abdallah SALIH - inspired by similar Arab Spring demonstrations in Tunisia and Egypt - slowly built momentum starting in late January 2011 fueled by complaints over high unemployment, poor economic conditions, and corruption. By the following month, some protests had resulted in violence, and the demonstrations had spread to other major cities. By March the opposition had hardened its demands and was unifying behind calls for SALIH's immediate ouster. In April 2011, the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC), in an attempt to mediate the crisis in Yemen, proposed the GCC Initiative, an agreement in which the president would step down in exchange for immunity from prosecution. SALIH's refusal to sign an agreement led to further violence. The UN Security Council passed Resolution 2014 in October 2011 calling for an end to the violence and completing a power transfer deal. In November 2011, SALIH signed the GCC Initiative to step down and to transfer some of his powers to Vice President Abd Rabuh Mansur HADI. Following HADI's uncontested election victory in February 2012, SALIH formally transferred all presidential powers. In accordance with the GCC Initiative, Yemen launched a National Dialogue Conference (NDC) in March 2013 to discuss key constitutional, political, and social issues. HADI concluded the NDC in January 2014 and planned to begin implementing subsequent steps in the transition process, including constitutional drafting, a constitutional referendum, and national elections.
The Huthis, perceiving their grievances were not addressed in the NDC, joined forces with SALIH and expanded their influence in northwestern Yemen, which culminated in a major offensive against military units and rival tribes and enabled their forces to overrun the capital, Sanaa, in September 2014. In January 2015, the Huthis surrounded the presidential palace, HADI's residence, and key government facilities, prompting HADI and the cabinet to submit their resignations. HADI fled to Aden in February 2015 and rescinded his resignation. He subsequently escaped to Oman and then moved to Saudi Arabia and asked the GCC to intervene militarily in Yemen to protect the legitimate government from the Huthis. In March 2015, Saudi Arabia assembled a coalition of Arab militaries and began airstrikes against the Huthis and Huthi-affiliated forces. Ground fighting between Huthi-aligned forces and anti-Huthi groups backed by the Saudi-led coalition continued through 2016. In 2016, the UN brokered a months-long cessation of hostilities that reduced airstrikes and fighting, and initiated peace talks in Kuwait. However, the talks ended without agreement. The Huthis and SALIH’s political party announced a Supreme Political Council in August 2016 and a National Salvation Government, including a prime minister and several dozen cabinet members, in November 2016, to govern in Sanaa and further challenge the legitimacy of HADI’s government. However, amid rising tensions between the Huthis and SALIH, sporadic clashes erupted in mid-2017, and escalated into open fighting that ended when Huthi forces killed SALIH in early December 2017. In 2018, anti-Huthi forces made the most battlefield progress in Yemen since early 2016, most notably in Al Hudaydah Governorate. In December 2018, the Huthis and Yemeni Government participated in the first UN-brokered peace talks since 2016, agreeing to a limited cease-fire in Al Hudaydah Governorate and the establishment of a UN Mission to monitor the agreement. In April 2019, Yemen’s parliament convened in Say'un for the first time since the conflict broke out in 2014. In August 2019, violence erupted between HADI's government and the pro-secessionist Southern Transition Council (STC) in southern Yemen. In November 2019, HADI's government and the STC signed a power-sharing agreement to end the fighting between them, and in December 2020, the signatories formed a new cabinet. In 2020 and 2021, fighting continued on the ground in Yemen as the Huthis gained territory, and also conducted regular UAV and missile attacks against targets in Saudi Arabia.
" + "text": "The Kingdom of Yemen (colloquially known as North Yemen) became independent from the Ottoman Empire in 1918 and in 1962 became the Yemen Arab Republic. The British, who had set up a protectorate area around the southern port of Aden in the 19th century, withdrew in 1967 from what became the People's Republic of Southern Yemen (colloquially known as South Yemen). Three years later, the southern government adopted a Marxist orientation and changed the country's name to the People's Democratic Republic of Yemen. The massive exodus of hundreds of thousands of Yemenis from the south to the north contributed to two decades of hostility between the states. The two countries were formally unified as the Republic of Yemen in 1990. A southern secessionist movement and brief civil war in 1994 was quickly subdued. In 2000, Saudi Arabia and Yemen agreed to delineate their border. Fighting in the northwest between the government and the Houthis, a Zaydi Shia Muslim minority, continued intermittently from 2004 to 2010, and then again from 2014-present. The southern secessionist movement was revitalized in 2007.
Public rallies in Sana'a against then President Ali Abdallah SALIH - inspired by similar Arab Spring demonstrations in Tunisia and Egypt - slowly built momentum starting in late January 2011 fueled by complaints over high unemployment, poor economic conditions, and corruption. By the following month, some protests had resulted in violence, and the demonstrations had spread to other major cities. By March the opposition had hardened its demands and was unifying behind calls for SALIH's immediate ouster. In April 2011, the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC), in an attempt to mediate the crisis in Yemen, proposed the GCC Initiative, an agreement in which the president would step down in exchange for immunity from prosecution. SALIH's refusal to sign an agreement led to further violence. The UN Security Council passed Resolution 2014 in October 2011 calling for an end to the violence and completing a power transfer deal. In November 2011, SALIH signed the GCC Initiative to step down and to transfer some of his powers to Vice President Abd Rabuh Mansur HADI. Following HADI's uncontested election victory in February 2012, SALIH formally transferred all presidential powers. In accordance with the GCC Initiative, Yemen launched a National Dialogue Conference (NDC) in March 2013 to discuss key constitutional, political, and social issues. HADI concluded the NDC in January 2014 and planned to begin implementing subsequent steps in the transition process, including constitutional drafting, a constitutional referendum, and national elections.
The Houthis, perceiving their grievances were not addressed in the NDC, joined forces with SALIH and expanded their influence in northwestern Yemen, which culminated in a major offensive against military units and rival tribes and enabled their forces to overrun the capital, Sanaa, in September 2014. In January 2015, the Houthis surrounded the presidential palace, HADI's residence, and key government facilities, prompting HADI and the cabinet to submit their resignations. HADI fled to Aden in February 2015 and rescinded his resignation. He subsequently escaped to Oman and then moved to Saudi Arabia and asked the GCC to intervene militarily in Yemen to protect the legitimate government from the Houthis. In March 2015, Saudi Arabia assembled a coalition of Arab militaries and began airstrikes against the Houthis and Houthi-affiliated forces. Ground fighting between Houthi-aligned forces and anti-Houthi groups backed by the Saudi-led coalition continued through 2016. In 2016, the UN brokered a months-long cessation of hostilities that reduced airstrikes and fighting, and initiated peace talks in Kuwait. However, the talks ended without agreement. The Houthis and SALIH’s political party announced a Supreme Political Council in August 2016 and a National Salvation Government, including a prime minister and several dozen cabinet members, in November 2016, to govern in Sanaa and further challenge the legitimacy of HADI’s government. However, amid rising tensions between the Houthis and SALIH, sporadic clashes erupted in mid-2017, and escalated into open fighting that ended when Houthi forces killed SALIH in early December 2017. In 2018, anti-Houthi forces made the most battlefield progress in Yemen since early 2016, most notably in Al Hudaydah Governorate. In December 2018, the Houthis and Yemeni Government participated in the first UN-brokered peace talks since 2016, agreeing to a limited cease-fire in Al Hudaydah Governorate and the establishment of a UN Mission to monitor the agreement. In April 2019, Yemen’s parliament convened in Say'un for the first time since the conflict broke out in 2014. In August 2019, violence erupted between HADI's government and the pro-secessionist Southern Transition Council (STC) in southern Yemen. In November 2019, HADI's government and the STC signed a power-sharing agreement to end the fighting between them, and in December 2020, the signatories formed a new cabinet. In 2020 and 2021, fighting continued on the ground in Yemen as the Houthis gained territory, and also conducted regular UAV and missile attacks against targets in Saudi Arabia. In April 2022, the UN brokered a temporary truce between the Houthis and Saudi-led coalition that resulted in an extended pause of large-scale fighting and cessation of cross-border attacks. Also in April 2022, HADI and his vice-president resigned and were replaced by an eight-person Presidential Leadership Council with the executive powers of the president and vice president.
" } }, "Geography": { @@ -1086,10 +1086,10 @@ }, "Internet users": { "total": { - "text": "7,873,719 (2019 est.)" + "text": "8,229,624 (2022 est.)" }, "percent of population": { - "text": "27% (2019 est.)" + "text": "26.6% (2022 est.)" } }, "Broadband - fixed subscriptions": { @@ -1175,10 +1175,10 @@ }, "Merchant marine": { "total": { - "text": "34" + "text": "30" }, "by type": { - "text": "general cargo 2, oil tanker 4, other 28 (2021)" + "text": "general cargo 2, oil tanker 1, other 27 (2022)" } }, "Ports and terminals": { @@ -1189,23 +1189,23 @@ }, "Military and Security": { "Military and security forces": { - "text": "Republic of Yemen Government (ROYG) forces; Ministry of Defense: Yemeni National Army, Air Force and Air Defense, Navy and Coastal Defense Forces, Border Guard, Strategic Reserve Forces (includes Special Forces and Presidential Protection Brigades, which are under the Ministry of Defense but responsible to the president), Popular Committee Forces (government-backed tribal militia); Ministry of Interior: Special Security Forces (paramilitary; formerly known as Central Security Forces), Political Security Organization (state security), National Security Bureau (intelligence), Counterterrorism Unitprior to the start of the civil war in 2014, annual military expenditures were approximately 4-5% of Yemen's GDP
" }, "Military and security service personnel strengths": { - "text": "information limited and widely varied; Yemen Government: up to 300,000 estimated military, paramilitary, militia, and other security forces; UAE- and Saudi-backed forces: estimated 150-200,000 trained militia and paramilitary fighters; Huthis: up to 200,000 estimated fighters (2021)" + "text": "information limited and widely varied; Yemen Government: up to 300,000 estimated military, paramilitary, militia, and other security forces; UAE- and Saudi-backed forces: estimated 150-200,000 trained militia and paramilitary fighters; Houthis: up to 200,000 estimated fighters (2021)" }, "Military equipment inventories and acquisitions": { - "text": "the inventory of the Yemeni Government forces consists primarily of Russian and Soviet-era equipment, although much of it has been lost in the current conflict; since the start of the civil war in 2014, it has received limited amounts of donated equipment from some Gulf States, including Saudi Arabia and UAEThe site of several advanced Amerindian civilizations - including the Olmec, Toltec, Teotihuacan, Zapotec, Maya, and Aztec - Mexico was conquered and colonized by Spain in the early 16th century. Administered as the Viceroyalty of New Spain for three centuries, it achieved independence early in the 19th century. Elections held in 2000 marked the first time since the 1910 Mexican Revolution that an opposition candidate - Vicente FOX of the National Action Party (PAN) - defeated the party in government, the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI). He was succeeded in 2006 by another PAN candidate Felipe CALDERON, but Enrique PEÑA NIETO regained the presidency for the PRI in 2012. Left-leaning anti-establishment politician and former mayor of Mexico City (2000-05) Andrés Manuel LÓPEZ OBRADOR, from the National Regeneration Movement (MORENA), became president in December 2018.
The global financial crisis in late 2008 caused a massive economic downturn in Mexico the following year. Growth rebounded to about 5% in 2010, but then averaged roughly half that for the rest of the decade. Notwithstanding this challenge, Mexico is currently the largest goods trading partner of the US – with $614.5 billion in two-way goods trade during 2019. US exports of goods and services to Mexico supported 1.2 million jobs in the US in 2015 (the latest data available) according to estimates from the Department of Commerce. Mexico's GDP contracted by 8.2% in 2020 due to pandemic-induced closures, its lowest level since the Great Depression, but Mexico’s economy rebounded in 2021 when it grew by 4.8%, driven largely by increased remittances, despite supply chain and pandemic-related challenges.
The US-Mexico-Canada Agreement (USMCA, or T-MEC by its Spanish acronym) entered into force on 1 July 2020 and replaced its predecessor, the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA). Mexico amended its constitution on 1 May 2019 to facilitate the implementation of the labor components of USMCA.
Ongoing economic and social concerns include low real wages, high underemployment, inequitable income distribution, and few advancement opportunities for the largely indigenous population in the impoverished southern states. Since 2007, Mexico's powerful transnational criminal organizations have engaged in a struggle to control criminal markets, resulting in tens of thousands of drug-related homicides and forced disappearances.
" + "text": "The site of several advanced Amerindian civilizations - including the Olmec, Toltec, Teotihuacan, Zapotec, Maya, and Aztec - Mexico was conquered and colonized by Spain in the early 16th century. Administered as the Viceroyalty of New Spain for three centuries, it achieved independence early in the 19th century. Elections held in 2000 marked the first time since the 1910 Mexican Revolution that an opposition candidate - Vicente FOX of the National Action Party (PAN) - defeated the party in government, the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI). He was succeeded in 2006 by another PAN candidate Felipe CALDERON, but Enrique PEÑA NIETO regained the presidency for the PRI in 2012. Left-leaning anti-establishment politician and former mayor of Mexico City (2000-05) Andrés Manuel LÓPEZ OBRADOR, from the National Regeneration Movement (MORENA), became president in December 2018.
Mexico is currently the second-largest (after Canada) goods trading partner of the US with nearly $780 billion in two-way goods trade in 2022. Mexico's GDP contracted by 8.2% in 2020 due to pandemic-induced closures, its lowest level since the Great Depression. Mexico’s economy is rebounding; it grew by 4.8% in 2021, driven largely by increased remittances, despite supply chain and pandemic-related challenges, and grew by 3% in 2022.
The US-Mexico-Canada Agreement (USMCA, or T-MEC by its Spanish acronym) entered into force on 1 July 2020 and replaced its predecessor, the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA). Mexico amended its constitution on 1 May 2019 to facilitate the implementation of the labor components of USMCA.
Ongoing economic and social concerns include low real wages, high underemployment, inequitable income distribution, and few advancement opportunities, particularly for the largely indigenous population in the impoverished southern states. Since 2007, Mexico's powerful transnational criminal organizations have engaged in a struggle to control criminal markets, resulting in tens of thousands of drug-related homicides and forced disappearances.
" } }, "Geography": { @@ -516,13 +516,13 @@ }, "Total water withdrawal": { "municipal": { - "text": "14.23 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + "text": "13.17 billion cubic meters (2020 est.)" }, "industrial": { - "text": "6.814 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + "text": "8.56 billion cubic meters (2020 est.)" }, "agricultural": { - "text": "66.8 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + "text": "67.83 billion cubic meters (2020 est.)" } }, "Total renewable water resources": { @@ -1185,10 +1185,10 @@ }, "Internet users": { "total": { - "text": "92,831,582 (2020 est.)" + "text": "98.8 million (2021 est.)" }, "percent of population": { - "text": "72% (2020 est.)" + "text": "76% (2021 est.)" } }, "Broadband - fixed subscriptions": { @@ -1291,10 +1291,10 @@ }, "Merchant marine": { "total": { - "text": "671" + "text": "669" }, "by type": { - "text": "container ship 1, bulk carrier 4, general cargo 11, oil tanker 31, other 624 (2021)" + "text": "container ship 1, bulk carrier 5, general cargo 10, oil tanker 32, other 621 (2022)" } }, "Ports and terminals": { diff --git a/north-america/sb.json b/north-america/sb.json index aa774fc8..6d396e4c 100644 --- a/north-america/sb.json +++ b/north-america/sb.json @@ -777,10 +777,10 @@ }, "Internet users": { "total": { - "text": "4,500 (2016 est.)" + "text": "5,099 (2022 est.)" }, "percent of population": { - "text": "79.5% (2016 est.)" + "text": "88.7% (2022 est.)" } } }, diff --git a/north-america/us.json b/north-america/us.json index 4b9a143a..c7d9767e 100644 --- a/north-america/us.json +++ b/north-america/us.json @@ -160,7 +160,7 @@ "text": "63.72% (male 108,346,275/female 108,100,830)" }, "65 years and over": { - "text": "18.12% (2023 est.) (male 27,589,149/female 3,3965,270)" + "text": "18.12% (2023 est.) (male 27,589,149/female 33,965,270)" } }, "Dependency ratios": { @@ -1133,10 +1133,10 @@ }, "Internet users": { "total": { - "text": "301,665,983 (2020 est.)" + "text": "312.8 million (2021 est.)" }, "percent of population": { - "text": "91% (2020 est.)" + "text": "92% (2021 est.)" } }, "Broadband - fixed subscriptions": { @@ -1246,7 +1246,7 @@ "text": "178 (2022)" }, "by type": { - "text": "bulk carrier 4, container ship 61, general cargo 19, oil tanker 65, Roll on/Roll off 29 (2022)" + "text": "bulk carrier 4, container ship 61, general cargo 19, oil tanker 65, other (roll on/roll off 29) (2022)" }, "note": "note - oceangoing self-propelled, cargo-carrying vessels of 1,000 gross tons and above" }, diff --git a/south-america/ar.json b/south-america/ar.json index bcfea88b..78be1bcf 100644 --- a/south-america/ar.json +++ b/south-america/ar.json @@ -1,7 +1,7 @@ { "Introduction": { "Background": { - "text": "In 1816, the United Provinces of the Río de la Plata declared their independence from Spain. After Bolivia, Paraguay, and Uruguay went their separate ways, the area that remained became Argentina. The country's population and culture were heavily shaped by immigrants from throughout Europe, with Italy and Spain providing the largest percentage of newcomers from 1860 to 1930. Up until about the mid-20th century, much of Argentina's history was dominated by periods of internal political unrest and conflict between civilian and military factions.
After World War II, an era of populism under former President Juan Domingo PERÓN - the founder of the Peronist political movement - and direct and indirect military interference in subsequent governments was followed by a military junta that took power in 1976. Democracy returned in 1983 after a failed bid to seize the Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) by force, and has persisted despite numerous challenges, the most formidable of which was a severe economic crisis in 2001-02 that led to violent public protests and the successive resignations of several presidents. The years 2003-15 saw Peronist rule by Néstor KIRCHNER (2003-07) and his spouse Cristina FERNÁNDEZ DE KIRCHNER (2007-15), who oversaw several years of strong economic growth (2003-11) followed by a gradual deterioration in the government’s fiscal situation and eventual economic stagnation and isolation. Argentina underwent a brief period of economic reform and international reintegration under Mauricio MACRI (2015-19), but a recession in 2018-19 and frustration with MACRI’s economic policies ushered in a new Peronist government in 2019 led by President Alberto FERNÁNDEZ and Vice President FERNÁNDEZ DE KIRCHNER. Presidential elections will take place next in 2023.
" + "text": "In 1816, the United Provinces of the Río de la Plata declared their independence from Spain. After Bolivia, Paraguay, and Uruguay went their separate ways, the area that remained became Argentina. The country's population and culture were heavily shaped by immigrants from throughout Europe, with Italy and Spain providing the largest percentage of newcomers from 1860 to 1930. Up until about the mid-20th century, much of Argentina's history was dominated by periods of internal political unrest and conflict between civilian and military factions.
After World War II, an era of populism under former President Juan Domingo PERÓN - the founder of the Peronist political movement - and direct and indirect military interference in subsequent governments was followed by a military junta that took power in 1976. Democracy returned in 1983 after a failed bid to seize the Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) by force, and has persisted despite numerous challenges, the most formidable of which was a severe economic crisis in 2001-02 that led to violent public protests and the successive resignations of several presidents. The years 2003-15 saw Peronist rule by Néstor KIRCHNER (2003-07) and his spouse Cristina FERNÁNDEZ DE KIRCHNER (2007-15), who oversaw several years of strong economic growth (2003-11) followed by a gradual deterioration in the government’s fiscal situation and eventual economic stagnation and isolation. Argentina underwent a brief period of economic reform and international reintegration under Mauricio MACRI (2015-19), but a recession in 2018-19 and frustration with MACRI’s economic policies ushered in a new Peronist government in 2019 led by President Alberto FERNÁNDEZ and Vice President FERNÁNDEZ DE KIRCHNER. Presidential elections will take place next in October 2023.
" } }, "Geography": { @@ -1240,10 +1240,10 @@ }, "Merchant marine": { "total": { - "text": "202" + "text": "203" }, "by type": { - "text": "container ship 1,bulk carrier 1 general cargo 8, oil tanker 33, other 159 (2021)" + "text": "container ship 1, bulk carrier 1 general cargo 8, oil tanker 33, other 160 (2022)" } }, "Ports and terminals": { diff --git a/south-america/bl.json b/south-america/bl.json index 304d2cee..9cebf198 100644 --- a/south-america/bl.json +++ b/south-america/bl.json @@ -925,7 +925,8 @@ "text": "Argentina 16%, Brazil 15%, United Arab Emirates 12%, India 10%, United States 6%, South Korea 5%, Peru 5%, Colombia 5% (2019)" }, "Exports - commodities": { - "text": "gold, natural gas, zinc, silver, soy products, tin (2021)" + "text": "gold, natural gas, zinc, silver, soy products, tin (2021)", + "note": "note: Bolivian cocaine production remains a significant illicit trade commodity" }, "Imports": { "Imports 2021": { @@ -1255,10 +1256,10 @@ }, "Merchant marine": { "total": { - "text": "45" + "text": "46" }, "by type": { - "text": "general cargo 29, oil tanker 2, other 14 (2021)" + "text": "general cargo 29, oil tanker 3, other 14 (2022)" } }, "Ports and terminals": { diff --git a/south-america/br.json b/south-america/br.json index 699a5e58..f29782c7 100644 --- a/south-america/br.json +++ b/south-america/br.json @@ -1285,10 +1285,10 @@ }, "Merchant marine": { "total": { - "text": "864" + "text": "877" }, "by type": { - "text": "bulk carrier 11, container ship 19, general cargo 42, oil tanker 31, other 761 (2021)" + "text": "bulk carrier 11, container ship 20, general cargo 40, oil tanker 27, other 779 (2022)" } }, "Ports and terminals": { diff --git a/south-america/ci.json b/south-america/ci.json index 366667f1..eae1fb61 100644 --- a/south-america/ci.json +++ b/south-america/ci.json @@ -1215,10 +1215,10 @@ }, "Merchant marine": { "total": { - "text": "231" + "text": "239" }, "by type": { - "text": "bulk carrier 6, container ship 5, general cargo 58, oil tanker 14, other 148 (2021)" + "text": "bulk carrier 4, container ship 5, general cargo 64, oil tanker 14, other 152 (2022)" } }, "Ports and terminals": { diff --git a/south-america/co.json b/south-america/co.json index 61ff5620..41d3bfc9 100644 --- a/south-america/co.json +++ b/south-america/co.json @@ -1256,10 +1256,10 @@ }, "Merchant marine": { "total": { - "text": "122" + "text": "148" }, "by type": { - "text": "general cargo 23, oil tanker 7, other 92 (2021)" + "text": "general cargo 28, oil tanker 12, other 108 (2022)" } }, "Ports and terminals": { diff --git a/south-america/ec.json b/south-america/ec.json index 12a6a428..20c10b24 100644 --- a/south-america/ec.json +++ b/south-america/ec.json @@ -919,7 +919,7 @@ "text": "United States 30%, China 13%, Panama 8%, Chile 7% (2019)" }, "Exports - commodities": { - "text": "crude petroleum, crustaceans, bananas, fish, refined petroleum (2019)" + "text": "crude petroleum, shrimp, bananas, refined petroleum, tuna (2021)" }, "Imports": { "Imports 2021": { @@ -1246,10 +1246,10 @@ }, "Merchant marine": { "total": { - "text": "145" + "text": "147" }, "by type": { - "text": "container ship 1, general cargo 7, oil tanker 27, other 110 (2021)" + "text": "container ship 1, general cargo 8, oil tanker 28, other 110 (2022)" } }, "Ports and terminals": { diff --git a/south-america/fk.json b/south-america/fk.json index 87089d2a..cd162df2 100644 --- a/south-america/fk.json +++ b/south-america/fk.json @@ -564,7 +564,7 @@ "text": "Spain 78%, United States 6% (2019)" }, "Exports - commodities": { - "text": "mollusks, fish, wool, sheep/goat meats, engine parts (2019)" + "text": "mollusks, fish, wool, sheep and goat meats, aircraft parts (2021)" }, "Imports": { "Imports 2004": { @@ -831,7 +831,7 @@ "text": "2" }, "by type": { - "text": "general cargo 1, other 1 (2021)" + "text": "general cargo 1, other 1 (2022)" } }, "Ports and terminals": { diff --git a/south-america/gy.json b/south-america/gy.json index 821aaab7..bbc7dd59 100644 --- a/south-america/gy.json +++ b/south-america/gy.json @@ -1,7 +1,7 @@ { "Introduction": { "Background": { - "text": "Originally a Dutch colony in the 17th century, by 1815 Guyana had become a British possession. The abolition of slavery led to settlement of urban areas by former slaves and the importation of indentured servants from India to work the sugar plantations. The resulting ethnocultural divide has persisted and has led to turbulent politics. Guyana achieved independence from the UK in 1966, and since then it has been ruled mostly by socialist-oriented governments. In 1992, Cheddi JAGAN was elected president in what is considered the country's first free and fair election since independence. After his death five years later, his wife, Janet JAGAN, became president but resigned in 1999 due to poor health. Her successor, Bharrat JAGDEO, was elected in 2001 and again in 2006. Early elections held in May 2015 resulted in the first change in governing party and the replacement of President Donald RAMOTAR by current President David GRANGER. After a December 2018 no-confidence vote against the GRANGER government, national elections were constitutionally required to take place within three months. After over a year of extra-constitutional rule by the GRANGER administration, elections were held, though voting irregularities led to a nationwide recount. The current Irfaan ALI administration was sworn in to office in August 2020. The discovery of oil in 2015 has been the primary economic and political focus, with many hoping the significant reserves will transform one of the poorest countries in the region." + "text": "Originally a Dutch colony in the 17th century, by 1815 Guyana had become a British possession. The abolition of slavery led to settlement of urban areas by former slaves and the importation of indentured servants from India to work the sugar plantations. The resulting ethnocultural divide has persisted and has led to turbulent politics. Guyana achieved independence from the UK in 1966, and since then it has been ruled mostly by socialist-oriented governments. In 1992, Cheddi JAGAN was elected president in what is considered the country's first free and fair election since independence. After his death five years later, his wife, Janet JAGAN, became president but resigned in 1999 due to poor health. Her successor, Bharrat JAGDEO, was elected in 2001 and again in 2006. Early elections held in May 2015 resulted in the first change in governing party and the replacement of President Donald RAMOTAR by current President David GRANGER. After a December 2018 no-confidence vote against the GRANGER government, national elections were constitutionally required to take place within three months. After over a year of extra-constitutional rule by the GRANGER administration, elections were held, though voting irregularities led to a nationwide recount. The current Irfaan ALI administration was sworn in to office in August 2020. The discovery of oil in 2015 has been the primary economic and political focus, with many hoping the significant reserves will transform one of the poorest countries in the region. Guyana is the only English-speaking country in South America and shares cultural and historical bonds with the Anglophone Caribbean." } }, "Geography": { @@ -474,13 +474,13 @@ }, "Total water withdrawal": { "municipal": { - "text": "60 million cubic meters (2019 est.)" + "text": "60 million cubic meters (2020 est.)" }, "industrial": { - "text": "20 million cubic meters (2019 est.)" + "text": "20 million cubic meters (2020 est.)" }, "agricultural": { - "text": "1.36 billion cubic meters (2019 est.)" + "text": "1.36 billion cubic meters (2020 est.)" } }, "Total renewable water resources": { @@ -1163,10 +1163,10 @@ }, "Merchant marine": { "total": { - "text": "56" + "text": "89" }, "by type": { - "text": "general cargo 26, oil tanker 7, other 23 (2021)" + "text": "bulk carrier 1, general cargo 45, oil tanker 12, other 31 (2022)" } }, "Ports and terminals": { diff --git a/south-america/ns.json b/south-america/ns.json index 26f3530f..267dcfdd 100644 --- a/south-america/ns.json +++ b/south-america/ns.json @@ -1,7 +1,7 @@ { "Introduction": { "Background": { - "text": "First explored by the Spaniards in the 16th century and then settled by the English in the mid-17th century, Suriname became a Dutch colony in 1667. With the abolition of African slavery in 1863, workers were brought in from India and Java. The Netherlands granted the colony independence in 1975. Five years later, the civilian government was replaced by a military regime that soon declared Suriname a socialist republic. It continued to exert control through a succession of nominally civilian administrations until 1987, when international pressure finally forced a democratic election. In 1990, the military overthrew the civilian leadership, but a democratically elected government - a four-party coalition - returned to power in 1991. The coalition expanded to eight parties in 2005 and ruled until August 2010, when voters returned former military leader Desire BOUTERSE and his opposition coalition to power. President BOUTERSE was reelected unopposed in 2015. Opposition parties campaigned hard against BOUTERSE in the lead up to the May 2020 elections and, in July 2020, a coalition led by Chandrikapersad SANTOKHI’s VHP and Ronnie Brunswijk’s ABOP was installed. The SANTOKHI government promised to tackle COVID-19, the economic crisis it inherited, and corruption." + "text": "First explored by the Spaniards in the 16th century and then settled by the English in the mid-17th century, Suriname became a Dutch colony in 1667. With the abolition of African slavery in 1863, workers were brought in from India and Java. The Netherlands granted the colony independence in 1975. Five years later, the civilian government was replaced by a military regime that soon declared Suriname a socialist republic. It continued to exert control through a succession of nominally civilian administrations until 1987, when international pressure finally forced a democratic election. In 1990, the military overthrew the civilian leadership, but a democratically elected government - a four-party coalition - returned to power in 1991. The coalition expanded to eight parties in 2005 and ruled until August 2010, when voters returned former military leader Desire BOUTERSE and his opposition coalition to power. President BOUTERSE was reelected unopposed in 2015. Opposition parties campaigned hard against BOUTERSE in the lead up to the May 2020 elections and, in July 2020, a multi-party coalition led by Chandrikapersad SANTOKHI’s VHP and Ronnie Brunswijk’s ABOP was installed. The SANTOKHI government promised to tackle COVID-19, the economic crisis it inherited, and corruption." } }, "Geography": { @@ -1099,10 +1099,10 @@ }, "Internet users": { "total": { - "text": "410,644 (2020 est.)" + "text": "402,600 (2021 est.)" }, "percent of population": { - "text": "70% (2020 est.)" + "text": "66% (2021 est.)" } }, "Broadband - fixed subscriptions": { @@ -1179,7 +1179,7 @@ "text": "10" }, "by type": { - "text": "general cargo 5, oil tanker 3, other 2 (2021)" + "text": "general cargo 5, oil tanker 3, other 2 (2022)" } }, "Ports and terminals": { diff --git a/south-america/pa.json b/south-america/pa.json index 754b7400..17850ee6 100644 --- a/south-america/pa.json +++ b/south-america/pa.json @@ -474,13 +474,13 @@ }, "Total water withdrawal": { "municipal": { - "text": "362 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + "text": "360 million cubic meters (2020 est.)" }, "industrial": { - "text": "154 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + "text": "150 million cubic meters (2020 est.)" }, "agricultural": { - "text": "1.897 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + "text": "1.9 billion cubic meters (2020 est.)" } }, "Total renewable water resources": { @@ -1126,10 +1126,10 @@ }, "Internet users": { "total": { - "text": "4.92 million (2021 est.)" + "text": "5.159 million (2021 est.)" }, "percent of population": { - "text": "64% (2021 est.)" + "text": "77% (2021 est.)" } }, "Broadband - fixed subscriptions": { @@ -1214,10 +1214,10 @@ }, "Merchant marine": { "total": { - "text": "110" + "text": "105" }, "by type": { - "text": "container ship 3, general cargo 25, oil tanker 5, other 77 (2021)" + "text": "container ship 2, general cargo 24, oil tanker 5, other 74 (2022)" }, "note": "note: as of 2017, Paraguay registered 2,012 fluvial vessels of which 1,741 were commercial barges" }, diff --git a/south-america/pe.json b/south-america/pe.json index ae1778d2..c4c1d81a 100644 --- a/south-america/pe.json +++ b/south-america/pe.json @@ -509,13 +509,13 @@ }, "Total water withdrawal": { "municipal": { - "text": "2.797 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + "text": "2.24 billion cubic meters (2020 est.)" }, "industrial": { - "text": "206.6 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + "text": "3.51 billion cubic meters (2020 est.)" }, "agricultural": { - "text": "13.1 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + "text": "32.8 billion cubic meters (2020 est.)" } }, "Total renewable water resources": { @@ -1172,10 +1172,10 @@ }, "Internet users": { "total": { - "text": "21,431,700 (2020 est.)" + "text": "24.14 million (2021 est.)" }, "percent of population": { - "text": "65% (2020 est.)" + "text": "71% (2021 est.)" } }, "Broadband - fixed subscriptions": { @@ -1276,10 +1276,10 @@ }, "Merchant marine": { "total": { - "text": "98" + "text": "101" }, "by type": { - "text": "general cargo 1, oil tanker 8, other 89 (2021)" + "text": "general cargo 1, oil tanker 8, other 92 (2022)" } }, "Ports and terminals": { diff --git a/south-america/uy.json b/south-america/uy.json index 8393307b..a3f660e5 100644 --- a/south-america/uy.json +++ b/south-america/uy.json @@ -1,7 +1,7 @@ { "Introduction": { "Background": { - "text": "Montevideo, founded by the Spanish in 1726 as a military stronghold, soon became an important commercial center due to its natural harbor. Claimed by Argentina but annexed by Brazil in 1821, Uruguay declared its independence in 1825 and secured its freedom in 1828 after a three-year struggle. The administrations of President Jose BATLLE in the early 20th century launched widespread political, social, and economic reforms that established a statist tradition. A violent Marxist urban guerrilla movement named the Tupamaros (or Movimiento de Liberación Nacional-Tupamaros (MLN-T)), launched in the late 1960s, led Uruguay's president to cede control of the government to the military in 1973. By yearend, the rebels had been crushed, but the military continued to expand its hold over the government. Civilian rule was restored in 1985. In 2004, the left-of-center Frente Amplio Coalition won national elections that effectively ended 170 years of political control previously held by the Colorado and National (Blanco) parties. The left-of-center retained the presidency and control of both chambers of congress until 2019. Uruguay's political and labor conditions are among the freest on the continent.
" + "text": "Montevideo, founded by the Spanish in 1726 as a military stronghold, soon became an important commercial center due to its natural harbor. Claimed by Argentina but annexed by Brazil in 1821, Uruguay declared its independence in 1825 and secured its freedom in 1828 after a three-year struggle. The administrations of President Jose BATLLE in the early 20th century launched widespread political, social, and economic reforms that established a statist tradition. A violent Marxist urban guerrilla movement named the Tupamaros (or Movimiento de Liberación Nacional-Tupamaros (MLN-T)), launched in the late 1960s, led Uruguay's president to cede control of the government to the military in 1973. By yearend, the rebels had been crushed, but the military continued to expand its hold over the government. Civilian rule was restored in 1985. In 2004, the left-of-center Frente Amplio (FA) Coalition won national elections that effectively ended 170 years of political control previously held by the Colorado and National (Blanco) parties. The left-of-center retained the presidency and control of both chambers of congress until 2019. Uruguay's political and labor conditions are among the freest on the continent.
" } }, "Geography": { @@ -1130,10 +1130,10 @@ }, "Internet users": { "total": { - "text": "2,987,405 (2020 est.)" + "text": "3.06 million (2021 est.)" }, "percent of population": { - "text": "86% (2020 est.)" + "text": "90% (2021 est.)" } }, "Broadband - fixed subscriptions": { @@ -1218,10 +1218,10 @@ }, "Merchant marine": { "total": { - "text": "61" + "text": "60" }, "by type": { - "text": "container ship 1, general cargo 4, oil tanker 4, other 52 (2021)" + "text": "container ship 1, general cargo 4, oil tanker 4, other 51 (2022)" } }, "Ports and terminals": { diff --git a/south-america/ve.json b/south-america/ve.json index be71b658..6961d401 100644 --- a/south-america/ve.json +++ b/south-america/ve.json @@ -1,7 +1,7 @@ { "Introduction": { "Background": { - "text": "Venezuela was one of three countries that emerged from the collapse of Gran Colombia in 1830 (the others being Ecuador and New Granada, which became Colombia). For most of the first half of the 20th century, Venezuela was ruled by military strongmen who promoted the oil industry and allowed for some social reforms. Although democratically elected governments largely held sway since 1959, the executive branch under Hugo CHAVEZ, president from 1999 to 2013, exercised increasingly authoritarian control over other branches of government. This undemocratic trend continued in 2018 when Nicolas MADURO claimed the presidency for his second term in an election boycotted by most opposition parties and widely viewed as fraudulent.
The last democratically-elected institution is the 2015 National Assembly. The president of the 2015 National Assembly, Juan GUAIDO is currently recognized by several countries - including the United States - as the interim president of Venezuela, while MADURO is recognized by most countries. In 2020, legislative elections were held for a new National Assembly, which the opposition boycotted and which were widely condemned as fraudulent. The resulting assembly is viewed by GUAIDO, most opposition parties, and many international actors as illegitimate. In November 2021, most opposition parties broke a three-year election boycott to participate in mayoral and gubernatorial elections, despite flawed conditions. As a result, the opposition more than doubled its representation at the mayoral level and retained four of 23 governorships. The 2021 regional elections marked the first time since 2006 that the EU was allowed to send an electoral observation mission to Venezuela.
The MADURO regime places strong restrictions on freedoms of expression and the press. Since CHAVEZ, the ruling party's economic policies expanded the state's role in the economy through expropriations of major enterprises, strict currency exchange and price controls that discourage private sector investment and production, and overdependence on the petroleum industry for revenues, among others. Years of economic mismanagement left Venezuela ill-prepared to weather the global drop in oil prices in 2014, sparking an economic decline that has resulted in reduced government social spending, shortages of basic goods, and high inflation. Worsened living conditions have prompted over 6 million Venezuelans to migrate, mainly settling in nearby countries. Since 2017, the US has imposed financial and sectoral sanctions on the MADURO regime. Since mid-2020, and despite MADURO regime mismanagement and faltering infrastructure, oil production has begun to rise primarily due to strengthened MADURO regime trade relations with China, Russia, Iran, and the illicit oil trade. Caracas has more recently relaxed some economic controls to mitigate the impact of its sustained economic crisis, such as allowing increased currency and liberalizing import flexibility for private citizens and companies. Other concerns include human rights abuses, rampant violent crime, political manipulation of the judicial and electoral systems, and corruption.
Venezuela was one of three countries that emerged from the collapse of Gran Colombia in 1830 (the others being Ecuador and New Granada, which became Colombia). For most of the first half of the 20th century, Venezuela was ruled by military strongmen who promoted the oil industry and allowed for some social reforms. Although democratically elected governments largely held sway since 1959, the executive branch under Hugo CHAVEZ, president from 1999 to 2013, exercised increasingly authoritarian control over other branches of government. This undemocratic trend continued in 2018 when Nicolas MADURO claimed the presidency for his second term in an election boycotted by most opposition parties and widely viewed as fraudulent.
The last democratically-elected institution is the 2015 National Assembly. In 2020, legislative elections were held for a new National Assembly, which the opposition boycotted, and which were widely condemned as fraudulent. The resulting assembly is viewed by most opposition parties and many international actors as illegitimate. In November 2021, most opposition parties broke a three-year election boycott to participate in mayoral and gubernatorial elections, despite flawed conditions. As a result, the opposition more than doubled its representation at the mayoral level and retained four of 23 governorships. The 2021 regional elections marked the first time since 2006 that the EU was allowed to send an electoral observation mission to Venezuela.
The MADURO regime places strong restrictions on freedoms of expression and the press. Since CHAVEZ, the ruling party's economic policies expanded the state's role in the economy through expropriations of major enterprises, strict currency exchange and price controls that discourage private sector investment and production, and overdependence on the petroleum industry for revenues, among others. Years of economic mismanagement left Venezuela ill-prepared to weather the global drop in oil prices in 2014, sparking an economic decline that has resulted in reduced government social spending, shortages of basic goods, and high inflation. Worsened living conditions have prompted over 7 million Venezuelans to migrate, mainly settling in nearby countries. Since 2017, the US has imposed financial and sectoral sanctions on the MADURO regime, and the regime's mismanagement and lack of investment in infrastructure has debilitated the country's oil sector. Caracas has more recently relaxed some economic controls to mitigate the impact of its sustained economic crisis, such as allowing increased currency and liberalizing import flexibility for private citizens and companies. Other concerns include human rights abuses, rampant violent crime, political manipulation of the judicial and electoral systems, and corruption.
A sultanate since the 12th century, the Maldives became a British protectorate in 1887. The islands became a republic in 1968, three years after independence. President Maumoon Abdul GAYOOM dominated Maldives' political scene for 30 years, elected to six successive terms by single-party referendums. Following political demonstrations in the capital Male in August 2003, GAYOOM and his government pledged to embark upon a process of liberalization and democratic reforms, including a more representative political system and expanded political freedoms. Political parties were legalized in 2005.
In June 2008, a constituent assembly - termed the \"Special Majlis\" - finalized a new constitution ratified by GAYOOM in August 2008. The first-ever presidential elections under a multi-candidate, multi-party system were held in October 2008. GAYOOM was defeated in a runoff poll by Mohamed NASHEED, a political activist who had been jailed several years earlier by the GAYOOM regime. In early February 2012, after several weeks of street protests in response to his ordering the arrest of a top judge, NASHEED purportedly resigned the presidency and handed over power to Vice President Mohammed WAHEED Hassan Maniku. A government-appointed Commission of National Inquiry concluded there was no evidence of a coup, but NASHEED contends that police and military personnel forced him to resign. NASHEED, WAHEED, and Abdulla YAMEEN Abdul Gayoom ran in the 2013 elections with YAMEEN ultimately winning the presidency after three rounds of voting. As president, YAMEEN weakened democratic institutions, curtailed civil liberties, jailed his political opponents, restricted the press, and exerted control over the judiciary to strengthen his hold on power and limit dissent. In September 2018, YAMEEN lost his reelection bid to Ibrahim Mohamed SOLIH, a parliamentarian of the Maldivian Democratic Party (MDP), who had the support of a coalition of four parties that came together to defeat YAMEEN and restore democratic norms to Maldives. In April 2019, SOLIH's MDP won 65 of 87 seats in parliament.
" + "text": "A sultanate since the 12th century, the Maldives became a British protectorate in 1887. The islands became a republic in 1968, three years after independence. President Maumoon Abdul GAYOOM dominated Maldives' political scene for 30 years, elected to six successive terms by single-party referendums. Following political demonstrations in the capital Male in August 2003, GAYOOM and his government pledged to embark upon a process of liberalization and democratic reforms, including a more representative political system and expanded political freedoms. Political parties were legalized in 2005.
In June 2008, a constituent assembly - termed the \"Special Majlis\" - finalized a new constitution ratified by GAYOOM in August 2008. The first-ever presidential elections under a multi-candidate, multi-party system were held in October 2008. GAYOOM was defeated in a runoff poll by Mohamed NASHEED, a political activist who had been jailed several years earlier by the GAYOOM regime. In early February 2012, after several weeks of street protests in response to his ordering the arrest of a top judge, NASHEED purportedly resigned the presidency and handed over power to Vice President Mohammed WAHEED Hassan Maniku. A government-appointed Commission of National Inquiry concluded there was no evidence of a coup, but NASHEED contends that police and military personnel forced him to resign. NASHEED, WAHEED, and Abdulla YAMEEN Abdul Gayoom ran in the 2013 elections with YAMEEN ultimately winning the presidency after three rounds of voting. As president, YAMEEN weakened democratic institutions, curtailed civil liberties, jailed his political opponents, restricted the press, and exerted control over the judiciary to strengthen his hold on power and limit dissent. In September 2018, YAMEEN lost his reelection bid to Ibrahim Mohamed SOLIH, a parliamentarian of the Maldivian Democratic Party (MDP), who had the support of a coalition of four parties that came together to defeat YAMEEN and restore democratic norms to Maldives. In April 2019, SOLIH's MDP won 65 of 87 seats in parliament. YAMEEN was arrested and jailed in December 2022 on corruption charges; however, he remains his party's candidate to challenge SOLIH in the presidential election, scheduled for 9 September 2023.
" } }, "Geography": { @@ -446,7 +446,7 @@ }, "Total water withdrawal": { "municipal": { - "text": "5.6 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + "text": "10 million cubic meters (2020 est.)" }, "industrial": { "text": "300,000 cubic meters (2017 est.)" @@ -1057,10 +1057,10 @@ }, "Internet users": { "total": { - "text": "340,542 (2020 est.)" + "text": "447,200 (2021 est.)" }, "percent of population": { - "text": "63% (2020 est.)" + "text": "86% (2021 est.)" } }, "Broadband - fixed subscriptions": { @@ -1129,10 +1129,10 @@ }, "Merchant marine": { "total": { - "text": "68" + "text": "80" }, "by type": { - "text": "general cargo 21, oil tanker 19, other 28 (2021)" + "text": "general cargo 30, oil tanker 20, other 30 (2022)" } }, "Ports and terminals": { diff --git a/south-asia/np.json b/south-asia/np.json index 0672ccd6..d40cf1c3 100644 --- a/south-asia/np.json +++ b/south-asia/np.json @@ -1,7 +1,7 @@ { "Introduction": { "Background": { - "text": "During the late 18th-early 19th centuries, the principality of Gorkha united many of the other principalities and states of the sub-Himalayan region into a Nepali Kingdom. Nepal retained its independence following the Anglo-Nepalese War of 1814-16 and the subsequent peace treaty laid the foundations for two centuries of amicable relations between Britain and Nepal. (The Brigade of Gurkhas continues to serve in the British Army to the present day.) In 1951, the Nepali monarch ended the century-old system of rule by hereditary premiers and instituted a cabinet system that brought political parties into the government. That arrangement lasted until 1960, when political parties were again banned, but was reinstated in 1990 with the establishment of a multiparty democracy within the framework of a constitutional monarchy.
An insurgency led by Maoists broke out in 1996. During the ensuing 10-year civil war between Maoist and government forces, the monarchy dissolved the cabinet and parliament and re-assumed absolute power in 2002, after the crown prince massacred the royal family in 2001. A peace accord in 2006 led to the promulgation of an interim constitution in 2007. Following a nationwide Constituent Assembly (CA) election in 2008, the newly formed CA declared Nepal a federal democratic republic, abolished the monarchy, and elected the country's first president. After the CA failed to draft a constitution by a 2012 deadline set by the Supreme Court, then-Prime Minister Baburam BHATTARAI dissolved the CA. Months of negotiations ensued until 2013 when the major political parties agreed to create an interim government headed by then-Chief Justice Khil Raj REGMI with a mandate to hold elections for a new CA. Elections were held in 2013, in which the Nepali Congress (NC) won the largest share of seats in the CA and in 2014 formed a coalition government with the second-place Communist Party of Nepal-Unified Marxist-Leninist (UML) with NC President Sushil KOIRALA serving as prime minister. Nepal's new constitution came into effect in 2015, at which point the CA became the Parliament. Khagda Prasad Sharma OLI served as the first post-constitution prime minister from 2015 to 2016. OLI resigned ahead of a no-confidence motion against him, and Parliament elected Communist Party of Nepal-Maoist (CPN-M) leader Pushpa Kamal DAHAL (aka \"Prachanda\") prime minister. The constitution provided for a transitional period during which three sets of elections – local, provincial, and national – needed to take place. The first local elections in 20 years occurred in three phases between May and September 2017, and state and federal elections proceeded in two phases in November and December 2017. The parties headed by OLI and DAHAL ran in coalition and swept the parliamentary elections, and OLI, who led the larger of the two parties, was sworn in as prime minister in February 2018. In May 2018, OLI and DAHAL announced the merger of their parties - the UML and CPN-M - to establish the Nepal Communist Party (NCP), which headed the government for roughly two years before infighting led the party to split. OLI from late 2020 sought to dissolve parliament and hold elections. The supreme court in July 2021 declared OLI's efforts unconstitutional and called for an appointment of the opposition-supported NC leader Sher Bahadur DEUBA as prime minister.
" + "text": "
During the late 18th-early 19th centuries, the principality of Gorkha united many of the other principalities and states of the sub-Himalayan region into a Nepali Kingdom. Nepal retained its independence following the Anglo-Nepalese War of 1814-16 and the subsequent peace treaty laid the foundations for two centuries of amicable relations between Britain and Nepal. (The Brigade of Gurkhas continues to serve in the British Army to the present day.) In 1951, the Nepali monarch ended the century-old system of rule by hereditary premiers and instituted a cabinet system that brought political parties into the government. That arrangement lasted until 1960, when political parties were again banned, but was reinstated in 1990 with the establishment of a multiparty democracy within the framework of a constitutional monarchy.
An insurgency led by Maoists broke out in 1996. During the ensuing 10-year civil war between Maoist and government forces, the monarchy dissolved the cabinet and parliament and re-assumed absolute power in 2002, after the crown prince massacred the royal family in 2001. A peace accord in 2006 led to the promulgation of an interim constitution in 2007. Following a nationwide Constituent Assembly (CA) election in 2008, the newly formed CA declared Nepal a federal democratic republic, abolished the monarchy, and elected the country's first president. After the CA failed to draft a constitution by a 2012 deadline set by the Supreme Court, then-Prime Minister Baburam BHATTARAI dissolved the CA. Months of negotiations ensued until 2013 when the major political parties agreed to create an interim government headed by then-Chief Justice Khil Raj REGMI with a mandate to hold elections for a new CA. Elections were held in 2013, in which the Nepali Congress (NC) won the largest share of seats in the CA and in 2014 formed a coalition government with the second-place Communist Party of Nepal-Unified Marxist-Leninist (UML) with NC President Sushil KOIRALA serving as prime minister. Nepal's new constitution came into effect in 2015, at which point the CA became the Parliament. Khagda Prasad Sharma OLI served as the first post-constitution prime minister from 2015 to 2016. OLI resigned ahead of a no-confidence motion against him, and Parliament elected Communist Party of Nepal-Maoist (CPN-M) leader Pushpa Kamal DAHAL (aka \"Prachanda\") prime minister. The constitution provided for a transitional period during which three sets of elections – local, provincial, and national – needed to take place. The first local elections in 20 years occurred in three phases between May and September 2017, and state and federal elections proceeded in two phases in November and December 2017. The parties headed by OLI and DAHAL ran in coalition and swept the parliamentary elections, and OLI, who led the larger of the two parties, was sworn in as prime minister in February 2018. In May 2018, OLI and DAHAL announced the merger of their parties - the UML and CPN-M - to establish the Nepal Communist Party (NCP), which headed the government for roughly two years before infighting led the party to split. OLI from late 2020 sought to dissolve parliament and hold elections. The supreme court in July 2021 declared OLI's efforts unconstitutional and called for an appointment of the opposition-supported NC leader Sher Bahadur DEUBA as prime minister. DEUBA led Nepal with the support of his party and DAHAL's Communist Party of Nepal-Maoist Centre (CPN-MC) until December 2022. The NC won a majority of seats in the parliamentary elections on November 2022, but in late December 2022, DAHAL broke with the ruling coalition and sought a partnership with OLI and the CPN-UML to become prime minister. DAHAL's first post-election cabinet lasted approximately two months, until disagreements over ministerial assignments across the coalition caused OLI to withdraw his support. In March 2023, DAHAL survived a vote of confidence and formed a coalition with the NC to remain prime minister.
" } }, "Geography": { @@ -480,13 +480,13 @@ }, "Total water withdrawal": { "municipal": { - "text": "147.6 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + "text": "150 million cubic meters (2020 est.)" }, "industrial": { - "text": "29.5 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + "text": "30 million cubic meters (2020 est.)" }, "agricultural": { - "text": "9.32 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + "text": "9.32 billion cubic meters (2020 est.)" } }, "Total renewable water resources": { @@ -1116,10 +1116,10 @@ }, "Internet users": { "total": { - "text": "11,071,987 (2020 est.)" + "text": "15.6 million (2021 est.)" }, "percent of population": { - "text": "38% (2020 est.)" + "text": "52% (2021 est.)" } }, "Broadband - fixed subscriptions": { diff --git a/south-asia/pk.json b/south-asia/pk.json index 3689b0c4..20254cb7 100644 --- a/south-asia/pk.json +++ b/south-asia/pk.json @@ -1,7 +1,7 @@ { "Introduction": { "Background": { - "text": "
The Indus Valley civilization, one of the oldest in the world and dating back at least 5,000 years, spread over much of what is presently Pakistan. During the second millennium B.C., remnants of this culture fused with the migrating Indo-Aryan peoples. The area underwent successive invasions in subsequent centuries from the Persians, Greeks, Scythians, Arabs (who brought Islam), Afghans, and Turks. The Mughal Empire flourished in the 16th and 17th centuries; the British came to dominate the region in the 18th century. The separation in 1947 of British India into the Muslim state of Pakistan (with West and East sections) and largely Hindu India was never satisfactorily resolved, and India and Pakistan fought two wars and a limited conflict - in 1947-48, 1965, and 1999 respectively - over the disputed Kashmir territory. A third war between these countries in 1971 - in which India assisted an indigenous movement reacting to the marginalization of Bengalis in Pakistani politics - resulted in East Pakistan becoming the separate nation of Bangladesh.
In response to Indian nuclear weapons testing, Pakistan conducted its own tests in mid-1998. India-Pakistan relations improved in the mid-2000s but have been rocky since the November 2008 Mumbai attacks and have been further strained by Indian reports of cross-border militancy. Imran KHAN took office as prime minister in 2018 after the Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaaf (PTI) party won a plurality of seats in the July 2018 general elections. Pakistan has been engaged in a decades-long armed conflict with militant groups that target government institutions and civilians, including the Tehreek-e-Taliban Pakistan (TTP) and other militant networks.
" + "text": "The Indus Valley civilization, one of the oldest in the world and dating back at least 5,000 years, spread over much of what is presently Pakistan. During the second millennium B.C., remnants of this culture fused with the migrating Indo-Aryan peoples. The area underwent successive invasions in subsequent centuries from the Persians, Greeks, Scythians, Arabs (who brought Islam), Afghans, and Turks. The Mughal Empire flourished in the 16th and 17th centuries; the British came to dominate the region in the 18th century. The separation in 1947 of British India into the Muslim state of Pakistan (with West and East sections) and largely Hindu India created lasting tension between the two countries, and India and Pakistan fought two wars and a limited conflict - in 1947-48, 1965, and 1999 respectively - over the disputed Kashmir territory. A third war between these countries in 1971 - in which India assisted an indigenous movement reacting to the marginalization of Bengalis in Pakistani politics - resulted in East Pakistan becoming the separate nation of Bangladesh.
In response to Indian nuclear weapons testing, Pakistan conducted its own tests in mid-1998. Major bilateral disputes, including the status of Kashmir, remain unresolved, but in early 2021 the two countries reaffirmed their commitment to maintain the cease-fire along the Line of Control in Kashmir that began in 2003. Pakistan has been engaged in a decades-long armed conflict with militant groups, including the Tehreek-e-Taliban Pakistan (TTP) and other militant networks, that target government institutions and civilians.
" } }, "Geography": { @@ -516,13 +516,13 @@ }, "Total water withdrawal": { "municipal": { - "text": "9.65 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + "text": "9.65 billion cubic meters (2020 est.)" }, "industrial": { - "text": "1.4 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + "text": "1.4 billion cubic meters (2020 est.)" }, "agricultural": { - "text": "172.4 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + "text": "172.4 billion cubic meters (2020 est.)" } }, "Total renewable water resources": { @@ -1181,10 +1181,10 @@ }, "Internet users": { "total": { - "text": "55,223,083 (2020 est.)" + "text": "48.3 million (2021 est.)" }, "percent of population": { - "text": "25% (2020 est.)" + "text": "21% (2021 est.)" } }, "Broadband - fixed subscriptions": { @@ -1284,10 +1284,10 @@ }, "Merchant marine": { "total": { - "text": "57" + "text": "58" }, "by type": { - "text": "bulk carrier 5, oil tanker 7, other 45 (2021)" + "text": "bulk carrier 5, oil tanker 7, other 46 (2022)" } }, "Ports and terminals": { diff --git a/world/xx.json b/world/xx.json index e7ef2dff..1cdad34a 100644 --- a/world/xx.json +++ b/world/xx.json @@ -118,13 +118,13 @@ }, "Age structure": { "0-14 years": { - "text": "25.18% (male 1,010,373,278/female 946,624,579)" + "text": "24.7% (male 1,013,862,872/female 954,310,632)" }, "15-64 years": { - "text": "15.29% (male 614,046,344/female 574,513,854)" + "text": "65.2% (male 2,632,261,828/female 2,569,677,967)" }, "65 years and over": { - "text": "9.69% (male 337,244,947/female 415,884,753) (2021 est.)" + "text": "10.1% (male 359,529,609/female 448,106,332) (2023 est.)" } }, "Dependency ratios": { @@ -712,12 +712,12 @@ }, "Internet users": { "total": { - "text": "4.9 billion (2021 est.)" + "text": "5.3 billion (2022 est.)" }, "percent of population": { - "text": "63% (2021 est.)" + "text": "66% (2022 est.)" }, - "note": "top ten countries by Internet usage (in millions): 730.7 China; 374.3 India; 246.8 United States; 122.8 Brazil; 116.6 Japan; 108.8 Russia; 73.3 Mexico; 72.3 Germany; 65.5 Indonesia; 61 United Kingdom (2017)" + "note": "top ten countries by Internet usage (in millions): 854 China; 560 India; 293 United States; 171 Indonesia; 149 Brazil; 123 Nigeria; 119 Japan; 116 Russia; 96 Bangladesh; 88 Mexico (2023)" }, "Broadband - fixed subscriptions": { "total": { @@ -728,7 +728,7 @@ } }, "Communications - note": { - "text": "data centers consist of a dedicated space within a building or a group of buildings used to house computing resources and other components, such as telecommunications and storage systems; the ongoing worldwide boom in data generation is responsible for the mushrooming of data centers; the three largest data center facilities by area as of the first half of 2022 are: