diff --git a/pacific/pg-papua-new-guinea.json b/pacific/pg-papua-new-guinea.json new file mode 100644 index 00000000..61b5a9f1 --- /dev/null +++ b/pacific/pg-papua-new-guinea.json @@ -0,0 +1,613 @@ +{ + "intro": { + "background": { + "text": "The eastern half of the island of New Guinea - second largest in the world - was divided between Germany (north) and the UK (south) in 1885. The latter area was transferred to Australia in 1902, which occupied the northern portion during World War I and continued to administer the combined areas until independence in 1975. A nine-year secessionist revolt on the island of Bougainville ended in 1997 after claiming some 20,000 lives." + } + }, + "geo": { + "location": { + "text": "Oceania, group of islands including the eastern half of the island of New Guinea between the Coral Sea and the South Pacific Ocean, east of Indonesia" + }, + "geographic_coordinates": { + "text": "6 00 S, 147 00 E" + }, + "map_references": { + "text": "Oceania" + }, + "area": { + "total": "462,840 sq km", + "land": "452,860 sq km", + "water": "9,980 sq km" + }, + "area_comparative": { + "text": "slightly larger than California" + }, + "land_boundaries": { + "total": "820 km", + "border_countries": "Indonesia 820 km" + }, + "coastline": { + "text": "5,152 km" + }, + "maritime_claims": { + "text": "measured from claimed archipelagic baselines", + "territorial_sea": "12 nm", + "continental_shelf": "200 m depth or to the depth of exploitation", + "exclusive_fishing_zone": "200 nm" + }, + "climate": { + "text": "tropical; northwest monsoon (December to March), southeast monsoon (May to October); slight seasonal temperature variation" + }, + "terrain": { + "text": "mostly mountains with coastal lowlands and rolling foothills" + }, + "elevation_extremes": { + "lowest_point": "Pacific Ocean 0 m", + "highest_point": "Mount Wilhelm 4,509 m" + }, + "natural_resources": { + "text": "gold, copper, silver, natural gas, timber, oil, fisheries" + }, + "land_use": { + "arable_land": "0.65%", + "permanent_crops": "1.51%", + "other": "97.84% (2011)" + }, + "irrigated_land": { + "text": "0 sq km (2003)" + }, + "total_renewable_water_resources": { + "text": "801 cu km (2011)" + }, + "freshwater_withdrawal_domestic_industrial_agricultural": { + "total": "0.39 cu km/yr (57%/43%/0%)", + "per_capita": "61.3 cu m/yr (2005)" + }, + "natural_hazards": { + "text": "active volcanism; situated along the Pacific \"Ring of Fire\"; the country is subject to frequent and sometimes severe earthquakes; mud slides; tsunamis", + "volcanism": "severe volcanic activity; Ulawun (elev. 2,334 m), one of Papua New Guinea's potentially most dangerous volcanoes, has been deemed a \"Decade Volcano\" by the International Association of Volcanology and Chemistry of the Earth's Interior, worthy of study due to its explosive history and close proximity to human populations; Rabaul (elev. 688 m) destroyed the city of Rabaul in 1937 and 1994; Lamington erupted in 1951 killing 3,000 people; Manam's 2004 eruption forced the island's abandonment; other historically active volcanoes include Bam, Bagana, Garbuna, Karkar, Langila, Lolobau, Long Island, Pago, St. Andrew Strait, Victory, and Waiowa" + }, + "environment_current_issues": { + "text": "rain forest subject to deforestation as a result of growing commercial demand for tropical timber; pollution from mining projects; severe drought" + }, + "environment_international_agreements": { + "party_to": "Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands", + "signed_but_not_ratified": "none of the selected agreements" + }, + "geography_note": { + "text": "shares island of New Guinea with Indonesia; one of world's largest swamps along southwest coast" + } + }, + "people": { + "nationality": { + "noun": "Papua New Guinean(s)", + "adjective": "Papua New Guinean" + }, + "ethnic_groups": { + "text": "Melanesian, Papuan, Negrito, Micronesian, Polynesian" + }, + "languages": { + "text": "Tok Pisin (official), English (official), Hiri Motu (official), some 836 indigenous languages spoken (about 12% of the world's total); most languages have fewer than 1,000 speakers", + "note": "Tok Pisin, a creole language, is widely used and understood; English is spoken by 1%-2%; Hiri Motu is spoken by less than 2%" + }, + "religions": { + "text": "Roman Catholic 27%, Protestant 69.4% (Evangelical Lutheran 19.5%, United Church 11.5%, Seventh-Day Adventist 10%, Pentecostal 8.6%, Evangelical Alliance 5.2%, Anglican 3.2%, Baptist 2.5%, other Protestant 8.9%), Baha'i 0.3%, indigenous beliefs and other 3.3% (2000 census)" + }, + "population": { + "text": "6,431,902 (July 2013 est.)" + }, + "age_structure": { + "0_14_years": "35.5% (male 1,160,586/female 1,120,258)", + "15_24_years": "19.5% (male 636,602/female 619,885)", + "25_54_years": "36% (male 1,198,799/female 1,117,510)", + "55_64_years": "5.2% (male 167,625/female 164,018)", + "65_years_and_over": "3.8% (male 129,852/female 116,767) (2013 est.)" + }, + "dependency_ratios": { + "total_dependency_ratio": "69.3 %", + "youth_dependency_ratio": "64.3 %", + "elderly_dependency_ratio": "4.9 %", + "potential_support_ratio": "20.3 (2013)" + }, + "median_age": { + "total": "22.2 years", + "male": "22.4 years", + "female": "21.9 years (2013 est.)" + }, + "population_growth_rate": { + "text": "1.89% (2013 est.)" + }, + "birth_rate": { + "text": "25.4 births/1,000 population (2013 est.)" + }, + "death_rate": { + "text": "6.54 deaths/1,000 population (2013 est.)" + }, + "net_migration_rate": { + "text": "0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2013 est.)" + }, + "urbanization": { + "urban_population": "13% of total population (2010)", + "rate_of_urbanization": "2.9% annual rate of change (2010-15 est.)" + }, + "major_urban_areas_population": { + "text": "PORT MORESBY (capital) 314,000 (2009)" + }, + "sex_ratio": { + "at_birth": "1.05 male(s)/female", + "0_14_years": "1.04 male(s)/female", + "15_24_years": "1.03 male(s)/female", + "25_54_years": "1.08 male(s)/female", + "55_64_years": "1.03 male(s)/female", + "65_years_and_over": "1.14 male(s)/female", + "total_population": "1.05 male(s)/female (2013 est.)" + }, + "maternal_mortality_rate": { + "text": "230 deaths/100,000 live births (2010)" + }, + "infant_mortality_rate": { + "total": "40.84 deaths/1,000 live births", + "male": "44.53 deaths/1,000 live births", + "female": "36.97 deaths/1,000 live births (2013 est.)" + }, + "life_expectancy_at_birth": { + "total_population": "66.66 years", + "male": "64.44 years", + "female": "69 years (2013 est.)" + }, + "total_fertility_rate": { + "text": "3.31 children born/woman (2013 est.)" + }, + "contraceptive_prevalence_rate": { + "text": "32.4% (2007)" + }, + "health_expenditures": { + "text": "3.6% of GDP (2010)" + }, + "physicians_density": { + "text": "0.05 physicians/1,000 population (2008)" + }, + "drinking_water_source": { + "improved": "urban: 87% of population; rural: 33% of population; total: 40% of population", + "unimproved": "urban: 13% of population; rural: 67% of population; total: 60% of population (2010 est.)" + }, + "sanitation_facility_access": { + "improved": "urban: 71% of population; rural: 41% of population; total: 45% of population", + "unimproved": "urban: 29% of population; rural: 59% of population; total: 55% of population (2010 est.)" + }, + "hiv_aids_adult_prevalence_rate": { + "text": "0.9% (2009 est.)" + }, + "hiv_aids_people_living_with_hiv_aids": { + "text": "34,000 (2009 est.)" + }, + "hiv_aids_deaths": { + "text": "1,300 (2009 est.)" + }, + "major_infectious_diseases": { + "degree_of_risk": "very high", + "food_or_waterborne_diseases": "bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A, and typhoid fever", + "vectorborne_diseases": "dengue fever and malaria (2013)" + }, + "obesity_adult_prevalence_rate": { + "text": "16.2% (2008)" + }, + "children_under_the_age_of_5_years_underweight": { + "text": "18.1% (2005)" + }, + "education_expenditures": { + "text": "NA" + }, + "literacy": { + "definition": "age 15 and over can read and write", + "total_population": "62.4%", + "male": "65.4%", + "female": "59.4% (2011 est.)" + }, + "people_note": { + "text": "the indigenous population of Papua New Guinea is one of the most heterogeneous in the world; PNG has several thousand separate communities, most with only a few hundred people; divided by language, customs, and tradition, some of these communities have engaged in low-scale tribal conflict with their neighbors for millennia; the advent of modern weapons and modern migrants into urban areas has greatly magnified the impact of this lawlessness" + } + }, + "govt": { + "country_name": { + "conventional_long_form": "Independent State of Papua New Guinea", + "conventional_short_form": "Papua New Guinea", + "local_short_form": "Papuaniugini", + "former": "Territory of Papua and New Guinea", + "abbreviation": "PNG" + }, + "government_type": { + "text": "constitutional parliamentary democracy and a Commonwealth realm" + }, + "capital": { + "name": "Port Moresby", + "geographic_coordinates": "9 27 S, 147 11 E", + "time_difference": "UTC+10 (15 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time)" + }, + "administrative_divisions": { + "text": "20 provinces, 1 autonomous region*, and 1 district**; Bougainville*, Central, Chimbu, Eastern Highlands, East New Britain, East Sepik, Enga, Gulf, Hela, Jiwaka, Madang, Manus, Milne Bay, Morobe, National Capital**, New Ireland, Northern, Southern Highlands, Western, Western Highlands, West New Britain, West Sepik" + }, + "independence": { + "text": "16 September 1975 (from the Australian-administered UN trusteeship)" + }, + "national_holiday": { + "text": "Independence Day, 16 September (1975)" + }, + "constitution": { + "text": "16 September 1975" + }, + "legal_system": { + "text": "mixed legal system of English common law and customary law" + }, + "international_law_organization_participation": { + "text": "has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; non-party state to the ICCt" + }, + "suffrage": { + "text": "18 years of age; universal" + }, + "executive_branch": { + "chief_of_state": "Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952); represented by Governor Michael OGIO (since 25 February 2011)", + "head_of_government": "Prime Minister Peter Paire O'NEILL (since 2 August 2011); Deputy Prime Minister Leo DION (since 9 August 2012)", + "cabinet": "National Executive Council appointed by the governor general on the recommendation of the prime minister", + "elections": "the monarchy is hereditary; the governor general nominated by parliament and appointed by the chief of state; following legislative elections, the leader of the majority party or leader of the majority coalition usually appointed prime minister by the governor general acting in accordance with a decision of the parliament; Peter Paire O'NEILL elected prime minister by parliament on 3 August 2012 by a vote of 94 to 12" + }, + "legislative_branch": { + "text": "unicameral National Parliament (111 seats, 89 filled from open electorates and 20 from provinces and national capital district; members elected by popular vote to serve five-year terms); constitution allows up to 126 seats", + "elections": "last held from 23 June 2012 to 27 July 2012 (next to be held in June 2017)", + "election_results": "percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - People's National Congress Party 27, Triumph Heritage Empowerment Party 12, PNG Party 8, National Alliance Party 7, United Resources Party 7, People's Party 6, People's Progess Party 6, other parties 22, independents 16", + "note": "14 other parties won 3 or fewer seats; association with political parties is fluid" + }, + "judicial_branch": { + "highest_courts": "Supreme Court (consists of the chief justice, deputy chief justice, and 28 other judges); National Courts (10 courts located in the province capitals, with a total of 16 resident judges )", + "judge_selection_and_term_of_office": "chief justice appointed by the governor-general upon advice of the National Executive Council (cabinet) after consultation with the National Justice Administration Minister; deputy chief justice and other justices appointed by the Judicial and Legal Services Commission, a 5-member body to include the Supreme Court chief and deputy chief justices, the chief ombudsman, and a member of the National Parliament; citizen judges appointed for 10-year renewable terms; non-citizen judges appointed for 3-year renewable terms; appointment and tenure of National Court resident judges NA", + "subordinate_courts": "district, village, and juvenile courts" + }, + "political_parties_and_leaders": { + "text": "National Alliance Party or NA [Patrick PRUAITCHI]; Papua New Guinea Party or PNGP [Beldan NEMAH]; People's National Congress Party or PNC [Peter Paire O'NEILL]; People's Party or PP; People's Progress Party or PPP; Triumph Heritage Empowerment Party or THE [Don POYLE]; United Resources Party or URP [William DUMA]; ", + "note": "as of 13 March 2012, 41 political parties were registered" + }, + "political_pressure_groups_and_leaders": { + "text": "Centre for Environment Law and Community Rights or Celcor [Damien ASE]; Community Coalition Against Corruption; National Council of Women; Transparency International PNG" + }, + "international_organization_participation": { + "text": "ACP, ADB, AOSIS, APEC, ARF, ASEAN (observer), C, CD, CP, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IOM (observer), IPU, ISO (correspondent), ITSO, ITU, MIGA, NAM, OPCW, PIF, Sparteca, SPC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNMISS, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO" + }, + "diplomatic_representation_in_the_us": { + "chief_of_mission": "Ambassador (vacant); Charge d'Affaires Elias Rahuromo WOHENGU", + "chancery": "1779 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Suite 805, Washington, DC 20036", + "telephone": "[1] (202) 745-3680", + "fax": "[1] (202) 745-3679" + }, + "diplomatic_representation_from_the_us": { + "chief_of_mission": "Ambassador Walter E. NORTH", + "embassy": "Douglas Street, Port Moresby, N.C.D.", + "mailing_address": "4240 Port Moresby PI, US Department of State, Washington DC 20521-4240", + "telephone": "[675] 321-1455", + "fax": "[675] 321-3423" + }, + "flag_description": { + "text": "divided diagonally from upper hoist-side corner; the upper triangle is red with a soaring yellow bird of paradise centered; the lower triangle is black with five, white, five-pointed stars of the Southern Cross constellation centered; red, black, and yellow are traditional colors of Papua New Guinea; the bird of paradise - endemic to the island of New Guinea - is an emblem of regional tribal culture and represents the emergence of Papua New Guinea as a nation; the Southern Cross, visible in the night sky, symbolizes Papua New Guinea's connection with Australia and several other countries in the South Pacific" + }, + "national_symbols": { + "text": "bird of paradise" + }, + "national_anthem": { + "name": "\"O Arise All You Sons\"", + "lyrics_music": "Thomas SHACKLADY", + "note": "adopted 1975" + } + }, + "econ": { + "economy_overview": { + "text": "Papua New Guinea (PNG) is richly endowed with natural resources, but exploitation has been hampered by rugged terrain, land tenure issues, and the high cost of developing infrastructure. The economy has a small formal sector, focused mainly on the export of those natural resources, and an informal sector, employing the majority of the population. Agriculture provides a subsistence livelihood for 85% of the people. Mineral deposits, including copper, gold, and oil, account for nearly two-thirds of export earnings. Natural gas reserves amount to an estimated 155 billion cubic meters. A consortium led by a major American oil company is constructing a liquefied natural gas (LNG) production facility that could begin exporting in 2014. As the largest investment project in the country's history, it has the potential to double GDP in the near-term and triple Papua New Guinea's export revenue. An American-owned firm also opened PNG's first oil refinery in 2004 and is building a second LNG production facility. The government faces the challenge of ensuring transparency and accountability for revenues flowing from this and other large LNG projects. In 2011 and 2012, the National Parliament passed legislation that created an offshore Sovereign Wealth Fund (SWF) to manage government surpluses from mineral, oil, and natural gas projects. In recent years, the government has opened up markets in telecommunications and air transport, making both more affordable to the people. Numerous challenges still face the government of Peter O'NEILL, including providing physical security for foreign investors, regaining investor confidence, restoring integrity to state institutions, promoting economic efficiency by privatizing moribund state institutions, and maintaining good relations with Australia, its former colonial ruler. Other socio-cultural challenges could upend the economy including chronic law and order and land tenure issues. The global financial crisis had little impact because of continued foreign demand for PNG's commodities." + }, + "gdp_purchasing_power_parity": { + "text": "$19.41 billion (2012 est.); $17.79 billion (2011 est.); $16.02 billion (2010 est.)", + "note": "data are in 2012 US dollars" + }, + "gdp_official_exchange_rate": { + "text": "$15.79 billion (2012 est.)" + }, + "gdp_real_growth_rate": { + "text": "9.1% (2012 est.); 11.1% (2011 est.); 7.6% (2010 est.)" + }, + "gdp_per_capita_ppp": { + "text": "$2,800 (2012 est.); $2,700 (2011 est.); $2,500 (2010 est.)", + "note": "data are in 2012 US dollars" + }, + "gross_national_saving": { + "text": "7.6% of GDP (2012 est.); 18.3% of GDP (2011 est.); 10.2% of GDP (2010 est.)" + }, + "gdp_composition_by_end_use": { + "household_consumption": "46.4%", + "government_consumption": "17%", + "investment_in_fixed_capital": "20.7%", + "investment_in_inventories": "0.9%", + "exports_of_goods_and_services": "69.8%", + "imports_of_goods_and_services": "-54.8% (2012 est.)" + }, + "gdp_composition_by_sector_of_origin": { + "agriculture": "28%", + "industry": "38.6%", + "services": "33.4% (2012 est.)" + }, + "agriculture_products": { + "text": "coffee, cocoa, copra, palm kernels, tea, sugar, rubber, sweet potatoes, fruit, vegetables, vanilla; poultry, pork; shellfish" + }, + "industries": { + "text": "copra crushing, palm oil processing, plywood production, wood chip production; mining (gold, silver, and copper); crude oil production, petroleum refining; construction, tourism" + }, + "industrial_production_growth_rate": { + "text": "13% (2012 est.)" + }, + "labor_force": { + "text": "3.986 million (2012 est.)" + }, + "labor_force_by_occupation": { + "agriculture": "85%", + "industry": "NA%", + "services": "NA% (2005 est.)" + }, + "unemployment_rate": { + "text": "1.9% (2008 est.); 1.8% (2004)" + }, + "population_below_poverty_line": { + "text": "37% (2002 est.)" + }, + "household_income_or_consumption_by_percentage_share": { + "lowest_10%": "1.7%", + "highest_10%": "40.5% (1996)" + }, + "distribution_of_family_income_gini_index": { + "text": "50.9 (1996)" + }, + "budget": { + "revenues": "$4.532 billion", + "expenditures": "$4.769 billion (2012 est.)" + }, + "taxes_and_other_revenues": { + "text": "28.7% of GDP (2012 est.)" + }, + "budget_surplus_+_or_deficit": { + "text": "-1.5% of GDP (2012 est.)" + }, + "public_debt": { + "text": "14.1% of GDP (2012 est.); 12.4% of GDP (2011 est.)" + }, + "fiscal_year": { + "text": "calendar year" + }, + "inflation_rate_consumer_prices": { + "text": "2.2% (2012 est.); 8.4% (2011 est.)" + }, + "central_bank_discount_rate": { + "text": "14% (31 December 2010 est.); 6.92% (31 December 2009 est.)" + }, + "commercial_bank_prime_lending_rate": { + "text": "10.82% (31 December 2012 est.); 10.81% (31 December 2011 est.)" + }, + "stock_of_narrow_money": { + "text": "$5.301 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $4.488 billion (31 December 2011 est.)" + }, + "stock_of_broad_money": { + "text": "$8.624 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $7.134 billion (31 December 2011 est.)" + }, + "stock_of_domestic_credit": { + "text": "$4.342 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $3.093 billion (31 December 2011 est.)" + }, + "market_value_of_publicly_traded_shares": { + "text": "$8.999 billion (31 December 2011); $9.742 billion (31 December 2010); $12.21 billion (31 December 2009)" + }, + "current_account_balance": { + "text": "-$4.381 billion (2012 est.); -$48.5 million (2011 est.)" + }, + "exports": { + "text": "$5.604 billion (2012 est.); $6.791 billion (2011 est.)" + }, + "exports_commodities": { + "text": "oil, gold, copper ore, logs, palm oil, coffee, cocoa, crayfish, prawns" + }, + "exports_partners": { + "text": "Australia 29%, Japan 9.6%, China 4.8% (2012)" + }, + "imports": { + "text": "$4.412 billion (2012 est.); $4.24 billion (2011 est.)" + }, + "imports_commodities": { + "text": "machinery and transport equipment, manufactured goods, food, fuels, chemicals" + }, + "imports_partners": { + "text": "Australia 36.3%, Singapore 13.8%, Malaysia 8.4%, China 7.9%, Japan 5.8%, US 4.8% (2012)" + }, + "reserves_of_foreign_exchange_and_gold": { + "text": "$4.001 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $4.323 billion (31 December 2011 est.)" + }, + "debt_external": { + "text": "$13.25 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $12.44 billion (31 December 2011 est.)" + }, + "stock_of_direct_foreign_investment_at_home": { + "text": "$NA" + }, + "stock_of_direct_foreign_investment_abroad": { + "text": "$NA" + }, + "exchange_rates": { + "text": "kina (PGK) per US dollar -; 2.0837 (2012 est.); 2.371 (2011 est.); 2.7193 (2010 est.); 2.7551 (2009); 2.6956 (2008)" + } + }, + "energy": { + "electricity_production": { + "text": "3.331 billion kWh (2009 est.)" + }, + "electricity_consumption": { + "text": "3.098 billion kWh (2009 est.)" + }, + "electricity_exports": { + "text": "0 kWh (2010 est.)" + }, + "electricity_imports": { + "text": "0 kWh (2010 est.)" + }, + "electricity_installed_generating_capacity": { + "text": "700,000 kW (2009 est.)" + }, + "electricity_from_fossil_fuels": { + "text": "61.1% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)" + }, + "electricity_from_nuclear_fuels": { + "text": "0% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)" + }, + "electricity_from_hydroelectric_plants": { + "text": "30.9% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)" + }, + "electricity_from_other_renewable_sources": { + "text": "8% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)" + }, + "crude_oil_production": { + "text": "30,000 bbl/day (2011 est.)" + }, + "crude_oil_exports": { + "text": "0 bbl/day (2009 est.)" + }, + "crude_oil_imports": { + "text": "15,100 bbl/day (2009 est.)" + }, + "crude_oil_proved_reserves": { + "text": "170 million bbl (1 January 2012 est.)" + }, + "refined_petroleum_products_production": { + "text": "16,080 bbl/day (2008 est.)" + }, + "refined_petroleum_products_consumption": { + "text": "36,320 bbl/day (2011 est.)" + }, + "refined_petroleum_products_exports": { + "text": "3,536 bbl/day (2008 est.)" + }, + "refined_petroleum_products_imports": { + "text": "7,201 bbl/day (2008 est.)" + }, + "natural_gas_production": { + "text": "110 million cu m (2010 est.)" + }, + "natural_gas_consumption": { + "text": "110 million cu m (2010 est.)" + }, + "natural_gas_exports": { + "text": "0 cu m (2010 est.)" + }, + "natural_gas_imports": { + "text": "0 cu m (2010 est.)" + }, + "natural_gas_proved_reserves": { + "text": "155.3 billion cu m (1 January 2012 est.)" + }, + "carbon_dioxide_emissions_from_consumption_of_energy": { + "text": "5.306 million Mt (2010 est.)" + } + }, + "comm": { + "telephones_main_lines_in_use": { + "text": "130,000 (2011)" + }, + "telephones_mobile_cellular": { + "text": "2.4 million (2011)" + }, + "telephone_system": { + "general_assessment": "services are minimal; facilities provide radiotelephone and telegraph, coastal radio, aeronautical radio, and international radio communication services", + "domestic": "access to telephone services is not widely available although combined fixed-line and mobile-cellular teledensity has increased to roughly 40 per 100 persons", + "international": "country code - 675; submarine cables to Australia and Guam; satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Pacific Ocean); international radio communication service (2009)" + }, + "broadcast_media": { + "text": "2 TV stations, 1 commercial station operating since the late 1980s and 1 state-run station launched in 2008; satellite and cable TV services are available; state-run National Broadcasting Corporation operates 3 radio networks with multiple repeaters and about 20 provincial stations; several commercial radio stations with multiple transmission points as well as several community stations; transmissions of several international broadcasters are accessible (2009)" + }, + "internet_country_code": { + "text": ".pg" + }, + "internet_hosts": { + "text": "5,006 (2012)" + }, + "internet_users": { + "text": "125,000 (2009)" + } + }, + "trans": { + "airports": { + "text": "561 (2013)" + }, + "airports_with_paved_runways": { + "total": "21", + "over_3_047_m": "1", + "2_438_to_3_047_m": "2", + "1_524_to_2_437_m": "12", + "914_to_1_523_m": "5", + "under_914_m": "1 (2013)" + }, + "airports_with_unpaved_runways": { + "total": "540", + "1_524_to_2_437_m": "11", + "914_to_1_523_m": "53", + "under_914_m": "476 (2013)" + }, + "heliports": { + "text": "2 (2013)" + }, + "pipelines": { + "text": "oil 264 km (2013)" + }, + "roadways": { + "total": "9,349 km", + "paved": "3,000 km", + "unpaved": "6,349 km (2011)" + }, + "waterways": { + "text": "11,000 km (2011)" + }, + "merchant_marine": { + "total": "31", + "by_type": "bulk carrier 7, cargo 22, petroleum tanker 2", + "foreign_owned": "8 (Germany 1, Malaysia 1, UAE 6) (2010)" + }, + "ports_and_terminals": { + "text": "Kimbe, Lae, Madang, Rabaul, Wewak" + } + }, + "military": { + "military_branches": { + "text": "Papua New Guinea Defense Force (PNGDF; includes Maritime Operations Element, Air Operations Element) (2013)" + }, + "military_service_age_and_obligation": { + "text": "16 years of age for voluntary military service (with parental consent); no conscription; graduation from grade 12 required (2013)" + }, + "manpower_available_for_military_service": { + "males_age_16_49": "1,568,210", + "females_age_16_49": "1,478,965 (2010 est.)" + }, + "manpower_fit_for_military_service": { + "males_age_16_49": "1,130,951", + "females_age_16_49": "1,137,753 (2010 est.)" + }, + "manpower_reaching_militarily_significant_age_annually": { + "male": "67,781", + "female": "65,820 (2010 est.)" + }, + "military_expenditures": { + "text": "0.5% of GDP (2012)" + } + }, + "issues": { + "disputes_international": { + "text": "relies on assistance from Australia to keep out illegal cross-border activities from primarily Indonesia, including goods smuggling, illegal narcotics trafficking, and squatters and secessionists" + }, + "refugees_and_internally_displaced_persons": { + "refugees_country_of_origin": "9,368 (Indonesia) (2012)" + }, + "trafficking_in_persons": { + "current_situation": "Papua New Guinea is a source, destination, and transit country for men, women, and children subjected to sex trafficking and forced labor; women and children are subjected to sex trafficking and domestic servitude; families may sell girls into forced marriages to settle debts, leaving them vulnerable to forced domestic service; local and Chinese men are forced to labor in logging and mining camps; migrant women from Malaysia, Thailand, China, and the Philippines are subjected to sex trafficking and domestic servitude at logging and mining camps, fisheries, and entertainment sites", + "tier_rating": "Tier 3 - Papua New Guinea does not fully comply with the minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking and is not making significant efforts to do so; despite acknowledging trafficking as a problem, the government has not enacted legislation to criminalize all forms of trafficking, investigated any suspected trafficking offenses, prosecuted or convicted any trafficking offenders under existing laws, addressed allegations of officials being complicit in human trafficking crimes, or identified or assisted any trafficking victims; Papua New Guinea is not a party to the 2000 UN TIP Protocol" + }, + "illicit_drugs": { + "text": "major consumer of cannabis" + } + } +} \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/pacific/sb-solomon-islands.json b/pacific/sb-solomon-islands.json new file mode 100644 index 00000000..4bf9b8c8 --- /dev/null +++ b/pacific/sb-solomon-islands.json @@ -0,0 +1,543 @@ +{ + "intro": { + "background": { + "text": "The UK established a protectorate over the Solomon Islands in the 1890s. Some of the most bitter fighting of World War II occurred on this archipelago. Self-government was achieved in 1976 and independence two years later. Ethnic violence, government malfeasance, and endemic crime have undermined stability and civil society. In June 2003, then Prime Minister Sir Allan KEMAKEZA sought the assistance of Australia in reestablishing law and order; the following month, an Australian-led multinational force arrived to restore peace and disarm ethnic militias. The Regional Assistance Mission to the Solomon Islands (RAMSI) has generally been effective in restoring law and order and rebuilding government institutions." + } + }, + "geo": { + "location": { + "text": "Oceania, group of islands in the South Pacific Ocean, east of Papua New Guinea" + }, + "geographic_coordinates": { + "text": "8 00 S, 159 00 E" + }, + "map_references": { + "text": "Oceania" + }, + "area": { + "total": "28,896 sq km", + "land": "27,986 sq km", + "water": "910 sq km" + }, + "area_comparative": { + "text": "slightly smaller than Maryland" + }, + "land_boundaries": { + "text": "0 km" + }, + "coastline": { + "text": "5,313 km" + }, + "maritime_claims": { + "text": "measured from claimed archipelagic baselines", + "territorial_sea": "12 nm", + "exclusive_economic_zone": "200 nm", + "continental_shelf": "200 nm" + }, + "climate": { + "text": "tropical monsoon; few extremes of temperature and weather" + }, + "terrain": { + "text": "mostly rugged mountains with some low coral atolls" + }, + "elevation_extremes": { + "lowest_point": "Pacific Ocean 0 m", + "highest_point": "Mount Popomanaseu 2,310 m" + }, + "natural_resources": { + "text": "fish, forests, gold, bauxite, phosphates, lead, zinc, nickel" + }, + "land_use": { + "arable_land": "0.62%", + "permanent_crops": "2.25%", + "other": "97.13% (2011)" + }, + "irrigated_land": { + "text": "NA" + }, + "total_renewable_water_resources": { + "text": "44.7 cu km (2011)" + }, + "natural_hazards": { + "text": "typhoons, but rarely destructive; geologically active region with frequent earthquakes, tremors, and volcanic activity; tsunamis", + "volcanism": "Tinakula (elev. 851 m) has frequent eruption activity, while an eruption of Savo (elev. 485 m) could affect the capital Honiara on nearby Guadalcanal" + }, + "environment_current_issues": { + "text": "deforestation; soil erosion; many of the surrounding coral reefs are dead or dying" + }, + "environment_international_agreements": { + "party_to": "Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Environmental Modification, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Whaling", + "signed_but_not_ratified": "none of the selected agreements" + }, + "geography_note": { + "text": "strategic location on sea routes between the South Pacific Ocean, the Solomon Sea, and the Coral Sea; on 2 April 2007 an undersea earthquake measuring 8.1 on the Richter scale occurred 345 km WNW of the capital Honiara; the resulting tsunami devastated coastal areas of Western and Choiseul provinces with dozens of deaths and thousands dislocated; the provincial capital of Gizo was especially hard hit" + } + }, + "people": { + "nationality": { + "noun": "Solomon Islander(s)", + "adjective": "Solomon Islander" + }, + "ethnic_groups": { + "text": "Melanesian 94.5%, Polynesian 3%, Micronesian 1.2%, other 1.1%, unspecified 0.2% (1999 census)" + }, + "languages": { + "text": "Melanesian pidgin (in much of the country is lingua franca), English (official but spoken by only 1%-2% of the population), 120 indigenous languages" + }, + "religions": { + "text": "Protestant 73.7% (Church of Melanesia 32.8%, South Seas Evangelical 17%, Seventh-Day Adventist 11.2%, United Church 10.3%, Christian Fellowship Church 2.4%), Roman Catholic 19%, other Christian 4.4%, other 2.4%, unspecified 0.3%, none 0.2% (1999 census)" + }, + "population": { + "text": "597,248 (July 2013 est.)" + }, + "age_structure": { + "0_14_years": "36.8% (male 113,030/female 106,527)", + "15_24_years": "20% (male 61,244/female 58,027)", + "25_54_years": "35% (male 106,525/female 102,452)", + "55_64_years": "4.3% (male 12,586/female 12,930)", + "65_years_and_over": "4% (male 11,598/female 12,329) (2013 est.)" + }, + "dependency_ratios": { + "total_dependency_ratio": "77.1 %", + "youth_dependency_ratio": "71.2 %", + "elderly_dependency_ratio": "6 %", + "potential_support_ratio": "16.8 (2013)" + }, + "median_age": { + "total": "21.3 years", + "male": "21.1 years", + "female": "21.6 years (2013 est.)" + }, + "population_growth_rate": { + "text": "2.12% (2013 est.)" + }, + "birth_rate": { + "text": "26.9 births/1,000 population (2013 est.)" + }, + "death_rate": { + "text": "3.88 deaths/1,000 population (2013 est.)" + }, + "net_migration_rate": { + "text": "-1.82 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2013 est.)" + }, + "urbanization": { + "urban_population": "19% of total population (2010)", + "rate_of_urbanization": "4.2% annual rate of change (2010-15 est.)" + }, + "major_urban_areas_population": { + "text": "HONIARA (capital) 72,000 (2009)" + }, + "sex_ratio": { + "at_birth": "1.05 male(s)/female", + "0_14_years": "1.06 male(s)/female", + "15_24_years": "1.05 male(s)/female", + "25_54_years": "1.04 male(s)/female", + "55_64_years": "0.96 male(s)/female", + "65_years_and_over": "0.95 male(s)/female", + "total_population": "1.04 male(s)/female (2013 est.)" + }, + "maternal_mortality_rate": { + "text": "93 deaths/100,000 live births (2010)" + }, + "infant_mortality_rate": { + "total": "16.7 deaths/1,000 live births", + "male": "19.03 deaths/1,000 live births", + "female": "14.26 deaths/1,000 live births (2013 est.)" + }, + "life_expectancy_at_birth": { + "total_population": "74.66 years", + "male": "72.05 years", + "female": "77.39 years (2013 est.)" + }, + "total_fertility_rate": { + "text": "3.44 children born/woman (2013 est.)" + }, + "contraceptive_prevalence_rate": { + "text": "34.6% (2006/07)" + }, + "health_expenditures": { + "text": "8.6% of GDP (2010)" + }, + "physicians_density": { + "text": "0.19 physicians/1,000 population (2005)" + }, + "hospital_bed_density": { + "text": "1.4 beds/1,000 population (2005)" + }, + "drinking_water_source": { + "improved": "urban: 94% of population; rural: 65% of population; total: 70% of population", + "unimproved": "urban: 6% of population; rural: 35% of population; total: 30% of population (2000 est.)" + }, + "sanitation_facility_access": { + "improved": "urban: 98% of population; rural: 18% of population; total: 31% of population", + "unimproved": "urban: 2% of population; rural: 82% of population; total: 69% of population (2000 est.)" + }, + "hiv_aids_adult_prevalence_rate": { + "text": "NA" + }, + "hiv_aids_people_living_with_hiv_aids": { + "text": "NA" + }, + "hiv_aids_deaths": { + "text": "NA" + }, + "obesity_adult_prevalence_rate": { + "text": "30% (2008)" + }, + "children_under_the_age_of_5_years_underweight": { + "text": "11.5% (2007)" + }, + "education_expenditures": { + "text": "7.3% of GDP (2010)" + }, + "literacy": { + "definition": "age 15 and over can read and write", + "total_population": "84.1%", + "male": "88.9%", + "female": "79.2%" + }, + "school_life_expectancy_primary_to_tertiary_education": { + "total": "9 years", + "male": "10 years", + "female": "9 years (2007)" + } + }, + "govt": { + "country_name": { + "conventional_long_form": "none", + "conventional_short_form": "Solomon Islands", + "local_long_form": "none", + "local_short_form": "Solomon Islands", + "former": "British Solomon Islands" + }, + "government_type": { + "text": "parliamentary democracy and a Commonwealth realm" + }, + "capital": { + "name": "Honiara", + "geographic_coordinates": "9 26 S, 159 57 E", + "time_difference": "UTC+11 (16 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time)" + }, + "administrative_divisions": { + "text": "9 provinces and 1 capital territory*; Central, Choiseul, Guadalcanal, Honiara*, Isabel, Makira, Malaita, Rennell and Bellona, Temotu, Western" + }, + "independence": { + "text": "7 July 1978 (from the UK)" + }, + "national_holiday": { + "text": "Independence Day, 7 July (1978)" + }, + "constitution": { + "text": "7 July 1978" + }, + "legal_system": { + "text": "mixed legal system of English common law and customary law" + }, + "international_law_organization_participation": { + "text": "has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; non-party state to the ICCt" + }, + "suffrage": { + "text": "21 years of age; universal" + }, + "executive_branch": { + "chief_of_state": "Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952); represented by Governor General Frank KABUI (since 7 July 2009)", + "head_of_government": "Prime Minister Gordon Darcy LILO (since 16 November 2011)", + "cabinet": "Cabinet consists of 20 members appointed by the governor general on the advice of the prime minister from among the members of parliament", + "elections": "the monarchy is hereditary; governor general appointed by the monarch on the advice of parliament for up to five years (eligible for a second term); following legislative elections, the leader of the majority party or the leader of a majority coalition usually elected prime minister by parliament; deputy prime minister appointed by the governor general on the advice of the prime minister from among the members of parliament; Gordon Darcy LILO elected on 16 November 2011" + }, + "legislative_branch": { + "text": "unicameral National Parliament (50 seats; members elected from single-member constituencies by popular vote to serve four-year terms)", + "elections": "last held on 4 August 2010 (next to be held in 2014)", + "election_results": "percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - SIDP 14, OUR 4, SIPRA 3, RDP 3, IDP 2, DDP 2, PCP 1, PFP 1, RUPP 1, SILP 1, SINP 1, independents 17" + }, + "judicial_branch": { + "highest_courts": "Court of Appeal (consists of the court president, and ex officio members to include the High Court chief justice and its puisne judges); High Court (consists of the chief justice and puisne judges as prescribed by the National Parliament)", + "judge_selection_and_term_of_office": "Court of Appeal and High Court president, chief justices, and puisne judges appointed by the governor-general upon recommendation of the Judicial and Legal Service Commission, chaired by the chief justice to include 5 members, mostly judicial officials and legal professionals; all judges appointed until retirement at age 60", + "subordinate_courts": "Magistrates' Courts; local courts; Customary Land Appeal Court" + }, + "political_parties_and_leaders": { + "text": "Direct Development Party or DDP [Dick HA'AMORI]; Independent Democratic Party or IDP [Snyder RINI]; People's Alliance Party or PAP [James MEKAB]; People's Congress Party or PCP [Fred FONO]; People's Federation Party or PFP [Rudolf DORA]; Ownership, Unity, and Responsibility Party or OUR [Manasseh SOGAVARE]; Reform Democratic Party or RDP [Danny PHILIP]; Rural and Urban Political Party or RUPP [Samuel MANETOALI]; Solomon Islands Democratic Party or SIDP [Steve ABANA]; Solomon Islands Liberal Party or SILP [Derek SIKUA]; Solomon Islands National Party or SINP [Francis HILLY]; Solomon Islands Party for Rural Advancement or SIPRA [Job D. TAUSINGA]; United Party [Sir Peter KENILOREA]", + "note": "in general, Solomon Islands politics is characterized by fluid coalitions" + }, + "political_pressure_groups_and_leaders": { + "text": "Isatabu Freedom Movement (IFM); Malaita Eagle Force (MEF); ", + "note": "these rival armed ethnic factions crippled the Solomon Islands in a wave of violence from 1999 to 2003" + }, + "international_organization_participation": { + "text": "ACP, ADB, AOSIS, C, EITI (candidate country), ESCAP, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, IOC, ITU, MIGA, OPCW, PIF, Sparteca, SPC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WMO, WTO" + }, + "diplomatic_representation_in_the_us": { + "chief_of_mission": "Ambassador Collin David BECK", + "chancery": "800 Second Avenue, Suite 400L, New York, NY 10017", + "telephone": "[1] (212) 599-6192, 6193", + "fax": "[1] (212) 661-8925" + }, + "diplomatic_representation_from_the_us": { + "text": "the US does not have an embassy in the Solomon Islands; the US ambassador to Papua New Guinea is accredited to the Solomon Islands" + }, + "flag_description": { + "text": "divided diagonally by a thin yellow stripe from the lower hoist-side corner; the upper triangle (hoist side) is blue with five white five-pointed stars arranged in an X pattern; the lower triangle is green; blue represents the ocean; green the land; and yellow sunshine; the five stars stand for the five main island groups of the Solomon Islands" + }, + "national_anthem": { + "name": "\"God Save Our Solomon Islands\"", + "lyrics_music": "Panapasa BALEKANA and Matila BALEKANA/Panapasa BALEKANA", + "note": "adopted 1978" + } + }, + "econ": { + "economy_overview": { + "text": "The bulk of the population depends on agriculture, fishing, and forestry for at least part of its livelihood. Most manufactured goods and petroleum products must be imported. The islands are rich in undeveloped mineral resources such as lead, zinc, nickel, and gold. Prior to the arrival of The Regional Assistance Mission to the Solomon Islands (RAMSI), severe ethnic violence, the closing of key businesses, and an empty government treasury culminated in economic collapse. RAMSI's efforts to restore law and order and economic stability have led to modest growth as the economy rebuilds." + }, + "gdp_purchasing_power_parity": { + "text": "$1.922 billion (2012 est.); $1.822 billion (2011 est.); $1.646 billion (2010 est.)", + "note": "data are in 2012 US dollars" + }, + "gdp_official_exchange_rate": { + "text": "$1.01 billion (2012 est.)" + }, + "gdp_real_growth_rate": { + "text": "5.5% (2012 est.); 10.7% (2011 est.); 7.8% (2010 est.)" + }, + "gdp_per_capita_ppp": { + "text": "$3,400 (2012 est.); $3,300 (2011 est.); $3,100 (2010 est.)", + "note": "data are in 2012 US dollars" + }, + "gdp_composition_by_sector_of_origin": { + "agriculture": "54.1%", + "industry": "7.2%", + "services": "38.6% (2012 est.)" + }, + "agriculture_products": { + "text": "cocoa, coconuts, palm kernels, rice, potatoes, vegetables, fruit; cattle, pigs; fish; timber" + }, + "industries": { + "text": "fish (tuna), mining, timber" + }, + "industrial_production_growth_rate": { + "text": "NA%" + }, + "labor_force": { + "text": "202,500 (2007)" + }, + "labor_force_by_occupation": { + "agriculture": "75%", + "industry": "5%", + "services": "20% (2000 est.)" + }, + "unemployment_rate": { + "text": "NA%" + }, + "population_below_poverty_line": { + "text": "NA%" + }, + "household_income_or_consumption_by_percentage_share": { + "lowest_10%": "NA%", + "highest_10%": "NA%" + }, + "budget": { + "revenues": "$380.7 million", + "expenditures": "$326.3 million (2012 est.)" + }, + "taxes_and_other_revenues": { + "text": "37.7% of GDP (2012 est.)" + }, + "budget_surplus_+_or_deficit": { + "text": "5.4% of GDP (2012 est.)" + }, + "fiscal_year": { + "text": "calendar year" + }, + "inflation_rate_consumer_prices": { + "text": "5.9% (2012 est.); 7.4% (2011 est.)" + }, + "commercial_bank_prime_lending_rate": { + "text": "11.3% (31 December 2012 est.); 13.17% (31 December 2011 est.)" + }, + "stock_of_narrow_money": { + "text": "$328.5 million (31 December 2012 est.); $254.5 million (31 December 2011 est.)" + }, + "stock_of_broad_money": { + "text": "$386.4 million (31 December 2012 est.); $353.8 million (31 December 2011 est.)" + }, + "stock_of_domestic_credit": { + "text": "$41.13 million (31 December 2012 est.); $50.01 million (31 December 2011 est.)" + }, + "current_account_balance": { + "text": "-$372.6 million (2010 est.); -$207.9 million (2009 est.)" + }, + "exports": { + "text": "; $226.5 million (2010 est.)" + }, + "exports_commodities": { + "text": "timber, fish, copra, palm oil, cocoa" + }, + "exports_partners": { + "text": "China 47.9%, Australia 16.6% (2012)" + }, + "imports": { + "text": "$360.3 million (2010 est.)" + }, + "imports_commodities": { + "text": "food, plant and equipment, manufactured goods, fuels, chemicals" + }, + "imports_partners": { + "text": "Singapore 26.6%, Australia 25.1%, China 7%, NZ 4.8%, Malaysia 4.7% (2012)" + }, + "debt_external": { + "text": "$255.5 million (31 December 2011 est.); $166 million (2004)" + }, + "exchange_rates": { + "text": "Solomon Islands dollars (SBD) per US dollar -; 7.3552 (2012 est.); 7.6413 (2011 est.); 8.0645 (2010 est.)" + } + }, + "energy": { + "electricity_production": { + "text": "82 million kWh (2009 est.)" + }, + "electricity_consumption": { + "text": "76.26 million kWh (2009 est.)" + }, + "electricity_exports": { + "text": "0 kWh (2010 est.)" + }, + "electricity_imports": { + "text": "0 kWh (2010 est.)" + }, + "electricity_installed_generating_capacity": { + "text": "14,000 kW (2009 est.)" + }, + "electricity_from_fossil_fuels": { + "text": "100% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)" + }, + "electricity_from_nuclear_fuels": { + "text": "0% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)" + }, + "electricity_from_hydroelectric_plants": { + "text": "0% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)" + }, + "electricity_from_other_renewable_sources": { + "text": "0% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)" + }, + "crude_oil_production": { + "text": "0 bbl/day (2011 est.)" + }, + "crude_oil_exports": { + "text": "0 bbl/day (2009 est.)" + }, + "crude_oil_imports": { + "text": "0 bbl/day (2009 est.)" + }, + "crude_oil_proved_reserves": { + "text": "0 bbl (1 January 2012 est.)" + }, + "refined_petroleum_products_production": { + "text": "0 bbl/day (2008 est.)" + }, + "refined_petroleum_products_consumption": { + "text": "1,728 bbl/day (2011 est.)" + }, + "refined_petroleum_products_exports": { + "text": "0 bbl/day (2008 est.)" + }, + "refined_petroleum_products_imports": { + "text": "1,433 bbl/day (2008 est.)" + }, + "natural_gas_production": { + "text": "0 cu m (2010 est.)" + }, + "natural_gas_consumption": { + "text": "0 cu m (2010 est.)" + }, + "natural_gas_exports": { + "text": "0 cu m (2010 est.)" + }, + "natural_gas_imports": { + "text": "0 cu m (2010 est.)" + }, + "natural_gas_proved_reserves": { + "text": "0 cu m (1 January 2012 est.)" + }, + "carbon_dioxide_emissions_from_consumption_of_energy": { + "text": "359,000 Mt (2010 est.)" + } + }, + "comm": { + "telephones_main_lines_in_use": { + "text": "8,400 (2011)" + }, + "telephones_mobile_cellular": { + "text": "274,900 (2011)" + }, + "telephone_system": { + "domestic": "mobile-cellular telephone density is about 50 per 100 persons", + "international": "country code - 677; satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Pacific Ocean) (2011)" + }, + "broadcast_media": { + "text": "Solomon Islands Broadcasting Corporation (SIBC) is the sole TV broadcaster with 1 station; multi-channel pay-TV is available; SIBC operates 2 national radio stations and 2 provincial stations; 2 local commercial radio stations; Radio Australia is available via satellite feed (2009)" + }, + "internet_country_code": { + "text": ".sb" + }, + "internet_hosts": { + "text": "4,370 (2012)" + }, + "internet_users": { + "text": "10,000 (2009)" + } + }, + "trans": { + "airports": { + "text": "36 (2013)" + }, + "airports_with_paved_runways": { + "total": "1", + "1_524_to_2_437_m": "1 (2013)" + }, + "airports_with_unpaved_runways": { + "total": "35", + "1_524_to_2_437_m": "1", + "914_to_1_523_m": "10", + "under_914_m": "24 (2013)" + }, + "heliports": { + "text": "3 (2013)" + }, + "roadways": { + "total": "1,360 km", + "paved": "33 km", + "unpaved": "1,327 km", + "note": "includes 800 km of private plantation roads (2002)" + }, + "ports_and_terminals": { + "text": "Honiara, Malloco Bay, Viru Harbor, Tulaghi" + } + }, + "military": { + "military_branches": { + "text": "no regular military forces; Royal Solomon Islands Police Force (2013)" + }, + "manpower_available_for_military_service": { + "males_age_16_49": "142,913 (2010 est.)" + }, + "manpower_fit_for_military_service": { + "males_age_16_49": "118,921", + "females_age_16_49": "118,164 (2010 est.)" + }, + "manpower_reaching_militarily_significant_age_annually": { + "male": "6,483", + "female": "6,098 (2010 est.)" + }, + "military_expenditures": { + "text": "3.7% of GDP (2007)" + } + }, + "issues": { + "disputes_international": { + "text": "since 2003, the Regional Assistance Mission to Solomon Islands, consisting of police, military, and civilian advisors drawn from 15 countries, has assisted in reestablishing and maintaining civil and political order while reinforcing regional stability and security" + }, + "trafficking_in_persons": { + "current_situation": "The Solomon Islands is a source and destination country for local and Southeast Asian men and women subjected to forced labor and forced prostitution; women from China, Indonesia, Malaysia, and the Philippines are recruited for legitimate work and upon arrival are forced into prostitution; men from Indonesia and Malaysia recruited to work in the Solomon Islands' mining and logging industries may be subjected to forced labor; local children are forced into prostitution near foreign logging camps, on fishing vessels, and at hotel and other entertainment venues; some local children are also sold by their parents for marriage to foreign workers or put up for \"informal adoption\" and then find themselves forced into domestic servitude or forced prostitution", + "tier_rating": "Tier 2 Watch List - The Solomon Islands does not fully comply with the minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking; however, it is making significant efforts to do so; the government has formed an ad hoc Solomon Islands Trafficking-in-Persons Advisory Committee and established an informal victim assistance referral procedure for law enforcement; the government did not pass the necessary implementing regulations for anti-trafficking legislation enacted in 2012, preventing authorities from using the new law to prosecute alleged traffickers; the government continues to rely on civil society or religious organizations to provide limited services to victims; the Solomon Islands is not a party to the 2000 UN TIP Protocol (2013)" + } + } +} \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/pacific/to-tonga.json b/pacific/to-tonga.json new file mode 100644 index 00000000..9b212287 --- /dev/null +++ b/pacific/to-tonga.json @@ -0,0 +1,556 @@ +{ + "intro": { + "background": { + "text": "Tonga - unique among Pacific nations - never completely lost its indigenous governance. The archipelagos of \"The Friendly Islands\" were united into a Polynesian kingdom in 1845. Tonga became a constitutional monarchy in 1875 and a British protectorate in 1900; it withdrew from the protectorate and joined the Commonwealth of Nations in 1970. Tonga remains the only monarchy in the Pacific." + } + }, + "geo": { + "location": { + "text": "Oceania, archipelago in the South Pacific Ocean, about two-thirds of the way from Hawaii to New Zealand" + }, + "geographic_coordinates": { + "text": "20 00 S, 175 00 W" + }, + "map_references": { + "text": "Oceania" + }, + "area": { + "total": "747 sq km", + "land": "717 sq km", + "water": "30 sq km" + }, + "area_comparative": { + "text": "four times the size of Washington, DC" + }, + "land_boundaries": { + "text": "0 km" + }, + "coastline": { + "text": "419 km" + }, + "maritime_claims": { + "territorial_sea": "12 nm", + "exclusive_economic_zone": "200 nm", + "continental_shelf": "200 m depth or to the depth of exploitation" + }, + "climate": { + "text": "tropical; modified by trade winds; warm season (December to May), cool season (May to December)" + }, + "terrain": { + "text": "most islands have limestone base formed from uplifted coral formation; others have limestone overlying volcanic base" + }, + "elevation_extremes": { + "lowest_point": "Pacific Ocean 0 m", + "highest_point": "unnamed elevation on Kao Island 1,033 m" + }, + "natural_resources": { + "text": "fish, fertile soil" + }, + "land_use": { + "arable_land": "21.33%", + "permanent_crops": "14.67%", + "other": "64% (2011)" + }, + "irrigated_land": { + "text": "NA" + }, + "natural_hazards": { + "text": "cyclones (October to April); earthquakes and volcanic activity on Fonuafo'ou", + "volcanism": "moderate volcanic activity; Fonualei (elev. 180 m) has shown frequent activity in recent years, while Niuafo'ou (elev. 260 m), which last erupted in 1985, has forced evacuations; other historically active volcanoes include Late and Tofua" + }, + "environment_current_issues": { + "text": "deforestation results as more and more land is being cleared for agriculture and settlement; some damage to coral reefs from starfish and indiscriminate coral and shell collectors; overhunting threatens native sea turtle populations" + }, + "environment_international_agreements": { + "party_to": "Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution", + "signed_but_not_ratified": "none of the selected agreements" + }, + "geography_note": { + "text": "archipelago of 169 islands (36 inhabited)" + } + }, + "people": { + "nationality": { + "noun": "Tongan(s)", + "adjective": "Tongan" + }, + "ethnic_groups": { + "text": "Polynesian, Europeans" + }, + "languages": { + "text": "Tongan (official), English (official)" + }, + "religions": { + "text": "Christian (Free Wesleyan Church claims over 30,000 adherents)" + }, + "population": { + "text": "106,322 (July 2013 est.)" + }, + "age_structure": { + "0_14_years": "36.2% (male 19,545/female 18,927)", + "15_24_years": "19.2% (male 10,432/female 9,935)", + "25_54_years": "33% (male 17,549/female 17,562)", + "55_64_years": "5.4% (male 2,779/female 2,994)", + "65_years_and_over": "6.2% (male 3,034/female 3,565) (2013 est.)" + }, + "dependency_ratios": { + "total_dependency_ratio": "75.7 %", + "youth_dependency_ratio": "65.4 %", + "elderly_dependency_ratio": "10.3 %", + "potential_support_ratio": "9.7 (2013)" + }, + "median_age": { + "total": "21.8 years", + "male": "21.3 years", + "female": "22.2 years (2013 est.)" + }, + "population_growth_rate": { + "text": "0.14% (2013 est.)" + }, + "birth_rate": { + "text": "24.12 births/1,000 population (2013 est.)" + }, + "death_rate": { + "text": "4.87 deaths/1,000 population (2013 est.)" + }, + "net_migration_rate": { + "text": "-17.87 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2013 est.)" + }, + "urbanization": { + "urban_population": "23% of total population (2010)", + "rate_of_urbanization": "0.8% annual rate of change (2010-15 est.)" + }, + "sex_ratio": { + "at_birth": "1.03 male(s)/female", + "0_14_years": "1.03 male(s)/female", + "15_24_years": "1.05 male(s)/female", + "25_54_years": "1 male(s)/female", + "55_64_years": "0.91 male(s)/female", + "65_years_and_over": "0.86 male(s)/female", + "total_population": "1.01 male(s)/female (2013 est.)" + }, + "maternal_mortality_rate": { + "text": "110 deaths/100,000 live births (2010)" + }, + "infant_mortality_rate": { + "total": "12.78 deaths/1,000 live births", + "male": "13.2 deaths/1,000 live births", + "female": "12.34 deaths/1,000 live births (2013 est.)" + }, + "life_expectancy_at_birth": { + "total_population": "75.6 years", + "male": "74.16 years", + "female": "77.09 years (2013 est.)" + }, + "total_fertility_rate": { + "text": "3.46 children born/woman (2013 est.)" + }, + "health_expenditures": { + "text": "5.1% of GDP (2010)" + }, + "physicians_density": { + "text": "0.29 physicians/1,000 population (2002)" + }, + "hospital_bed_density": { + "text": "2.6 beds/1,000 population (2010)" + }, + "drinking_water_source": { + "improved": "urban: 100% of population; rural: 100% of population; total: 100% of population (2010 est.)" + }, + "sanitation_facility_access": { + "improved": "urban: 98% of population; rural: 96% of population; total: 96% of population", + "unimproved": "urban: 2% of population; rural: 4% of population; total: 4% of population (2010 est.)" + }, + "hiv_aids_adult_prevalence_rate": { + "text": "NA" + }, + "hiv_aids_people_living_with_hiv_aids": { + "text": "NA" + }, + "hiv_aids_deaths": { + "text": "NA" + }, + "obesity_adult_prevalence_rate": { + "text": "57.6% (2008)" + }, + "education_expenditures": { + "text": "3.9% of GDP (2004)" + }, + "literacy": { + "definition": "can read and write Tongan and/or English", + "total_population": "99%", + "male": "99%", + "female": "99.1% (2006 est.)" + }, + "school_life_expectancy_primary_to_tertiary_education": { + "total": "14 years", + "male": "14 years", + "female": "14 years (2007)" + }, + "unemployment_youth_ages_15_24": { + "total": "11.9%", + "male": "9.9%", + "female": "15.1% (2003)" + } + }, + "govt": { + "country_name": { + "conventional_long_form": "Kingdom of Tonga", + "conventional_short_form": "Tonga", + "local_long_form": "Pule'anga Tonga", + "local_short_form": "Tonga", + "former": "Friendly Islands" + }, + "government_type": { + "text": "constitutional monarchy" + }, + "capital": { + "name": "Nuku'alofa", + "geographic_coordinates": "21 08 S, 175 12 W", + "time_difference": "UTC+13 (18 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time)" + }, + "administrative_divisions": { + "text": "3 island groups; Ha'apai, Tongatapu, Vava'u" + }, + "independence": { + "text": "4 June 1970 (from UK protectorate)" + }, + "national_holiday": { + "text": "National Day, 4 November (1875)" + }, + "constitution": { + "text": "4 November 1875; revised 1967" + }, + "legal_system": { + "text": "English common law" + }, + "international_law_organization_participation": { + "text": "has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; non-party state to the ICCt" + }, + "suffrage": { + "text": "21 years of age; universal" + }, + "executive_branch": { + "chief_of_state": "King TUPOU VI (since 18 March 2012); note - King George TUPOU V died on 18 March 2012 in Hong Kong; he was succeeded by his brother Crown Prince TUPOUTO'A Lavaka, who took the throne name TUPOU VI", + "head_of_government": "Prime Minister Lord Siale'ataonga TU'IVAKANO (since 22 December 2010)", + "cabinet": "Cabinet is nominated by the prime minister and appointed by the monarch", + "note": "there is also a Privy Council that advises the monarch", + "elections": "the monarchy is hereditary; prime minister and deputy prime minister elected by and from the members of parliament and appointed by the monarch", + "election_results": "Lord Siale'ataonga TU'IVAKANO elected by parliament on 21 December 2010 with 14 of 26 votes" + }, + "legislative_branch": { + "text": "unicameral Legislative Assembly or Fale Alea (26 seats - 9 for nobles elected from among the country's 29 nobles, 17 members elected by popular vote to serve four-year terms)", + "elections": "last held on 25 November 2010 (next to be held in 2014)", + "election_results": "Peoples Representatives: percent of vote - independents 67.3%, Democratic Party 28.5%, other 4.2%; seats - Democratic Party 12, independents 5" + }, + "judicial_branch": { + "highest_courts": "Court of Appeal (consists of the court president and a number of judges determined by the monarch); note - appeals beyond the Court of Appeal are brought before the King in Privy Council, the monarch's advisory organ that has both judicial and legislative powers", + "judge_selection_and_term_of_office": "judge appointments and tenures made by the King in Privy Council, judge appointments subject to consent of the Legislative Assembly", + "subordinate_courts": "Supreme Court; Magistrate's Courts; Land Courts" + }, + "political_parties_and_leaders": { + "text": "Democratic Party of the Friendly Islands [Samuela 'Akilisi POHIVA]; People's Democratic Party or PDP [Tesina FUKO]; Sustainable Nation-Building Party [Sione FONUA]; Tonga Democratic Labor Party [NA]; Tonga Human Rights and Democracy Movement or THRDM [NA]" + }, + "political_pressure_groups_and_leaders": { + "text": "Human Rights and Democracy Movement Tonga or HRDMT [Rev. Simote VEA, chairman]; Public Servant's Association [Finau TUTONE]" + }, + "international_organization_participation": { + "text": "ACP, ADB, AOSIS, C, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), OPCW, PIF, Sparteca, SPC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO" + }, + "diplomatic_representation_in_the_us": { + "chief_of_mission": "Ambassador Sonatane Tu'akinamolahi TAUMOEPEAU-TUPOU", + "chancery": "800 Second Avenue, Suite 400B, New York, NY 10017", + "telephone": "[1] (800) 345-6541", + "consulates_general": "San Francisco" + }, + "diplomatic_representation_from_the_us": { + "text": "the US does not have an embassy in Tonga; the US ambassador to Fiji is accredited to Tonga" + }, + "flag_description": { + "text": "red with a bold red cross on a white rectangle in the upper hoist-side corner; the cross reflects the deep-rooted Christianity in Tonga; red represents the blood of Christ and his sacrifice; white signifies purity" + }, + "national_symbols": { + "text": "red cross on white field; arms equal length" + }, + "national_anthem": { + "name": "\"Ko e fasi `o e tu\"i `o e `Otu Tonga\" (Song of the King of the Tonga Islands)", + "lyrics_music": "Uelingatoni Ngu TUPOUMALOHI/Karl Gustavus SCHMITT", + "note": "in use since 1875; the anthem is more commonly known as \"Fasi Fakafonua\" (National Song)" + } + }, + "econ": { + "economy_overview": { + "text": "Tonga has a small, open, South Pacific island economy. It has a narrow export base in agricultural goods. Squash, vanilla beans, and yams are the main crops. Agricultural exports, including fish, make up two-thirds of total exports. The country must import a high proportion of its food, mainly from New Zealand. The country remains dependent on external aid and remittances from Tongan communities overseas to offset its trade deficit. Tourism is the second-largest source of hard currency earnings following remittances. Tonga had 39,000 visitors in 2006. The government is emphasizing the development of the private sector, especially the encouragement of investment, and is committing increased funds for health and education. Tonga has a reasonably sound basic infrastructure and well developed social services. High unemployment among the young, moderate inflation, pressures for democratic reform, and rising civil service expenditures are major issues facing the government." + }, + "gdp_purchasing_power_parity": { + "text": "$801 million (2012 est.); $789.4 million (2011 est.); $778.8 million (2010 est.)", + "note": "data are in 2012 US dollars" + }, + "gdp_official_exchange_rate": { + "text": "$476 million (2012 est.)" + }, + "gdp_real_growth_rate": { + "text": "1.4% (2012 est.); 1.5% (2011 est.); 1.6% (2010 est.)" + }, + "gdp_per_capita_ppp": { + "text": "$7,700 (2012 est.); $7,600 (2011 est.); $7,500 (2010 est.)", + "note": "data are in 2012 US dollars" + }, + "gdp_composition_by_end_use": { + "household_consumption": "97.7%", + "government_consumption": "17%", + "investment_in_fixed_capital": "29.2%", + "investment_in_inventories": "0%", + "exports_of_goods_and_services": "17.5%", + "imports_of_goods_and_services": "-61.4% (2012 est.)" + }, + "gdp_composition_by_sector_of_origin": { + "agriculture": "20.9%", + "industry": "16.6%", + "services": "62.5% (2012 est.)" + }, + "agriculture_products": { + "text": "squash, coconuts, copra, bananas, vanilla beans, cocoa, coffee, ginger, black pepper; fish" + }, + "industries": { + "text": "tourism, construction, fishing" + }, + "industrial_production_growth_rate": { + "text": "0.5% (2012 est.)" + }, + "labor_force": { + "text": "39,960 (2007)" + }, + "labor_force_by_occupation": { + "agriculture": "31.8%", + "industry": "30.6%", + "services": "2,003% (2003 est.)" + }, + "unemployment_rate": { + "text": "13% (FY03/04 est.)" + }, + "population_below_poverty_line": { + "text": "24% (FY03/04)" + }, + "household_income_or_consumption_by_percentage_share": { + "lowest_10%": "NA%", + "highest_10%": "NA%" + }, + "budget": { + "revenues": "$116.3 million", + "expenditures": "$116.3 million (2012 est.)" + }, + "taxes_and_other_revenues": { + "text": "24.4% of GDP (2012 est.)" + }, + "budget_surplus_+_or_deficit": { + "text": "0% of GDP (2012 est.)" + }, + "fiscal_year": { + "text": "1 July - 30 June" + }, + "inflation_rate_consumer_prices": { + "text": "1.2% (2012 est.); 6.3% (2011 est.)" + }, + "commercial_bank_prime_lending_rate": { + "text": "10.36% (31 December 2012 est.); 11.21% (31 December 2011 est.)" + }, + "stock_of_narrow_money": { + "text": "$81.03 million (31 December 2012 est.); $66.56 million (31 December 2011 est.)" + }, + "stock_of_broad_money": { + "text": "$169.2 million (31 December 2012 est.); $177.3 million (31 December 2011 est.)" + }, + "stock_of_domestic_credit": { + "text": "$125.5 million (31 December 2012 est.); $132.1 million (31 December 2011 est.)" + }, + "market_value_of_publicly_traded_shares": { + "text": "$NA" + }, + "current_account_balance": { + "text": "-$48.1 million (2012 est.); -$29.8 million (2011 est.)" + }, + "exports": { + "text": "$8.4 million (2012 est.); $8 million (2011 est.)" + }, + "exports_commodities": { + "text": "squash, fish, vanilla beans, root crops" + }, + "exports_partners": { + "text": "South Korea 17.8%, US 16.4%, NZ 15.1%, Fiji 10.9%, Japan 9.2%, Samoa 9.1%, American Samoa 5.8%, Australia 5% (2012)" + }, + "imports": { + "text": "$121.9 million (2012 est.); $131 million (2011 est.)" + }, + "imports_commodities": { + "text": "foodstuffs, machinery and transport equipment, fuels, chemicals" + }, + "imports_partners": { + "text": "Fiji 38%, NZ 23.5%, US 10.1%, China 9.9% (2012)" + }, + "reserves_of_foreign_exchange_and_gold": { + "text": "$152.4 million (31 December 2012 est.); $143.3 million (31 December 2011 est.)" + }, + "debt_external": { + "text": "$198.1 million (31 December 2012 est.); $190.5 million (31 December 2011 est.)" + }, + "stock_of_direct_foreign_investment_at_home": { + "text": "$61.43 million (31 December 2012 est.); $61.47 million (31 December 2011 est.)" + }, + "exchange_rates": { + "text": "pa'anga (TOP) per US dollar -; 1.7195 (2012 est.); 1.729 (2011 est.); 1.906 (2010 est.)" + } + }, + "energy": { + "electricity_production": { + "text": "41 million kWh (2009 est.)" + }, + "electricity_consumption": { + "text": "38.13 million kWh (2009 est.)" + }, + "electricity_exports": { + "text": "0 kWh (2010)" + }, + "electricity_imports": { + "text": "0 kWh (2010 est.)" + }, + "electricity_installed_generating_capacity": { + "text": "12,000 kW (2009 est.)" + }, + "electricity_from_fossil_fuels": { + "text": "100% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)" + }, + "electricity_from_nuclear_fuels": { + "text": "0% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)" + }, + "electricity_from_hydroelectric_plants": { + "text": "0% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)" + }, + "electricity_from_other_renewable_sources": { + "text": "0% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)" + }, + "crude_oil_production": { + "text": "0 bbl/day (2011 est.)" + }, + "crude_oil_exports": { + "text": "0 bbl/day (2009 est.)" + }, + "crude_oil_imports": { + "text": "0 bbl/day (2009 est.)" + }, + "crude_oil_proved_reserves": { + "text": "0 bbl (1 January 2010 est.)" + }, + "refined_petroleum_products_production": { + "text": "0 bbl/day (2008 est.)" + }, + "refined_petroleum_products_consumption": { + "text": "1,221 bbl/day (2011 est.)" + }, + "refined_petroleum_products_exports": { + "text": "0 bbl/day (2008 est.)" + }, + "refined_petroleum_products_imports": { + "text": "1,202 bbl/day (2008 est.)" + }, + "natural_gas_production": { + "text": "0 cu m (2010 est.)" + }, + "natural_gas_consumption": { + "text": "0 cu m (2010 est.)" + }, + "natural_gas_exports": { + "text": "0 cu m (2010 est.)" + }, + "natural_gas_imports": { + "text": "0 cu m (2010 est.)" + }, + "natural_gas_proved_reserves": { + "text": "0 cu m (1 January 2012 est.)" + }, + "carbon_dioxide_emissions_from_consumption_of_energy": { + "text": "155,000 Mt (2010 est.)" + } + }, + "comm": { + "telephones_main_lines_in_use": { + "text": "30,000 (2011)" + }, + "telephones_mobile_cellular": { + "text": "55,000 (2011)" + }, + "telephone_system": { + "general_assessment": "competition between Tonga Telecommunications Corporation (TCC) and Shoreline Communications Tonga (SCT) is accelerating expansion of telecommunications; SCT granted approval to introduce high-speed digital service for telephone, Internet, and television while TCC has exclusive rights to operate the mobile-phone network; international telecom services are provided by government-owned Tonga Telecommunications International", + "domestic": "combined fixed-line and mobile-cellular teledensity about 80 telephones per 100 persons; fully automatic switched network", + "international": "country code - 676; satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Pacific Ocean) (2011)" + }, + "broadcast_media": { + "text": "2 state-owned TV stations and 2 privately owned TV stations; satellite and cable TV services are available; 2 state-owned and 3 privately owned radio stations; Radio Australia broadcasts available via satellite (2009)" + }, + "internet_country_code": { + "text": ".to" + }, + "internet_hosts": { + "text": "5,367 (2012)" + }, + "internet_users": { + "text": "8,400 (2009)" + } + }, + "trans": { + "airports": { + "text": "6 (2013)" + }, + "airports_with_paved_runways": { + "total": "1", + "2_438_to_3_047_m": "1 (2013)" + }, + "airports_with_unpaved_runways": { + "total": "5", + "1_524_to_2_437_m": "1", + "914_to_1_523_m": "3", + "under_914_m": "1 (2013)" + }, + "roadways": { + "total": "680 km", + "paved": "184 km", + "unpaved": "496 km (2000)" + }, + "merchant_marine": { + "total": "7", + "by_type": "cargo 4, carrier 1, passenger/cargo 2", + "foreign_owned": "2 (Australia 1, UK 1) (2010)" + }, + "ports_and_terminals": { + "text": "Nuku'alofa, Neiafu, Pangai" + } + }, + "military": { + "military_branches": { + "text": "Tonga Defense Services (TDS): Land Force (Royal Guard), Maritime Force (includes Royal Marines, Air Wing) (2013)" + }, + "military_service_age_and_obligation": { + "text": "16 years of age for voluntary enlistment (with parental consent); no conscription; the king retains the right to call up \"all those capable of bearing arms\" in wartime (2012)" + }, + "manpower_available_for_military_service": { + "males_age_16_49": "24,460", + "females_age_16_49": "24,041 (2010 est.)" + }, + "manpower_fit_for_military_service": { + "males_age_16_49": "20,956", + "females_age_16_49": "20,577 (2010 est.)" + }, + "manpower_reaching_militarily_significant_age_annually": { + "male": "1,196", + "female": "1,134 (2010 est.)" + }, + "military_expenditures": { + "text": "0.9% of GDP (2012)" + } + }, + "issues": { + "disputes_international": { + "text": "none" + } + } +} \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/pacific/vu-vanuatu.json b/pacific/vu-vanuatu.json new file mode 100644 index 00000000..23cb0b9c --- /dev/null +++ b/pacific/vu-vanuatu.json @@ -0,0 +1,559 @@ +{ + "intro": { + "background": { + "text": "Multiple waves of colonizers, each speaking a distinct language, migrated to the New Hebrides in the millennia preceding European exploration in the 18th century. This settlement pattern accounts for the complex linguistic diversity found on the archipelago to this day. The British and French, who settled the New Hebrides in the 19th century, agreed in 1906 to an Anglo-French Condominium, which administered the islands until independence in 1980, when the new name of Vanuatu was adopted." + } + }, + "geo": { + "location": { + "text": "Oceania, group of islands in the South Pacific Ocean, about three-quarters of the way from Hawaii to Australia" + }, + "geographic_coordinates": { + "text": "16 00 S, 167 00 E" + }, + "map_references": { + "text": "Oceania" + }, + "area": { + "total": "12,189 sq km", + "land": "12,189 sq km", + "water": "0 sq km", + "note": "includes more than 80 islands, about 65 of which are inhabited" + }, + "area_comparative": { + "text": "slightly larger than Connecticut" + }, + "land_boundaries": { + "text": "0 km" + }, + "coastline": { + "text": "2,528 km" + }, + "maritime_claims": { + "text": "measured from claimed archipelagic baselines", + "territorial_sea": "12 nm", + "contiguous_zone": "24 nm", + "exclusive_economic_zone": "200 nm", + "continental_shelf": "200 nm or to the edge of the continental margin" + }, + "climate": { + "text": "tropical; moderated by southeast trade winds from May to October; moderate rainfall from November to April; may be affected by cyclones from December to April" + }, + "terrain": { + "text": "mostly mountainous islands of volcanic origin; narrow coastal plains" + }, + "elevation_extremes": { + "lowest_point": "Pacific Ocean 0 m", + "highest_point": "Tabwemasana 1,877 m" + }, + "natural_resources": { + "text": "manganese, hardwood forests, fish" + }, + "land_use": { + "arable_land": "1.64%", + "permanent_crops": "10.25%", + "other": "88.11% (2011)" + }, + "irrigated_land": { + "text": "NA" + }, + "natural_hazards": { + "text": "tropical cyclones or typhoons (January to April); volcanic eruption on Aoba (Ambae) island began on 27 November 2005, volcanism also causes minor earthquakes; tsunamis", + "volcanism": "significant volcanic activity with multiple eruptions in recent years; Yasur (elev. 361 m), one of the world's most active volcanoes, has experienced continuous activity in recent centuries; other historically active volcanoes include, Aoba, Ambrym, Epi, Gaua, Kuwae, Lopevi, Suretamatai, and Traitor's Head" + }, + "environment_current_issues": { + "text": "most of the population does not have access to a reliable supply of potable water; deforestation" + }, + "environment_international_agreements": { + "party_to": "Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 94", + "signed_but_not_ratified": "none of the selected agreements" + }, + "geography_note": { + "text": "a Y-shaped chain of four main islands and 80 smaller islands; several of the islands have active volcanoes and there are several underwater volcanoes as well" + } + }, + "people": { + "nationality": { + "noun": "Ni-Vanuatu (singular and plural)", + "adjective": "Ni-Vanuatu" + }, + "ethnic_groups": { + "text": "Ni-Vanuatu 98.5%, other 1.5% (1999 Census)" + }, + "languages": { + "text": "local languages (more than 100) 72.6%, pidgin (known as Bislama or Bichelama - official) 23.1%, English (official) 1.9%, French (official) 1.4%, other 0.3%, unspecified 0.7% (1999 Census)" + }, + "religions": { + "text": "Protestant 55.6% (Presbyterian 31.4%, Anglican 13.4%, Seventh-Day Adventist 10.8%), Roman Catholic 13.1%, other Christian 13.8%, indigenous beliefs 5.6% (including Jon Frum cargo cult), other 9.6%, none 1%, unspecified 1.3% (1999 Census)" + }, + "population": { + "text": "261,565 (July 2013 est.)" + }, + "age_structure": { + "0_14_years": "37.9% (male 50,548/female 48,477)", + "15_24_years": "19.7% (male 25,685/female 25,900)", + "25_54_years": "34% (male 43,552/female 45,273)", + "55_64_years": "4.9% (male 6,493/female 6,289)", + "65_years_and_over": "3.6% (male 4,817/female 4,531) (2013 est.)" + }, + "dependency_ratios": { + "total_dependency_ratio": "69.5 %", + "youth_dependency_ratio": "62.8 %", + "elderly_dependency_ratio": "6.7 %", + "potential_support_ratio": "15 (2013)" + }, + "median_age": { + "total": "20.8 years", + "male": "20.4 years", + "female": "21.1 years (2013 est.)" + }, + "population_growth_rate": { + "text": "2.06% (2013 est.)" + }, + "birth_rate": { + "text": "26.35 births/1,000 population (2013 est.)" + }, + "death_rate": { + "text": "4.2 deaths/1,000 population (2013 est.)" + }, + "net_migration_rate": { + "text": "-1.53 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2013 est.)" + }, + "urbanization": { + "urban_population": "26% of total population (2010)", + "rate_of_urbanization": "4.2% annual rate of change (2010-15 est.)" + }, + "sex_ratio": { + "at_birth": "1.05 male(s)/female", + "0_14_years": "1.04 male(s)/female", + "15_24_years": "1 male(s)/female", + "25_54_years": "0.96 male(s)/female", + "55_64_years": "1.04 male(s)/female", + "65_years_and_over": "1.07 male(s)/female", + "total_population": "1.01 male(s)/female (2013 est.)" + }, + "maternal_mortality_rate": { + "text": "110 deaths/100,000 live births (2010)" + }, + "infant_mortality_rate": { + "total": "17.15 deaths/1,000 live births", + "male": "18.34 deaths/1,000 live births", + "female": "15.91 deaths/1,000 live births (2013 est.)" + }, + "life_expectancy_at_birth": { + "total_population": "72.38 years", + "male": "70.83 years", + "female": "74 years (2013 est.)" + }, + "total_fertility_rate": { + "text": "3.47 children born/woman (2013 est.)" + }, + "contraceptive_prevalence_rate": { + "text": "38.4% (2007)" + }, + "health_expenditures": { + "text": "5.3% of GDP (2010)" + }, + "physicians_density": { + "text": "0.12 physicians/1,000 population (2008)" + }, + "hospital_bed_density": { + "text": "1.69 beds/1,000 population (2008)" + }, + "drinking_water_source": { + "improved": "urban: 98% of population; rural: 87% of population; total: 90% of population", + "unimproved": "urban: 2% of population; rural: 13% of population; total: 10% of population (2010 est.)" + }, + "sanitation_facility_access": { + "improved": "urban: 64% of population; rural: 54% of population; total: 57% of population", + "unimproved": "urban: 36% of population; rural: 46% of population; total: 43% of population (2010 est.)" + }, + "hiv_aids_adult_prevalence_rate": { + "text": "NA" + }, + "hiv_aids_people_living_with_hiv_aids": { + "text": "NA" + }, + "hiv_aids_deaths": { + "text": "NA" + }, + "obesity_adult_prevalence_rate": { + "text": "27.5% (2008)" + }, + "children_under_the_age_of_5_years_underweight": { + "text": "11.7% (2007)" + }, + "education_expenditures": { + "text": "5.2% of GDP (2009)" + }, + "literacy": { + "definition": "age 15 and over can read and write", + "total_population": "83.2%", + "male": "NA 84.9%", + "female": "NA 81.6% (2011 est.)" + }, + "school_life_expectancy_primary_to_tertiary_education": { + "total": "11 years", + "male": "11 years", + "female": "10 years (2004)" + } + }, + "govt": { + "country_name": { + "conventional_long_form": "Republic of Vanuatu", + "conventional_short_form": "Vanuatu", + "local_long_form": "Ripablik blong Vanuatu", + "local_short_form": "Vanuatu", + "former": "New Hebrides" + }, + "government_type": { + "text": "parliamentary republic" + }, + "capital": { + "name": "Port-Vila (on Efate)", + "geographic_coordinates": "17 44 S, 168 19 E", + "time_difference": "UTC+11 (16 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time)" + }, + "administrative_divisions": { + "text": "6 provinces; Malampa, Penama, Sanma, Shefa, Tafea, Torba" + }, + "independence": { + "text": "30 July 1980 (from France and the UK)" + }, + "national_holiday": { + "text": "Independence Day, 30 July (1980)" + }, + "constitution": { + "text": "30 July 1980" + }, + "legal_system": { + "text": "mixed legal system of English common law, French law, and customary law" + }, + "international_law_organization_participation": { + "text": "has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; accepts ICCt jurisdiction" + }, + "suffrage": { + "text": "18 years of age; universal" + }, + "executive_branch": { + "chief_of_state": "President Iolu Johnson ABBIL (since 3 September 2009)", + "head_of_government": "Prime Minister Moana CARCASSES Kalosil (since 23 March 2013)", + "cabinet": "Council of Ministers appointed by the prime minister, responsible to parliament", + "elections": "president elected for a five-year term by an electoral college consisting of parliament and the presidents of the regional councils; election for president last held on 2 September 2009 (next to be held in 2014); following legislative elections, the leader of the majority party or majority coalition usually elected prime minister by parliament from among its members; election for prime minister last held on 23 March 2013 (next to be held following general elections in 2016)", + "election_results": "Iolu Johnson ABBIL elected president, with 41 votes out of 58, on the third ballot on 2 September 2009; Moana CARCASSES Kalosil was elected prime minister following the resignation of Sato KILMAN on 21 March 2013" + }, + "legislative_branch": { + "text": "unicameral Parliament (52 seats; members elected by popular vote to serve four-year terms)", + "elections": "last held on 30 October 2012 (next to be held in 2016)", + "election_results": "percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - VP 8, PPP 6, UMP 5, GJP 4, NUP 4, IG 3, GC 3, NAG 3, RMC 3, MPP 2, NIPDP 2, PSP 1, VLDP 1, VNP 1, VPDP 1, VRP 1, and independent 4; note - political party associations are fluid", + "note": "the National Council of Chiefs advises on matters of culture and language" + }, + "judicial_branch": { + "highest_courts": "Supreme Court (consists of a chief justice and 3 judges); note - appeals from the Supreme Court are considered by the Court of Appeal, constituted by 2 or more judges of the Supreme Court sitting together", + "judge_selection_and_term_of_office": "Supreme Court chief justice appointed by the president after consultation with the prime minister and the leader of the opposition; other judges are appointed by the president on the advice of the Judicial Service Commission, a 4-member advisory body; judges appointed until age of retirement", + "subordinate_courts": "magistrates' courts; island courts" + }, + "political_parties_and_leaders": { + "text": "Greens Confederation or GC [Moana CARCASSES Kalosil]; Iauko Group or IG [NA]; Land and Justice Party (Graon mo Jastis Pati) or GJP [Ralph REGENVANU]; Melanesian Progressive Party or MPP [Barak SOPE]; Nagriamel movement or NAG [NA]; Natatok Indigenous People's Democratic Party or (NATATOK) or NIPDP [Alfred Roland CARLOT]; National United Party or NUP [Ham LINI]; People's Progressive Party or PPP [Sato KILMAN]; People's Service Party or PSP [Don KEN]; Reunification of Movement for Change or RMC [Charlot SALWAI]; Union of Moderate Parties or UMP [Serge VOHOR]; Vanua'aku Pati (Our Land Party) or VP [Edward NATAPEI]; Vanuatu Democratic Party [Maxime Carlot KORMAN]; Vanuatu Liberal Democratic Party or VLDP [Tapangararua WILLIE]; Vanuatu National Party or VNP [Issac HAMARILIU]; Vanuatu Progressive Development Party or VPDP [Robert Bohn SIKOL]; Vanuatu Republican Party or VRP [Marcellino PIPITE]" + }, + "political_pressure_groups_and_leaders": { + "text": "NA" + }, + "international_organization_participation": { + "text": "ACP, ADB, AOSIS, C, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ICRM, IDA, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, IOC, IOM, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, NAM, OAS (observer), OIF, OPCW, PIF, Sparteca, SPC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO" + }, + "diplomatic_representation_in_the_us": { + "text": "Vanuatu does not have an embassy in the US; it does, however, have a Permanent Mission to the UN" + }, + "diplomatic_representation_from_the_us": { + "text": "the US does not have an embassy in Vanuatu; the US ambassador to Papua New Guinea is accredited to Vanuatu" + }, + "flag_description": { + "text": "two equal horizontal bands of red (top) and green with a black isosceles triangle (based on the hoist side) all separated by a black-edged yellow stripe in the shape of a horizontal Y (the two points of the Y face the hoist side and enclose the triangle); centered in the triangle is a boar's tusk encircling two crossed namele fern fronds, all in yellow; red represents the blood of boars and men, green the richness of the islands, and black the ni-Vanuatu people; the yellow Y-shape - which reflects the pattern of the islands in the Pacific Ocean - symbolizes the light of the Gospel spreading through the islands; the boar's tusk is a symbol of prosperity frequently worn as a pendant on the islands; the fern fronds represent peace" + }, + "national_symbols": { + "text": "boar's tusk" + }, + "national_anthem": { + "name": "\"Yumi, Yumi, Yumi\" (We, We, We)", + "lyrics_music": "Francois Vincent AYSSAV", + "note": "adopted 1980, the anthem is written in Bislama, a Creole language that mixes Pidgin English and French" + } + }, + "econ": { + "economy_overview": { + "text": "This South Pacific island economy is based primarily on small-scale agriculture, which provides a living for about two-thirds of the population. Fishing, offshore financial services, and tourism, with nearly 197,000 visitors in 2008, are other mainstays of the economy. Mineral deposits are negligible; the country has no known petroleum deposits. A small light industry sector caters to the local market. Tax revenues come mainly from import duties. Economic development is hindered by dependence on relatively few commodity exports, vulnerability to natural disasters, and long distances from main markets and between constituent islands. In response to foreign concerns, the government has promised to tighten regulation of its offshore financial center. In mid-2002, the government stepped up efforts to boost tourism through improved air connections, resort development, and cruise ship facilities. Agriculture, especially livestock farming, is a second target for growth. Australia and New Zealand are the main suppliers of tourists and foreign aid." + }, + "gdp_purchasing_power_parity": { + "text": "$1.251 billion (2012 est.); $1.219 billion (2011 est.); $1.201 billion (2010 est.)", + "note": "data are in 2012 US dollars" + }, + "gdp_official_exchange_rate": { + "text": "$783 million (2012 est.)" + }, + "gdp_real_growth_rate": { + "text": "2.7% (2012 est.); 1.4% (2011 est.); 1.6% (2010 est.)" + }, + "gdp_per_capita_ppp": { + "text": "$5,000 (2012 est.); $5,000 (2011 est.); $5,000 (2010 est.)", + "note": "data are in 2012 US dollars" + }, + "gdp_composition_by_end_use": { + "household_consumption": "58.5%", + "government_consumption": "16.5%", + "investment_in_fixed_capital": "22.2%", + "investment_in_inventories": "0%", + "exports_of_goods_and_services": "52.2%", + "imports_of_goods_and_services": "-49.4% (2012 est.)" + }, + "gdp_composition_by_sector_of_origin": { + "agriculture": "20.6%", + "industry": "11.7%", + "services": "67.6% (2012 est.)" + }, + "agriculture_products": { + "text": "copra, coconuts, cocoa, coffee, taro, yams, fruits, vegetables; beef; fish" + }, + "industries": { + "text": "food and fish freezing, wood processing, meat canning" + }, + "industrial_production_growth_rate": { + "text": "-3% (2012 est.)" + }, + "labor_force": { + "text": "115,900 (2007)" + }, + "labor_force_by_occupation": { + "agriculture": "65%", + "industry": "5%", + "services": "30% (2000 est.)" + }, + "unemployment_rate": { + "text": "1.7% (1999)" + }, + "population_below_poverty_line": { + "text": "NA%" + }, + "household_income_or_consumption_by_percentage_share": { + "lowest_10%": "NA%", + "highest_10%": "NA%" + }, + "budget": { + "revenues": "$159.5 million", + "expenditures": "$181 million (2012 est.)" + }, + "taxes_and_other_revenues": { + "text": "20.4% of GDP (2012 est.)" + }, + "budget_surplus_+_or_deficit": { + "text": "-2.8% of GDP (2012 est.)" + }, + "fiscal_year": { + "text": "calendar year" + }, + "inflation_rate_consumer_prices": { + "text": "1.4% (2012 est.); 0.9% (2011 est.)" + }, + "central_bank_discount_rate": { + "text": "20% (31 December 2010 est.); 6% (31 December 2009 est.)" + }, + "commercial_bank_prime_lending_rate": { + "text": "6% (31 December 2012 est.); 5.5% (31 December 2011 est.)" + }, + "stock_of_narrow_money": { + "text": "$264 million (31 December 2012 est.); $239.6 million (31 December 2011 est.)" + }, + "stock_of_broad_money": { + "text": "$610.8 million (31 December 2012 est.); $612.3 million (31 December 2011 est.)" + }, + "stock_of_domestic_credit": { + "text": "$515.2 million (31 December 2012 est.); $512.6 million (31 December 2011 est.)" + }, + "market_value_of_publicly_traded_shares": { + "text": "$NA" + }, + "current_account_balance": { + "text": "-$126.9 million (2011 est.); -$105.2 million (2010 est.)" + }, + "exports": { + "text": "$55.9 million (2012 est.); $67.4 million (2011 est.)" + }, + "exports_commodities": { + "text": "copra, beef, cocoa, timber, kava, coffee" + }, + "exports_partners": { + "text": "Thailand 59.9%, Japan 20.9% (2012)" + }, + "imports": { + "text": "$316.4 million (2012 est.); $310.2 million (2011 est.)" + }, + "imports_commodities": { + "text": "machinery and equipment, foodstuffs, fuels" + }, + "imports_partners": { + "text": "China 19.9%, Singapore 18.6%, US 14.8%, Japan 11.4%, Australia 10.3%, Fiji 5.7%, NZ 4.7% (2012)" + }, + "reserves_of_foreign_exchange_and_gold": { + "text": "$207.7 million (31 December 2012 est.); $173.8 million (31 December 2011 est.)" + }, + "debt_external": { + "text": "$307.7 million (31 December 2011 est.); $258.9 million (31 December 2010 est.)" + }, + "stock_of_direct_foreign_investment_at_home": { + "text": "$571.1 million (31 December 2012 est.); $527.1 million (31 December 2011 est.)" + }, + "stock_of_direct_foreign_investment_abroad": { + "text": "$23.3 million (31 December 2012 est.); $23.3 million (31 December 2011 est.)" + }, + "exchange_rates": { + "text": "vatu (VUV) per US dollar -; 92.81 (2012 est.); 89.47 (2011 est.); 96.91 (2010 est.)" + } + }, + "energy": { + "electricity_production": { + "text": "55 million kWh (2009 est.)" + }, + "electricity_consumption": { + "text": "51.15 million kWh (2009 est.)" + }, + "electricity_exports": { + "text": "0 kWh (2010 est.)" + }, + "electricity_imports": { + "text": "0 kWh (2010 est.)" + }, + "electricity_installed_generating_capacity": { + "text": "12,000 kW (2009 est.)" + }, + "electricity_from_fossil_fuels": { + "text": "100% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)" + }, + "electricity_from_nuclear_fuels": { + "text": "0% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)" + }, + "electricity_from_hydroelectric_plants": { + "text": "0% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)" + }, + "electricity_from_other_renewable_sources": { + "text": "0% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)" + }, + "crude_oil_production": { + "text": "0 bbl/day (2011 est.)" + }, + "crude_oil_exports": { + "text": "0 bbl/day (2009 est.)" + }, + "crude_oil_imports": { + "text": "0 bbl/day (2009 est.)" + }, + "crude_oil_proved_reserves": { + "text": "0 bbl (1 January 2012 est.)" + }, + "refined_petroleum_products_production": { + "text": "0 bbl/day (2008 est.)" + }, + "refined_petroleum_products_consumption": { + "text": "1,170 bbl/day (2011 est.)" + }, + "refined_petroleum_products_exports": { + "text": "0 bbl/day (2008 est.)" + }, + "refined_petroleum_products_imports": { + "text": "676.4 bbl/day (2008 est.)" + }, + "natural_gas_production": { + "text": "0 cu m (2010 est.)" + }, + "natural_gas_consumption": { + "text": "0 cu m (2010 est.)" + }, + "natural_gas_exports": { + "text": "0 cu m (2010 est.)" + }, + "natural_gas_imports": { + "text": "0 cu m (2010 est.)" + }, + "natural_gas_proved_reserves": { + "text": "0 cu m (1 January 2012 est.)" + }, + "carbon_dioxide_emissions_from_consumption_of_energy": { + "text": "146,500 Mt (2010 est.)" + } + }, + "comm": { + "telephones_main_lines_in_use": { + "text": "6,200 (2011)" + }, + "telephones_mobile_cellular": { + "text": "137,000 (2011)" + }, + "telephone_system": { + "international": "country code - 678; satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Pacific Ocean)" + }, + "broadcast_media": { + "text": "1 state-owned TV station; multi-channel pay TV is available; state-owned Radio Vanuatu operates 2 radio stations; 2 privately owned radio broadcasters; programming from multiple international broadcasters is available (2008)" + }, + "internet_country_code": { + "text": ".vu" + }, + "internet_hosts": { + "text": "5,655 (2012)" + }, + "internet_users": { + "text": "17,000 (2009)" + } + }, + "trans": { + "airports": { + "text": "31 (2013)" + }, + "airports_with_paved_runways": { + "total": "3", + "2_438_to_3_047_m": "1", + "1_524_to_2_437_m": "1", + "914_to_1_523_m": "1 (2013)" + }, + "airports_with_unpaved_runways": { + "total": "28", + "914_to_1_523_m": "7", + "under_914_m": "21 (2013)" + }, + "roadways": { + "total": "1,070 km", + "paved": "256 km", + "unpaved": "814 km (1999)" + }, + "merchant_marine": { + "total": "77", + "by_type": "bulk carrier 38, cargo 8, chemical tanker 2, container 1, liquefied gas 2, passenger 1, refrigerated cargo 24, vehicle carrier 1", + "foreign_owned": "72 (Belgium 1, Canada 5, China 1, Greece 3, Japan 39, Norway 1, Poland 9, Russia 7, Singapore 2, Taiwan 1, UAE 1, US 2) (2010)" + }, + "ports_and_terminals": { + "text": "Forari Bay, Luganville (Santo, Espiritu Santo), Port-Vila" + } + }, + "military": { + "military_branches": { + "text": "no regular military forces; Vanuatu Police Force (VPF), Vanuatu Mobile Force (VMF; includes Police Maritime Wing (PMW)) (2013)" + }, + "manpower_available_for_military_service": { + "males_age_16_49": "62,216 (2010 est.)" + }, + "manpower_fit_for_military_service": { + "males_age_16_49": "43,331", + "females_age_16_49": "44,927 (2010 est.)" + }, + "manpower_reaching_militarily_significant_age_annually": { + "male": "2,323", + "female": "2,230 (2010 est.)" + }, + "military_expenditures": { + "text": "NA" + } + }, + "issues": { + "disputes_international": { + "text": "Matthew and Hunter Islands east of New Caledonia claimed by Vanuatu and France" + } + } +} \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/pacific/ws-samoa.json b/pacific/ws-samoa.json new file mode 100644 index 00000000..9b68bc99 --- /dev/null +++ b/pacific/ws-samoa.json @@ -0,0 +1,558 @@ +{ + "intro": { + "background": { + "text": "New Zealand occupied the German protectorate of Western Samoa at the outbreak of World War I in 1914. It continued to administer the islands as a mandate and then as a trust territory until 1962, when the islands became the first Polynesian nation to reestablish independence in the 20th century. The country dropped the \"Western\" from its name in 1997." + } + }, + "geo": { + "location": { + "text": "Oceania, group of islands in the South Pacific Ocean, about half way between Hawaii and New Zealand" + }, + "geographic_coordinates": { + "text": "13 35 S, 172 20 W" + }, + "map_references": { + "text": "Oceania" + }, + "area": { + "total": "2,831 sq km", + "land": "2,821 sq km", + "water": "10 sq km" + }, + "area_comparative": { + "text": "slightly smaller than Rhode Island" + }, + "land_boundaries": { + "text": "0 km" + }, + "coastline": { + "text": "403 km" + }, + "maritime_claims": { + "territorial_sea": "12 nm", + "contiguous_zone": "24 nm", + "exclusive_economic_zone": "200 nm" + }, + "climate": { + "text": "tropical; rainy season (November to April), dry season (May to October)" + }, + "terrain": { + "text": "two main islands (Savaii, Upolu) and several smaller islands and uninhabited islets; narrow coastal plain with volcanic, rocky, rugged mountains in interior" + }, + "elevation_extremes": { + "lowest_point": "Pacific Ocean 0 m", + "highest_point": "Mount Silisili 1,857 m" + }, + "natural_resources": { + "text": "hardwood forests, fish, hydropower" + }, + "land_use": { + "arable_land": "2.82%", + "permanent_crops": "7.75%", + "other": "89.44% (2011)" + }, + "irrigated_land": { + "text": "NA" + }, + "natural_hazards": { + "text": "occasional typhoons; active volcanism", + "volcanism": "Savai'I Island (elev. 1,858 m), which last erupted in 1911, is historically active" + }, + "environment_current_issues": { + "text": "soil erosion, deforestation, invasive species, overfishing" + }, + "environment_international_agreements": { + "party_to": "Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands", + "signed_but_not_ratified": "none of the selected agreements" + }, + "geography_note": { + "text": "occupies an almost central position within Polynesia" + } + }, + "people": { + "nationality": { + "noun": "Samoan(s)", + "adjective": "Samoan" + }, + "ethnic_groups": { + "text": "Samoan 92.6%, Euronesians (persons of European and Polynesian blood) 7%, Europeans 0.4% (2001 census)" + }, + "languages": { + "text": "Samoan (Polynesian) (official), English" + }, + "religions": { + "text": "Protestant 59.9% (Congregationalist 34.8%, Methodist 15%, Assembly of God 6.6%, Seventh-Day Adventist 3.5%), Roman Catholic 19.6%, Mormon 12.7%, Worship Centre 1.3%, other Christian 4.5%, other 1.9%, unspecified 0.1% (2001 census)" + }, + "population": { + "text": "195,476 (July 2013 est.)", + "note": "prior estimates used official net migration data by sex, but a highly unusual pattern for 1993 lead to a significant imbalance in the sex ratios (more men and fewer women) and a seeming reduction in the female population; the revised total was calculated using a 1993 number that was an average of the 1992 and 1994 migration figures" + }, + "age_structure": { + "0_14_years": "34% (male 34,291/female 32,170)", + "15_24_years": "20.1% (male 20,150/female 19,129)", + "25_54_years": "34.9% (male 35,391/female 32,746)", + "55_64_years": "5.7% (male 5,637/female 5,489)", + "65_years_and_over": "5.4% (male 4,583/female 5,890) (2013 est.)" + }, + "dependency_ratios": { + "total_dependency_ratio": "75.1 %", + "youth_dependency_ratio": "66.1 %", + "elderly_dependency_ratio": "9 %", + "potential_support_ratio": "11.1 (2013)" + }, + "median_age": { + "total": "22.7 years", + "male": "22.5 years", + "female": "22.9 years (2013 est.)" + }, + "population_growth_rate": { + "text": "0.59% (2013 est.)" + }, + "birth_rate": { + "text": "21.7 births/1,000 population (2013 est.)" + }, + "death_rate": { + "text": "5.33 deaths/1,000 population (2013 est.)" + }, + "net_migration_rate": { + "text": "-10.46 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2013 est.)" + }, + "urbanization": { + "urban_population": "20% of total population (2010)", + "rate_of_urbanization": "0% annual rate of change (2010-15 est.)" + }, + "major_urban_areas_population": { + "text": "APIA (capital) 36,000 (2009)" + }, + "sex_ratio": { + "at_birth": "1.05 male(s)/female", + "0_14_years": "1.07 male(s)/female", + "15_24_years": "1.06 male(s)/female", + "25_54_years": "1.09 male(s)/female", + "55_64_years": "1.02 male(s)/female", + "65_years_and_over": "0.78 male(s)/female", + "total_population": "1.05 male(s)/female (2013 est.)" + }, + "mother_s_mean_age_at_first_birth": { + "text": "23.6", + "note": "Median age at first birth among women 25-29 (2009 est.)" + }, + "maternal_mortality_rate": { + "text": "100 deaths/100,000 live births (2010)" + }, + "infant_mortality_rate": { + "total": "20.95 deaths/1,000 live births", + "male": "24.8 deaths/1,000 live births", + "female": "16.91 deaths/1,000 live births (2013 est.)" + }, + "life_expectancy_at_birth": { + "total_population": "72.94 years", + "male": "70.06 years", + "female": "75.97 years (2013 est.)" + }, + "total_fertility_rate": { + "text": "3.03 children born/woman (2013 est.)" + }, + "contraceptive_prevalence_rate": { + "text": "28.7% (2009)" + }, + "health_expenditures": { + "text": "6.5% of GDP (2010)" + }, + "physicians_density": { + "text": "0.27 physicians/1,000 population (2005)" + }, + "hospital_bed_density": { + "text": "0.97 beds/1,000 population (2005)" + }, + "drinking_water_source": { + "improved": "urban: 96% of population; rural: 96% of population; total: 96% of population", + "unimproved": "urban: 4% of population; rural: 4% of population; total: 4% of population (2010 est.)" + }, + "sanitation_facility_access": { + "improved": "urban: 98% of population; rural: 98% of population; total: 98% of population", + "unimproved": "urban: 2% of population; rural: 2% of population; total: 2% of population (2010 est.)" + }, + "hiv_aids_adult_prevalence_rate": { + "text": "NA" + }, + "hiv_aids_people_living_with_hiv_aids": { + "text": "NA" + }, + "hiv_aids_deaths": { + "text": "NA" + }, + "obesity_adult_prevalence_rate": { + "text": "54.1% (2008)" + }, + "education_expenditures": { + "text": "5.8% of GDP (2008)" + }, + "literacy": { + "definition": "age 15 and over can read and write", + "total_population": "98.8%", + "male": "99%", + "female": "98.6% (2003 est.)" + }, + "school_life_expectancy_primary_to_tertiary_education": { + "total": "12 years", + "male": "12 years", + "female": "13 years (2005)" + }, + "unemployment_youth_ages_15_24": { + "total": "12.2%", + "male": "10.6%", + "female": "15.5% (2001)" + } + }, + "govt": { + "country_name": { + "conventional_long_form": "Independent State of Samoa", + "conventional_short_form": "Samoa", + "local_long_form": "Malo Sa'oloto Tuto'atasi o Samoa", + "local_short_form": "Samoa", + "former": "Western Samoa" + }, + "government_type": { + "text": "parliamentary democracy" + }, + "capital": { + "name": "Apia", + "geographic_coordinates": "13 49 S, 171 46 W", + "time_difference": "UTC+13 (18 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time) +1hr, begins last Sunday in September; ends first Sunday in April" + }, + "administrative_divisions": { + "text": "11 districts; A'ana, Aiga-i-le-Tai, Atua, Fa'asaleleaga, Gaga'emauga, Gagaifomauga, Palauli, Satupa'itea, Tuamasaga, Va'a-o-Fonoti, Vaisigano" + }, + "independence": { + "text": "1 January 1962 (from New Zealand-administered UN trusteeship)" + }, + "national_holiday": { + "text": "Independence Day Celebration, 1 June (1962); note - 1 January 1962 is the date of independence from the New Zealand-administered UN trusteeship; it is observed in June" + }, + "constitution": { + "text": "1 January 1962" + }, + "legal_system": { + "text": "mixed legal system of English common law and customary law; judicial review of legislative acts with respect to fundamental rights of the citizen" + }, + "international_law_organization_participation": { + "text": "has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; accepts ICCt jurisdiction" + }, + "suffrage": { + "text": "21 years of age; universal" + }, + "executive_branch": { + "chief_of_state": "TUI ATUA Tupua Tamasese Efi (since 20 June 2007)", + "head_of_government": "Prime Minister TUILA'EPA Lupesoliai Sailele Malielegaoi (since 1998); Deputy Prime Minister FONOTOE Pierre Lauofo (since 2011)", + "cabinet": "Cabinet consists of 12 members appointed by the chief of state on the prime minister's advice", + "elections": "chief of state elected by the Legislative Assembly to serve a five-year term (no term limits); election last held on 20 July 2012 (next to be held in 2017); following legislative elections, the leader of the majority party usually appointed prime minister by the chief of state with the approval of the Legislative Assembly", + "election_results": "TUI ATUA Tupua Tamasese Efi unanimously elected by the Legislative Assembly" + }, + "legislative_branch": { + "text": "unicameral Legislative Assembly or Fono (49 seats, 47 members elected by voters affiliated with traditional village-based electoral districts, 2 elected by independent, mostly non-Samoan or part-Samoan, voters who cannot (or choose not to) establish a village affiliation; only chiefs (matai) may stand for election to the Fono from the 47 village-based electorates; members serve five-year terms)", + "elections": "election last held on 4 March 2011 (next election to be held not later than March 2016)", + "election_results": "percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - HRPP 29, Tautua Samoa 13, independents 7" + }, + "judicial_branch": { + "highest_courts": "Court of Appeal (consists of the chief justice and 2 Supreme Court judges and meets once or twice a year); Supreme Court (consists of the chief justice and several judges)", + "judge_selection_and_term_of_office": "chief justice appointed by the head of state upon the advice of the prime minister; other Supreme Court judges appointed by the Judicial Service Commission, a 3-member body chaired by the chief justice and includes the attorney general and an appointee of the Minister of Justice; judges normally appointed until retirement at age 68", + "subordinate_courts": "District Court; Magistrates' Courts; Land and Titles Courts; village fono or village chief councils" + }, + "political_parties_and_leaders": { + "text": "Human Rights Protection Party or HRPP [Sailele Malielegaoi TUILA'EPA]; Samoa Christian Party or TCP [Tuala Tiresa MALIETOA]; Samoa Progressive Political Party or SPPP; Tautua Samoa [Palusalue FA'APO II]" + }, + "political_pressure_groups_and_leaders": { + "text": "NA" + }, + "international_organization_participation": { + "text": "ACP, ADB, AOSIS, C, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IPU, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, OPCW, PIF, Sparteca, SPC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO" + }, + "diplomatic_representation_in_the_us": { + "chief_of_mission": "Ambassador Aliioaiga Feturi ELISAIA", + "chancery": "800 Second Avenue, Suite 400J, New York, NY 10017", + "telephone": "[1] (212) 599-6196 through 6197", + "fax": "[1] (212) 599-0797", + "consulates_general": "Pago Pago (American Samoa)" + }, + "diplomatic_representation_from_the_us": { + "chief_of_mission": "US Ambassador to New Zealand is accredited to Samoa", + "embassy": "Accident Corporation Building, 5th Floor, Matafele, Apia", + "mailing_address": "P. O. Box 3430, Matafele, Apia", + "telephone": "[685] 21436/21631/21452/22696", + "fax": "[685] 22030" + }, + "flag_description": { + "text": "red with a blue rectangle in the upper hoist-side quadrant bearing five white five-pointed stars representing the Southern Cross constellation; red stands for courage, blue represents freedom, and white signifies purity" + }, + "national_symbols": { + "text": "Southern Cross constellation (five, five-pointed stars)" + }, + "national_anthem": { + "name": "\"O le Fu'a o le Sa'olotoga o Samoa\" (The Banner of Freedom)", + "lyrics_music": "Sauni Liga KURESA", + "note": "adopted 1962; the anthem is also known as \"Samoa Tula'i\" (Samoa Arise)" + } + }, + "econ": { + "economy_overview": { + "text": "The economy of Samoa has traditionally been dependent on development aid, family remittances from overseas, agriculture, and fishing. The country is vulnerable to devastating storms. Agriculture employs roughly two-thirds of the labor force and furnishes 90% of exports, featuring coconut cream, coconut oil, and copra. The manufacturing sector mainly processes agricultural products. One factory in the Foreign Trade Zone employs 3,000 people to make automobile electrical harnesses for an assembly plant in Australia. Tourism is an expanding sector accounting for 25% of GDP; 122,000 tourists visited the islands in 2007. In late September 2009, an earthquake and the resulting tsunami severely damaged Samoa, and nearby American Samoa, disrupting transportation and power generation, and resulting in about 200 deaths. In December 2012, extensive flooding and wind damage from Tropical Cyclone Evan killed four people, displaced over 6,000, and damaged or destroyed an estimated 1,500 homes in Samoa's Upolu island. The Samoan Government has called for deregulation of the financial sector, encouragement of investment, and continued fiscal discipline, while at the same time protecting the environment. Observers point to the flexibility of the labor market as a basic strength for future economic advances. Foreign reserves are in a relatively healthy state, the external debt is stable, and inflation is low." + }, + "gdp_purchasing_power_parity": { + "text": "$1.146 billion (2012 est.); $1.132 billion (2011 est.); $1.11 billion (2010 est.)", + "note": "data are in 2012 US dollars" + }, + "gdp_official_exchange_rate": { + "text": "$683 million (2012 est.)" + }, + "gdp_real_growth_rate": { + "text": "1.2% (2012 est.); 2% (2011 est.); 0.4% (2010 est.)" + }, + "gdp_per_capita_ppp": { + "text": "$6,300 (2012 est.); $6,200 (2011 est.); $6,100 (2010 est.)", + "note": "data are in 2012 US dollars" + }, + "gdp_composition_by_sector_of_origin": { + "agriculture": "9.4%", + "industry": "26.5%", + "services": "64.1% (2012 est.)" + }, + "agriculture_products": { + "text": "coconuts, bananas, taro, yams, coffee, cocoa" + }, + "industries": { + "text": "food processing, building materials, auto parts" + }, + "industrial_production_growth_rate": { + "text": "2% (2012 est.)" + }, + "labor_force": { + "text": "47,930 (2011 est.)" + }, + "labor_force_by_occupation": { + "agriculture": "65%", + "industry": "NA%", + "services": "NA%" + }, + "unemployment_rate": { + "text": "NA%" + }, + "population_below_poverty_line": { + "text": "NA%" + }, + "household_income_or_consumption_by_percentage_share": { + "lowest_10%": "NA%", + "highest_10%": "NA%" + }, + "budget": { + "revenues": "$233.4 million", + "expenditures": "$263.9 million (2012 est.)" + }, + "taxes_and_other_revenues": { + "text": "34.2% of GDP (2012 est.)" + }, + "budget_surplus_+_or_deficit": { + "text": "-4.5% of GDP (2012 est.)" + }, + "fiscal_year": { + "text": "June 1 - May 31" + }, + "inflation_rate_consumer_prices": { + "text": "2.1% (2012 est.); 5.2% (2011 est.)" + }, + "commercial_bank_prime_lending_rate": { + "text": "9.86% (31 December 2012 est.); 9.97% (31 December 2011 est.)" + }, + "stock_of_narrow_money": { + "text": "$97.71 million (31 December 2012 est.); $94.92 million (31 December 2011 est.)" + }, + "stock_of_broad_money": { + "text": "$327.9 million (31 December 2012 est.); $307.6 million (31 December 2011 est.)" + }, + "stock_of_domestic_credit": { + "text": "$312.1 million (31 December 2012 est.); $304 million (31 December 2011 est.)" + }, + "market_value_of_publicly_traded_shares": { + "text": "$NA" + }, + "current_account_balance": { + "text": "-$76.11 million (2011 est.); -$58.66 million (2010 est.)" + }, + "exports": { + "text": "$11.4 million (2011 est.)" + }, + "exports_commodities": { + "text": "fish, coconut oil and cream, copra, taro, automotive parts, garments, beer" + }, + "exports_partners": { + "text": "American Samoa 50.4%, Australia 22.6% (2012)" + }, + "imports": { + "text": "$318.7 million (2011 est.); $280 million (2010 est.)" + }, + "imports_commodities": { + "text": "machinery and equipment, industrial supplies, foodstuffs" + }, + "imports_partners": { + "text": "Fiji 19%, NZ 18.8%, Singapore 18.2%, China 15.5%, Australia 5.8%, US 5.3% (2012)" + }, + "reserves_of_foreign_exchange_and_gold": { + "text": "$168.7 million (31 December 2012 est.); $166.8 million (31 December 2011 est.)" + }, + "debt_external": { + "text": "$368.3 million (31 December 2011 est.); $235.5 million (31 December 2009 est.)" + }, + "exchange_rates": { + "text": "tala (SAT) per US dollar -; 2.2923 (2012 est.); 2.3175 (2011 est.); 2.4847 (2010 est.)" + } + }, + "energy": { + "electricity_production": { + "text": "104.2 million kWh (2009 est.)" + }, + "electricity_consumption": { + "text": "96.91 million kWh (2009 est.)" + }, + "electricity_exports": { + "text": "0 kWh (2010 est.)" + }, + "electricity_imports": { + "text": "0 kWh (2010 est.)" + }, + "electricity_installed_generating_capacity": { + "text": "41,100 kW (2009 est.)" + }, + "electricity_from_fossil_fuels": { + "text": "70.6% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)" + }, + "electricity_from_nuclear_fuels": { + "text": "0% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)" + }, + "electricity_from_hydroelectric_plants": { + "text": "29.2% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)" + }, + "electricity_from_other_renewable_sources": { + "text": "0.2% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)" + }, + "crude_oil_production": { + "text": "0 bbl/day (2011 est.)" + }, + "crude_oil_exports": { + "text": "0 bbl/day (2009 est.)" + }, + "crude_oil_imports": { + "text": "0 bbl/day (2009 est.)" + }, + "crude_oil_proved_reserves": { + "text": "0 bbl (1 January 2012 est.)" + }, + "refined_petroleum_products_production": { + "text": "0 bbl/day (2008 est.)" + }, + "refined_petroleum_products_consumption": { + "text": "1,070 bbl/day (2011 est.)" + }, + "refined_petroleum_products_exports": { + "text": "0 bbl/day (2008 est.)" + }, + "refined_petroleum_products_imports": { + "text": "1,125 bbl/day (2008 est.)" + }, + "natural_gas_production": { + "text": "0 cu m (2010 est.)" + }, + "natural_gas_consumption": { + "text": "0 cu m (2010 est.)" + }, + "natural_gas_exports": { + "text": "0 cu m (2010 est.)" + }, + "natural_gas_imports": { + "text": "0 cu m (2010 est.)" + }, + "natural_gas_proved_reserves": { + "text": "0 cu m (1 January 2012 est.)" + }, + "carbon_dioxide_emissions_from_consumption_of_energy": { + "text": "147,400 Mt (2010 est.)" + } + }, + "comm": { + "telephones_main_lines_in_use": { + "text": "35,300 (2010)" + }, + "telephones_mobile_cellular": { + "text": "167,400 (2010)" + }, + "telephone_system": { + "general_assessment": "adequate", + "domestic": "combined fixed-line and mobile-cellular teledensity roughly 100 telephones per 100 persons", + "international": "country code - 685; satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Pacific Ocean) (2007)" + }, + "broadcast_media": { + "text": "state-owned TV station privatized in 2008; 4 privately-owned television broadcast stations; about a half dozen privately owned radio stations and one state-owned radio station; TV and radio broadcasts of several stations from American Samoa are available (2009)" + }, + "internet_country_code": { + "text": ".ws" + }, + "internet_hosts": { + "text": "18,013 (2012)" + }, + "internet_users": { + "text": "9,000 (2009)" + } + }, + "trans": { + "airports": { + "text": "4 (2013)" + }, + "airports_with_paved_runways": { + "total": "1", + "2_438_to_3_047_m": "1 (2013)" + }, + "airports_with_unpaved_runways": { + "total": "3", + "under_914_m": "3 (2013)" + }, + "roadways": { + "total": "2,337 km", + "paved": "332 km", + "unpaved": "2,005 km (2001)" + }, + "merchant_marine": { + "total": "2", + "by_type": "cargo 1, passenger/cargo 1", + "foreign_owned": "1 (NZ 1) (2010)" + }, + "ports_and_terminals": { + "text": "Apia" + } + }, + "military": { + "military_branches": { + "text": "no regular military forces; Samoa Police Force (2008)" + }, + "manpower_available_for_military_service": { + "males_age_16_49": "47,906 (2010 est.)" + }, + "manpower_fit_for_military_service": { + "males_age_16_49": "38,260", + "females_age_16_49": "38,032 (2010 est.)" + }, + "manpower_reaching_militarily_significant_age_annually": { + "male": "2,221", + "female": "2,062 (2010 est.)" + }, + "military_expenditures": { + "text": "NA" + }, + "military_note": { + "text": "Samoa has no formal defense structure or regular armed forces; informal defense ties exist with NZ, which is required to consider any Samoan request for assistance under the 1962 Treaty of Friendship" + } + }, + "issues": { + "disputes_international": { + "text": "none" + } + } +} \ No newline at end of file