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europe/au.json
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@ -1153,13 +1153,13 @@
"Military equipment inventories and acquisitions": {
"text": "the Austrian military's inventory includes a mix of domestically-produced and imported weapons systems from European countries and the US; the Austrian defense industry produces a range of equipment and partners with other countries (2021)"
},
"Military deployments": {
"text": "290 Bosnia-Herzegovina (EUFOR stabilization force); 340 Kosovo (NATO/KFOR); 170 Lebanon (UNIFIL) (Oct 2021)"
},
"Military service age and obligation": {
"text": "registration requirement at age 17, the legal minimum age for voluntary military service; 18 is the legal minimum age for compulsory military service (6 months), or optionally, alternative civil/community service (9 months); males 18 to 50 years old in the militia or inactive reserve are subject to compulsory service; in a January 2012 referendum, a majority of Austrians voted in favor of retaining the system of compulsory military service (with the option of alternative/non-military service) instead of switching to a professional army system (2021)",
"note": "note - as of 2019, women made up about 4% of the military's full-time personnel"
},
"Military deployments": {
"text": "290 Bosnia-Herzegovina (EUFOR stabilization force); 340 Kosovo (NATO/KFOR); 170 Lebanon (UNIFIL) (Oct 2021)"
},
"Military - note": {
"text": "<p>Austria is constitutionally non-aligned, but is an EU member and actively participates in EU peacekeeping and crisis management operations under the Common Security and Defense Policy; Austria is not a member of NATO, but joined NATO’s Partnership for Peace framework in 1995 and participates in NATO-led crisis management and peacekeeping operations; as of 2021, more than 100,000 Austrian military and civilian personnel have taken part in more than 50 international peace support and humanitarian missions since 1960</p>"
}

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europe/be.json
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@ -1142,13 +1142,13 @@
"Military equipment inventories and acquisitions": {
"text": "the Belgian Armed Forces have a mix of weapons systems from European countries, Israel, and the US; since 2010, several European nations are the leading suppliers of armaments; Belgium has an export-focused defense industry that focuses on components and subcontracting (2021)"
},
"Military deployments": {
"text": "125 France (contributing member of EuroCorps); 100 Mali (EUTM/MINUSMA); 200 Lithuania (NATO) (2021)"
},
"Military service age and obligation": {
"text": "18 years of age for male and female voluntary military service; conscription abolished in 1995 (2021)",
"note": "note - in 2020, women comprised about 9% of the military's full-time personnel"
},
"Military deployments": {
"text": "125 France (contributing member of EuroCorps); 100 Mali (EUTM/MINUSMA); 200 Lithuania (NATO) (2021)"
},
"Military - note": {
"text": "Belgium is a member of NATO and was one of the original 12 countries to sign the North Atlantic Treaty (also known as the Washington Treaty) in 1949 <br><br>in 2018, the Defense Ministers of Belgium, Denmark and the Netherlands signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) for the creation of a Composite Special Operations Component Command (C-SOCC); the C-SOCC was declared operational in December 2020"
}

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europe/bk.json
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@ -1111,7 +1111,7 @@
},
"Military and Security": {
"Military and security forces": {
"text": "Armed Forces of Bosnia and Herzegovina (Oruzanih Snaga Bosne i Hercegovine, OSBiH): Operations Command (includes Army, Air, and Air Defense units), Support Command (2021)"
"text": "Armed Forces of Bosnia and Herzegovina (AFBiH or Oruzanih Snaga Bosne i Hercegovine, OSBiH): Operations Command (includes Army, Air, and Air Defense units), Support Command (2021)"
},
"Military expenditures": {
"Military Expenditures 2021": {
@ -1141,7 +1141,7 @@
"note": "note - as of 2019, women made up about 7% of the military's full-time personnel"
},
"Military - note": {
"text": "<p>the Armed Forces of Bosnia and Herzegovina are comprised of the former Bosnian-Croat Army of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina (Vojska Federacije Bosne i Hercegovin, VF) and the Bosnian-Serb Republic of Serbia Army (Vojska Republike Srpske, VRS); the two forces were unified under the 2003 Law on Defense, which also established the country’s Ministry of Defense</p> <p>Bosnia and Herzegovina joined NATO’s Partnership for Peace (PfP) program in 2007 and was invited to join NATO’s Membership Action Plan in 2010; as of 2021, NATO maintained a military headquarters in Sarajevo with the mission of assisting Bosnia and Herzegovina with the PfP program and promoting closer integration with NATO, as well as providing logistics and other support to the European Union Force deployed there</p> <p> </p>"
"text": "<p>the Armed Forces of Bosnia and Herzegovina (AFBiH) are comprised of the former Bosnian-Croat Army of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina (Vojska Federacije Bosne i Hercegovin, VF) and the Bosnian-Serb Republic of Serbia Army (Vojska Republike Srpske, VRS); the two forces were unified under the 2003 Law on Defense, which also established the country’s Ministry of Defense<br><br>the European Union Force Bosnia and Herzegovina (EUFOR) has operated in the country to oversee implementation of the Dayton/Paris Agreement since taking over from NATO's Stabilization Force (SFOR) in 2004; in addition to its security mission, EUFOR supports the overall EU comprehensive strategy for Bosnia and Herzegovina and the efforts of the AFBiH to attain NATO standards; as of 2022, it had about 600 troops from 19 countries</p> <p>Bosnia and Herzegovina joined NATO’s Partnership for Peace (PfP) program in 2007 and was invited to join NATO’s Membership Action Plan in 2010; as of 2021, NATO maintained a military headquarters in Sarajevo with the mission of assisting Bosnia and Herzegovina with the PfP program and promoting closer integration with NATO, as well as providing logistics and other support to EUFOR</p> <p> </p>"
}
},
"Terrorism": {
@ -1164,7 +1164,7 @@
"stateless persons": {
"text": "149 (mid-year 2021)"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> 86,337 estimated refugee and migrant arrivals (January 2015-January 2022)"
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> 86,562 estimated refugee and migrant arrivals (January 2015-February 2022)"
},
"Trafficking in persons": {
"current situation": {

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europe/bo.json
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@ -1151,14 +1151,14 @@
"text": "approximately 45,000 active duty troops; information on the individual services varies, but probably includes about 25,000 Army, 15,000 Air/Air Defense, and 5,000 Special Operations forces (2021)"
},
"Military equipment inventories and acquisitions": {
"text": "the inventory of the Belarus Armed Forces is comprised of Russian-origin equipment; Belarus's defense industry manufactures some equipment, including vehicles, guided weapons, and electronic warfare systems (2021)"
"text": "the inventory of the Belarus Armed Forces is comprised of Russian/Soviet-origin equipment; Belarus's defense industry manufactures some equipment, including vehicles, guided weapons, and electronic warfare systems (2021)"
},
"Military service age and obligation": {
"text": "18-27 years of age for compulsory military or alternative service; conscript service obligation is 12-18 months, depending on academic qualifications, and 24-36 months for alternative service, depending on academic qualifications; 17-year-olds are eligible to become cadets at military higher education institutes, where they are classified as military personnel (2021)",
"note": "note - conscripts comprise an estimated 40% of the military"
"note": "note - conscripts can be assigned to the military, as well as the Ministry of Interior as internal or border troops; as of 2020, conscripts comprised an estimated 40% of the military"
},
"Military - note": {
"text": "<p>Belarus has close security ties with Russia, including an integrated air and missile defense system, joint training exercises, and the establishment of three joint training centers since 2020 (1 in Belarus, 2 in Russia); Russia is the principal supplier of arms to Belarus, and Belarusian troops reportedly train on Russian equipment; Russia leases from Belarus a strategic ballistic missile defense site operated by Russian Aerospace Forces and a global communications facility for the Russian Navy; in 2020, the countries signed an agreement allowing for close security cooperation between the Belarusian Ministry of Interior and the Russian National Guard, including protecting public order and key government facilities, and combating extremism and terrorism<br><br>Belarus has been a member of the Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO) since 1994 and contributes troops to CSTO's rapid reaction force</p>"
"text": "<p>Belarus has close security ties with Russia, including an integrated air and missile defense system, joint training exercises, and the establishment of three joint training centers since 2020 (1 in Belarus, 2 in Russia); Russia is the principal supplier of arms to Belarus, and Belarusian troops reportedly train on Russian equipment; Russia leases from Belarus a strategic ballistic missile defense site operated by Russian Aerospace Forces and a global communications facility for the Russian Navy; in 2020, the countries signed an agreement allowing for close security cooperation between the Belarusian Ministry of Interior and the Russian National Guard, including protecting public order and key government facilities, and combating extremism and terrorism<br><br>Belarus has been a member of the Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO) since 1994 and contributes an airborne brigade to CSTO's rapid reaction force (KSOR)</p>"
}
},
"Transnational Issues": {

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europe/da.json
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@ -1142,13 +1142,13 @@
"Military equipment inventories and acquisitions": {
"text": "the Danish military inventory is comprised of a mix of modern European, US, and domestically-produced equipment; the US is the largest supplier of military equipment to Denmark since 2010; the Danish defense industry is active in the production of naval vessels, defense electronics, and subcomponents of larger weapons systems, such as the US F-35 fighter aircraft (2021)"
},
"Military deployments": {
"text": "140 Middle East/Iraq (NATO) (2021)"
},
"Military service age and obligation": {
"text": "18 years of age for compulsory and voluntary military service; conscripts serve an initial training period that varies from 4 to 12 months depending on specialization; former conscripts are assigned to mobilization units; women eligible to volunteer for military service; in addition to full time employment, the Danish Military offers reserve contracts in all three branches (2021)",
"note": "note(s) - women have been able serve in all military occupations, including combat arms, since 1988; as of 2019, they made up about 8% of the military's full-time personnel; conscientious objectors can choose to instead serve 6 months in a non-military position, for example in Beredskabsstyrelsen (dealing with non-military disasters like fires, flood, pollution, etc.) or overseas foreign aid work"
},
"Military deployments": {
"text": "140 Middle East/Iraq (NATO) (2021)"
},
"Military - note": {
"text": "Denmark is a member of NATO and was one of the original 12 countries to sign the North Atlantic Treaty (also known as the Washington Treaty) in 1949<br> <p>Denmark is a member of the EU, but opted out of the EU’s Common Defense and Security Policy, and therefore does not participate in EU military operations or in the cooperation on development and acquisition of military capabilities within the EU framework</p> <p>the Danish Armed Forces cooperate closely with the militaries of other Nordic countries through the Nordic Defense Cooperation (NORDEFCO), which consists of Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden; areas of cooperation include armaments, education, human resources, training and exercises, and operations; NORDEFCO was established in 2009<br><br></p> in 2018, the Defense Ministers of Belgium, Denmark and the Netherlands signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) for the creation of a Composite Special Operations Component Command (C-SOCC); the C-SOCC was declared operational in December 2020"
}

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europe/ei.json
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@ -1134,13 +1134,13 @@
"Military equipment inventories and acquisitions": {
"text": "the Irish Defense Forces have a small inventory of imported weapons systems from a variety of mostly European countries; the UK is the leading supplier of military hardware to Ireland since 2010 (2020)"
},
"Military deployments": {
"text": "135 Golan Heights (UNDOF); 330 Lebanon (UNIFIL) (Oct 2021)"
},
"Military service age and obligation": {
"text": "18-25 years of age for male and female voluntary military service recruits to the Defence Forces (18-27 years of age for the Naval Service); 18-26 for cadetship (officer) applicants; 12-year service (5 active, 7 reserves); Irish citizen, European Economic Area citizenship, or refugee status (2021)",
"note": "note - as of 2019, women made up about 7% of the military's full-time personnel"
},
"Military deployments": {
"text": "135 Golan Heights (UNDOF); 330 Lebanon (UNIFIL) (Oct 2021)"
},
"Military - note": {
"text": "<p>the Irish Defense Forces trace their origins back to the Irish Volunteers, which was established in 1913; the Irish Volunteers took part in the 1916 Easter Rising and the Irish War of Independence, 1919-1921</p> <p>Ireland has a long-standing policy of military neutrality; however, it participates in international peacekeeping and humanitarian operations, as well as crisis management; Ireland is a signatory of the EU’s Common Security and Defense Policy and has committed a battalion of troops to the EU’s Rapid Reaction Force; Ireland is not a member of NATO, but has a relationship going back to 1997 when it deployed personnel in support of the NATO-led peacekeeping operations in Bosnia and Herzegovina; Ireland joined NATO’s Partnership for Peace program in 1999; Ireland has been an active participate in UN peacekeeping operations since the 1950s</p>"
}

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europe/en.json
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@ -1156,13 +1156,13 @@
"Military equipment inventories and acquisitions": {
"text": "the Estonian Defense Forces have a limited inventory of Soviet-era and more recently acquired modern weapons systems, largely from western European countries (2021)"
},
"Military deployments": {
"text": "approximately 100 Mali (Operation Barkhane/MINUSMA/EUTM) (2021)"
},
"Military service age and obligation": {
"text": "men 18-27 for compulsory military or governmental service, conscript service requirement 8-11 months depending on education; NCOs, reserve officers, and specialists serve 11 months; women can volunteer and as of 2018, women could serve in any branch of the military (2021)",
"note": "note(s) - conscripts comprise about half (approximately 3,000-3,300) of the Estonian military's 6,500 active personnel and serve in all branches, except for the Air Force, which does not have conscripts; in 2020, women comprised about 10% of the full-time professional military force"
},
"Military deployments": {
"text": "approximately 100 Mali (Operation Barkhane/MINUSMA/EUTM) (2021)"
},
"Military - note": {
"text": "Estonia officially became a member of NATO in 2004<br> <p>since 2017, Estonia has hosted a multi-national NATO ground force battlegroup as part of the Alliance’s Enhanced Forward Presence initiative; the battlegroup is led by the UK and had about 800 troops on a continuous rotational basis as of 2021</p> <p>NATO also has provided air protection for Estonia since 2004 through its Air Policing mission; NATO member countries that possess air combat capabilities voluntarily contribute to the mission on 4-month rotations; NATO fighter aircraft have been hosted at Estonia’s Ämari Air Base since 2014</p>"
}

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europe/ez.json
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@ -1144,13 +1144,13 @@
"Military equipment inventories and acquisitions": {
"text": "the Czech military has a mix of Soviet-era and more modern equipment, mostly of Western European origin; since 2010, the leading suppliers of military equipment to Czechia are Austria and Spain (2021)"
},
"Military deployments": {
"text": "the Czechia military has small numbers of troops deployed under EU, NATO, and UN command in several countries, including Bosnia and Herzegovina, the Central African Republic, Egypt, Iraq, Israel, Kosovo, Latvia, Lithuania, and Mali (2021)"
},
"Military service age and obligation": {
"text": "18-28 years of age for male and female voluntary military service; conscription abolished 2004 (2021)",
"note": "note - as of 2019, women comprised about 13% of the military's full-time personnel"
},
"Military deployments": {
"text": "the Czechia military has small numbers of troops deployed under EU, NATO, and UN command in several countries, including Bosnia and Herzegovina, the Central African Republic, Egypt, Iraq, Israel, Kosovo, Latvia, Lithuania, and Mali (2021)"
},
"Military - note": {
"text": "Czechia joined NATO in 1999; Czechia, Hungary, and Poland were invited to begin accession talks at NATO's Madrid Summit in 1997, and in March 1999 they became the first former members of the Warsaw Pact to join the Alliance"
}

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europe/fi.json
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@ -1127,7 +1127,7 @@
},
"Military expenditures": {
"Military Expenditures 2021": {
"text": "2.1% of GDP (2021 est.)"
"text": "2% of GDP (2021 est.)"
},
"Military Expenditures 2020": {
"text": "1.5% of GDP (2020)"
@ -1149,13 +1149,13 @@
"Military equipment inventories and acquisitions": {
"text": "the inventory of the Finnish Defense Forces consists of a wide mix of mostly modern US, European, and domestically-produced weapons systems; the Finnish defense industry produces a variety of military equipment, including wheeled armored vehicles and naval vessels (2021)"
},
"Military deployments": {
"text": "160 Lebanon (UNIFIL) (Oct 2021)"
},
"Military service age and obligation": {
"text": "at age 18, all Finnish men are obligated to serve 5.5-12 months of service within a branch of the military or the Border Guard (length of service depends on the type of duty), and women 18-29 may volunteer for service; there is also an option to perform non-military service which lasts for 8.5 or 11.5 months; after completing their initial conscript obligation, individuals enter the reserves and remain eligible for mobilization until the age of 50 for rank-and-file and 60 for non-commissioned and commissioned officers (2021)",
"note": "note(s) - the military trains approximately 21,000 (20,000 Army) conscripts each year; since 2017, between 1,000 and 1,700 women have volunteered for military service annually; as of 2019, women made up about 4% of the military's full-time personnel"
},
"Military deployments": {
"text": "160 Lebanon (UNIFIL) (Oct 2021)"
},
"Military - note": {
"text": "<p>Finland is not a member of NATO, but the two actively cooperate in peace-support operations, exercise together, and exchange analysis and information; Finland joined NATO’s Partnership for Peace program in 1994; Finnish Armed Forces participated in NATO-led military operations and missions in the Balkans, Afghanistan, and Iraq</p> <p>Finland is a signatory of the EU’s Common Security and Defense Policy (CSDP) and actively participates in CSDP crisis management missions and operations</p> <p>the Finnish Armed Forces closely cooperate with the militaries of other Nordic countries through the Nordic Defense Cooperation (NORDEFCO), which consists of Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden; areas of cooperation include armaments, education, human resources, training and exercises, and operations; NORDEFCO was established in 2009</p>"
}

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europe/fr.json
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@ -1219,14 +1219,14 @@
"Military equipment inventories and acquisitions": {
"text": "the French military's inventory consists almost entirely of domestically-produced weapons systems, including some jointly-produced with other European countries; there is a limited mix of armaments from other Western countries, particularly the US; France has a defense industry capable of manufacturing the full spectrum of air, land, and naval military weapons systems (2021)"
},
"Military deployments": {
"text": "5,100 Burkina Faso/Chad/Mali/Niger (Operation Barkhane, Task Force Takuba; note - in July 2021, France announced that it would withdraw about 2,000 personnel from this force in 2022); approximately 300 Central African Republic; 950 Cote D'Ivoire; 1,450 Djibouti; 300 Baltics (NATO); 2,100 French Guyana; 900 French Polynesia; 1,000 French West Indies; 350 Gabon; est. 500 Middle East (Iraq/Jordan/Syria); 950 Lebanon (UNIFIL); 1,450 New Caledonia; 1,700 Reunion Island; 350 Senegal; 650 United Arab Emirates (2021)",
"note": "note - France has been a contributing member of the EuroCorps since 1992"
},
"Military service age and obligation": {
"text": "18-25 years of age for male and female voluntary military service; no conscription (abolished 2001); 1-year service obligation; women serve in noncombat posts (2021)<br><br>note(s) - men between the ages of 17.5 and 39.5 years of age, of any nationality, may join the French Foreign Legion; those volunteers selected for service sign 5-year contracts; in 2019, women comprised approximately approximately 16% of the uniformed armed forces (21% including civilians) ",
"note": "note(s) - men between the ages of 17.5 and 39.5 years of age, of any nationality, may join the French Foreign Legion; those volunteers selected for service sign 5-year contracts; in 2019, women comprised approximately approximately 16% of the uniformed armed forces (21% including civilians)&nbsp;"
},
"Military deployments": {
"text": "4,300 Burkina Faso/Chad/Mali/Niger (Operation Barkhane, Task Force Takuba; note - in  2021, France announced that it would cut the number of troops from this force to about 2,500 by 2023; in 2022, France said it would move the troops in Mali--about 2,400--to other west African countries); approximately 300 Central African Republic; 950 Cote D'Ivoire; 1,450 Djibouti; 300 Baltics (NATO); 2,100 French Guyana; 900 French Polynesia; 1,000 French West Indies; 350 Gabon; est. 500 Middle East (Iraq/Jordan/Syria); 950 Lebanon (UNIFIL); 1,450 New Caledonia; 1,700 Reunion Island; 350 Senegal; 650 United Arab Emirates (2021)",
"note": "note - France has been a contributing member of the EuroCorps since 1992"
},
"Military - note": {
"text": "France was one of the original 12 countries to sign the North Atlantic Treaty (also known as the Washington Treaty), which created NATO in 1949; in 1966, President Charles DE GAULLE decided to withdraw France from NATO’s integrated military structure, reflecting his desire for greater military independence, particularly vis-à-vis the US, and the refusal to integrate France’s nuclear deterrent or accept any form of control over its armed forces; it did, however, sign agreements with NATO setting out procedures in the event of Soviet aggression; beginning with the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989, France distanced itself from the 1966 decision and has regularly contributed troops to NATO’s military operations, being one of the largest troop-contributing states; in 2009 it officially announced its decision to fully participate in NATO structures<br><br> <p>in 2010, France and the UK signed a declaration on defense and security cooperation that included greater military interoperability and a Combined Joint Expeditionary Force (CJEF), a deployable, combined Anglo-French military force for use in a wide range of crisis scenarios, up to and including high intensity combat operations; the CJEF has no standing forces, but would be available at short notice for French-UK bilateral, NATO, EU, UN, or other operations; combined training exercises began in 2011; as of 2020, the CJEF was assessed as having full operating capacity with the ability to rapidly deploy over 10,000 personnel capable of high intensity operations, peacekeeping, disaster relief, and humanitarian assistance</p> <p>the French Foreign Legion, established in 1831, is a military force that is open to foreign recruits willing to serve in the French Armed Forces for service in France and abroad; the Foreign Legion is an integrated part of the French Army and is comprised of approximately 8,000 personnel in eight regiments, a regiment-sized demi-brigade, a battalion-sized overseas detachment, a battalion-sized recruiting group, and a command staff; the combat units are a mix of armored cavalry and airborne, light, mechanized, and motorized infantry</p> (2021)"
}

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europe/gm.json
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@ -1188,13 +1188,13 @@
"Military equipment inventories and acquisitions": {
"text": "the German Federal Armed Forces inventory is mostly comprised of weapons systems produced domestically or jointly with other European countries and Western imports, particularly from the US; Germany's defense industry is capable of manufacturing the full spectrum of air, land, and naval military weapons systems, and is one of the world's leading arms exporters (2021)"
},
"Military deployments": {
"text": "approximately 500 Middle East (NATO/Counter-ISIS campaign); 130 Lebanon (UNIFIL); 600 Lithuania (NATO); approximately 1,400 Mali (MINUSMA/EUTM); note - Germany is a contributing member of the EuroCorps (2021)"
},
"Military service age and obligation": {
"text": "17-23 years of age for male and female voluntary military service (must have completed compulsory full-time education and have German citizenship); conscription ended July 2011; service obligation 7-23 months or 12 years; women have been eligible for voluntary service in all military branches and positions since 2001 (2021)",
"note": "note - in 2021, women accounted for about 12% of the German military"
},
"Military deployments": {
"text": "approximately 500 Middle East (NATO/Counter-ISIS campaign); 130 Lebanon (UNIFIL); 600 Lithuania (NATO); approximately 1,400 Mali (MINUSMA/EUTM); note - Germany is a contributing member of the EuroCorps (2021)"
},
"Military - note": {
"text": "the Federal Republic of Germany joined NATO in May 1955; with the reunification of Germany in October 1990, the states of the former German Democratic Republic joined the Federal Republic of Germany in its membership of NATO<br> <p>the German Army has incorporated a joint Franco-German mechanized infantry brigade since 1989, a Dutch airmobile infantry brigade since 2014, and a Dutch mechanized infantry brigade since 2016; in addition, the German Navy’s Sea Battalion (includes marine infantry, naval divers, reconnaissance, and security forces) has worked closely with the Dutch Marine Corps since 2016, including as a binational amphibious landing group (2021)</p>"
}

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europe/gr.json
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@ -1162,13 +1162,13 @@
"text": "the inventory of the Hellenic Armed Forces consists mostly of a mix of imported weapons from Europe and the US, as well as a limited number of domestically produced systems, particularly naval vessels; France, Germany, and the US are the leading suppliers of weapons systems to Greece since 2010; Greece's defense industry is capable of producing naval vessels and associated subsystems (2020)",
"note": "note - in addition to finalizing an update to the Mutual Defense Cooperation Agreement with the US, Greece also entered into a security agreement with France in 2021 that included the sale of frigates and fighter aircraft to augment its aging weapons systems"
},
"Military deployments": {
"text": "approximately 1,000 Cyprus; 110 Kosovo (NATO); 150 Lebanon (UNIFIL) (Sep 2021)"
},
"Military service age and obligation": {
"text": "19-45 years of age for compulsory military service; 12-month obligation for all services (note - as an exception, the duration of the full military service is 9 instead of 12 months if conscripts, after the initial training, serve the entire remaining time in certain areas of the eastern borders, in Cyprus, or in certain military units); 18 years of age for volunteers; women are eligible for voluntary military service (2021)",
"note": "note(s) - approximately 40-50% of the Greek military is comprised of conscripts; as of 2019, women comprised approximately 19% of the full-time military personnel"
},
"Military deployments": {
"text": "approximately 1,000 Cyprus; 110 Kosovo (NATO); 150 Lebanon (UNIFIL) (Sep 2021)"
},
"Military - note": {
"text": "Greece joined NATO in 1952"
}
@ -1190,7 +1190,7 @@
"stateless persons": {
"text": "5,552 (mid-year 2021)"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> 1,215,025 estimated refugee and migrant arrivals (January 2015-February 2022); as of the end of December 2020, an estimated 119,700 migrants and refugees were stranded in Greece since 2015-16"
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> 1,215,180 estimated refugee and migrant arrivals (January 2015-February 2022); as of the end of December 2020, an estimated 119,700 migrants and refugees were stranded in Greece since 2015-16"
},
"Illicit drugs": {
"text": "a gateway to Europe for traffickers smuggling cannabis products and heroin from the Middle East and Southwest Asia to the West and precursor chemicals to the East; some South American cocaine transits or is consumed in Greece; money laundering related to drug trafficking and organized crime"

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europe/hr.json
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@ -1198,7 +1198,7 @@
"stateless persons": {
"text": "2,910 (mid-year 2021)"
},
"note": "<strong>note: </strong>735,873 estimated refugee and migrant arrivals (January 2015-December 2021); flows slowed considerably in 2017; Croatia is predominantly a transit country and hosts about 340 asylum seekers as of the end of June 2018"
"note": "<strong>note: </strong>736,622 estimated refugee and migrant arrivals (January 2015-January 2022); flows slowed considerably in 2017; Croatia is predominantly a transit country and hosts about 340 asylum seekers as of the end of June 2018"
},
"Illicit drugs": {
"text": "<p>drug trafficking groups are major players in the procurement and transportation of of large quantities of cocaine  destined for  European markets</p> <p> </p>"

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europe/hu.json
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@ -1183,13 +1183,13 @@
"Military equipment inventories and acquisitions": {
"text": "the inventory of the Hungarian Defense Forces consists largely of Soviet-era weapons, with a smaller mix of more modern European and US equipment; since 2010, Hungary has received limited quantities of equipment from several European countries and the US (2021)"
},
"Military deployments": {
"text": "160 Bosnia-Herzegovina (EUFOR stabilization force); 150 Iraq (counter-ISIS coalition); 430 Kosovo (NATO/KFOR) (2021)"
},
"Military service age and obligation": {
"text": "18-25 years of age for voluntary military service; no conscription (abolished 2005); 6-month service obligation (2021)",
"note": "note - as of 2019, women comprised approximately 20% of Hungary's full-time military personnel"
},
"Military deployments": {
"text": "160 Bosnia-Herzegovina (EUFOR stabilization force); 150 Iraq (counter-ISIS coalition); 430 Kosovo (NATO/KFOR) (2021)"
},
"Military - note": {
"text": "Hungary joined NATO in 1999; Czechia, Hungary, and Poland were invited to begin accession talks at NATO's Madrid Summit in 1997 and in March 1999 they became the first former members of the Warsaw Pact to join the Alliance"
}

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europe/it.json
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@ -1184,13 +1184,13 @@
"Military equipment inventories and acquisitions": {
"text": "the Italian Armed Forces' inventory includes a mix of domestically-produced, jointly-produced, and imported European and US weapons systems; the US is the leading supplier of weapons to Italy since 2010, followed by Germany; the Italian defense industry is capable of producing equipment across all the military domains with particular strengths in naval vessels and aircraft; it also participates in joint development and production of advanced weapons systems with other European countries and the US (2021)"
},
"Military deployments": {
"text": "120 Djibouti; 1,100 Middle East/Iraq/Kuwait (NATO, counter-ISIS campaign, European Assistance Mission Iraq); 630 Kosovo (NATO/KFOR); 200 Latvia (NATO); 900 Lebanon (UNIFIL); 400 Libya; 290 Niger; 150 Somalia (EUTM) (2021)"
},
"Military service age and obligation": {
"text": "18-25 years of age for voluntary military service; women may serve in any military branch; Italian citizenship required; 1-year service obligation; conscription abolished 2004 (2021)",
"note": "note - as of 2019, women made up about 6% of the military's full-time personnel"
},
"Military deployments": {
"text": "120 Djibouti; 1,100 Middle East/Iraq/Kuwait (NATO, counter-ISIS campaign, European Assistance Mission Iraq); 630 Kosovo (NATO/KFOR); 200 Latvia (NATO); 900 Lebanon (UNIFIL); 400 Libya; 290 Niger; 150 Somalia (EUTM) (2021)"
},
"Military - note": {
"text": "Italy is a member of NATO and was one of the original 12 countries to sign the North Atlantic Treaty (also known as the Washington Treaty) in 1949<br> <p>Italy is an active participant in EU, NATO, UN, and other multinational military, security, and humanitarian operations abroad; as of 2021, it hosted the headquarters for the EU’s Mediterranean naval operations force (EUNAVFOR-MED) in Rome and the US Navy’s 6th Fleet in Naples; Italy was admitted to the UN in 1955 and in 1960 participated in its first UN peacekeeping mission, the UN Operation in Congo (ONUC); since 1960, it has committed more than 60,000 troops to UN missions, and as of 2021, was the top supplier of military and police forces among Western and EU nations to UN peacekeeping operations; since 2006, Italy has hosted a training center in Vicenza for police personnel destined for peacekeeping missions</p>"
}
@ -1211,7 +1211,7 @@
"stateless persons": {
"text": "3,000 (mid-year 2021)"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> 594,172 estimated refugee and migrant arrivals (January 2015-February 2022)"
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> 595,820 estimated refugee and migrant arrivals (January 2015-February 2022)"
},
"Illicit drugs": {
"text": "important gateway for drug trafficking; organized crime groups allied with Colombian and Spanish groups trafficking cocaine to Europe"

6
europe/lh.json
View file

@ -1173,13 +1173,13 @@
"Military equipment inventories and acquisitions": {
"text": "the Lithuanian Armed Forces' inventory is mostly a mix of Western weapons systems and Soviet-era equipment (primarily aircraft and helicopters); as of 2021, European and the US are the leading suppliers of armaments to Lithuania (2021)"
},
"Military deployments": {
"text": "contributes about 350-550 troops to the Lithuania, Poland, and Ukraine joint military brigade (LITPOLUKRBRIG), which was established in 2014; the brigade is headquartered in Poland and is comprised of an international staff, three battalions, and specialized units (2021)"
},
"Military service age and obligation": {
"text": "19-26 years of age for conscripted military service (males); 9-month service obligation; in 2015, Lithuania reinstated conscription after having converted to a professional military in 2008; 18-38 for voluntary service (male and female) (2021)",
"note": "note(s) - Lithuania conscripts up to 4,000 males each year; conscripts are selected using an automated lottery system; as of 2019, women comprised about 12% of the military's full-time personnel"
},
"Military deployments": {
"text": "contributes about 350-550 troops to the Lithuania, Poland, and Ukraine joint military brigade (LITPOLUKRBRIG), which was established in 2014; the brigade is headquartered in Poland and is comprised of an international staff, three battalions, and specialized units (2021)"
},
"Military - note": {
"text": "Lithuania officially became a member of NATO in 2004<br> <p>since 2017, Lithuania has hosted a multi-national NATO ground force battlegroup as part of the Alliance’s Enhanced Forward Presence initiative; the battlegroup is led by Germany and had about 1,250 troops on a continuous rotational basis as of 2021</p> <p>NATO also has provided air protection for Lithuania since 2004 through its Air Policing mission; NATO member countries that possess air combat capabilities voluntarily contribute to the mission on 4-month rotations; NATO fighter aircraft are hosted at Lithuania’s Šiauliai Air Base</p>"
}

6
europe/lo.json
View file

@ -1122,13 +1122,13 @@
"Military equipment inventories and acquisitions": {
"text": "the inventory of the Slovakian military consists mostly of Soviet-era platforms; since 2010, it has imported limited quantities of equipment from China, Czechia, Italy, Russia, and the US (2021)"
},
"Military deployments": {
"text": "240 Cyprus (UNFICYP); up to 175 Latvia (NATO) (2021)"
},
"Military service age and obligation": {
"text": "18-30 years of age for voluntary military service; conscription in peacetime suspended in 2004; women are eligible to serve (2021)",
"note": "note - as of 2019, women made up around 12% of the military's full-time personnel"
},
"Military deployments": {
"text": "240 Cyprus (UNFICYP); up to 175 Latvia (NATO) (2021)"
},
"Military - note": {
"text": "Slovakia officially became a member of NATO in 2004"
}

2
europe/mj.json
View file

@ -1176,7 +1176,7 @@
"stateless persons": {
"text": "458 (mid-year 2021)"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> 20,736 estimated refugee and migrant arrivals (January 2015-February 2022)"
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> 20,748 estimated refugee and migrant arrivals (January 2015-February 2022)"
},
"Illicit drugs": {
"text": "<p>drug trafficking groups are major players in the procurement and transportation of large quantities of cocaine  destined for  European markets</p>"

2
europe/mk.json
View file

@ -1124,7 +1124,7 @@
"stateless persons": {
"text": "553 (mid-year 2021)"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> 525,216 estimated refugee and migrant arrivals (January 2015-December 2021)"
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> 528,369 estimated refugee and migrant arrivals (January 2015-January 2022)"
},
"Illicit drugs": {
"text": "major transshipment point for Southwest Asian heroin and hashish; minor transit point for South American cocaine destined for Europe; although not a financial center and most criminal activity is thought to be domestic, money laundering is a problem due to a mostly cash-based economy and weak enforcement"

6
europe/nl.json
View file

@ -1162,13 +1162,13 @@
"Military equipment inventories and acquisitions": {
"text": "the inventory of the Netherlands Armed Forces consists of a mix of domestically-produced and modern European- and US-sourced equipment; since 2010, the US is the leading supplier of weapons systems to the Netherlands, followed by several European countries; the Netherlands has an advanced domestic defense industry that focuses on armored vehicles, naval ships, and air defense systems; it also participates with the US and other European countries on joint development and production of advanced weapons systems (2021)"
},
"Military deployments": {
"text": "270 Lithuania (NATO) (2021)"
},
"Military service age and obligation": {
"text": "17 years of age for an all-volunteer force; conscription remains in place, but the requirement to show up for compulsory military service was suspended in 1997 (2021)",
"note": "note - in 2019, women made up about 11% of the military's full-time personnel"
},
"Military deployments": {
"text": "270 Lithuania (NATO) (2021)"
},
"Military - note": {
"text": "the Netherlands is a member of NATO and was one of the original 12 countries to sign the North Atlantic Treaty (also known as the Washington Treaty) in 1949<br> <p>since 1973, the Dutch Marine Corps has worked closely with the British Royal Marines, including jointly in the UK-Netherlands amphibious landing force</p> <p>a Dutch Army airmobile infantry brigade and a mechanized infantry brigade have been integrated into the German Army since 2014 and 2016 respectively<br><br></p> in 2018, the Defense Ministers of Belgium, Denmark and the Netherlands signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) for the creation of a Composite Special Operations Component Command (C-SOCC); the C-SOCC was declared operational in December 2020 (2021)"
}

6
europe/no.json
View file

@ -1130,13 +1130,13 @@
"Military equipment inventories and acquisitions": {
"text": "the Norwegian Armed Forces inventory includes mostly imported European and US weapons systems, as well as a limited mix of domestically-produced equipment, particularly small naval craft and surface-to-air missile systems; since 2010, the US is the leading supplier of weapons systems to Norway, followed by a variety of other countries, including France, Italy, South Korea, and Spain (2021)"
},
"Military deployments": {
"text": "120 Lithuania (NATO) (2021)"
},
"Military service age and obligation": {
"text": "19-35 years of age for male and female selective compulsory military service; 17 years of age for male volunteers; 18 years of age for women; 19-month service obligation; conscripts first serve 12 months from 19-28, and then up to 4-5 refresher training periods until age 35, 44, 55, or 60 depending on rank and function (2021)",
"note": "note(s) - Norway conscripts about 8,000 individuals annually; Norway was the first NATO country to allow females to serve in all combat arms branches of the military (1985); it also has an all-female special operations unit known as <em>Jegertroppen </em>(The Hunter Troop), which was established in 2014; as of 2019, women comprised about 14% of the military's full-time personnel"
},
"Military deployments": {
"text": "120 Lithuania (NATO) (2021)"
},
"Military - note": {
"text": "Norway is a member of NATO and was one of the original 12 countries to sign the North Atlantic Treaty (also known as the Washington Treaty) in 1949<br> <p>the Norwegian Armed Forces cooperate closely with the militaries of other Nordic countries through the Nordic Defense Cooperation (NORDEFCO), which consists of Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden; areas of cooperation include armaments, education, human resources, training and exercises, and operations; NORDEFCO was established in 2009</p> (2021)"
}

8
europe/pl.json
View file

@ -1206,14 +1206,14 @@
"text": "the inventory of the Polish Armed Forces consists of a mix of Soviet-era and more modern Western weapons systems; since 2010, the leading suppliers of armaments to Poland are Finland, Germany, Italy, and the US (2021)",
"note": "note - in late 2018, Poland announced a 7-year (through 2026) approximately $50 billion defense modernization plan that would include such items as 5th generation combat aircraft, unmanned aerial vehicles, rocket artillery, helicopters, submarines, and improved cyber security"
},
"Military deployments": {
"text": "240 Kosovo (NATO/KFOR); up to 175 Latvia (NATO); 250 Lebanon (UNIFIL) (2021)",
"note": "note: Poland contributes about 2,500 troops to the Lithuania, Poland, and Ukraine joint military brigade (LITPOLUKRBRIG), which was established in 2014; the brigade is headquartered in Poland and is comprised of an international staff, three battalions, and specialized units"
},
"Military service age and obligation": {
"text": "18-28 years of age for male and female voluntary military service; conscription phased out in 2009-12; professional soldiers serve on a permanent basis (for an unspecified period of time) or on a contract basis (for a specified period of time); initial contract period is 24 months; women serve in the military on the same terms as men (2021)",
"note": "note - as of 2019, women made up about 7% of the military's full-time personnel"
},
"Military deployments": {
"text": "240 Kosovo (NATO/KFOR); up to 175 Latvia (NATO); 250 Lebanon (UNIFIL) (2021)",
"note": "note: Poland contributes about 2,500 troops to the Lithuania, Poland, and Ukraine joint military brigade (LITPOLUKRBRIG), which was established in 2014; the brigade is headquartered in Poland and is comprised of an international staff, three battalions, and specialized units"
},
"Military - note": {
"text": "Poland joined NATO in 1999; Czechia, Hungary, and Poland were invited to begin accession talks at NATO's Madrid Summit in 1997, and in March 1999 they became the first former members of the Warsaw Pact to join the Alliance<br> <p>since 2017, Poland has hosted a multi-national NATO battlegroup as part of the Alliance’s Enhanced Forward Presence initiative; the battlegroup is led by the US and had about 1,000 troops on a continuous rotational basis as of 2021</p>"
}

8
europe/po.json
View file

@ -1164,14 +1164,14 @@
"Military equipment inventories and acquisitions": {
"text": "the Portuguese Armed Forces inventory includes mostly European and US-origin weapons systems along with a smaller mix of domestically-produced equipment; since 2010, Germany and the US are the leading suppliers of armaments to Portugal; Portugal's defense industry is primarily focused on shipbuilding (2021)"
},
"Military deployments": {
"text": "200 Central African Republic (MINUSCA/EUTM); up to 120 Baltic States (NATO) (2021)",
"note": "note - in 2021, Portugal deployed about 80 troops to Mozambique to assist with the EU training mission"
},
"Military service age and obligation": {
"text": "18-30 years of age for voluntary or contract military service; no compulsory military service (abolished 2004), but conscription possible if insufficient volunteers available; women serve in the armed forces, on naval ships since 1992, but are prohibited from serving in some combatant specialties; contract service lasts for an initial period from two to six years, and can be extended to a maximum of 20 years of service; voluntary military service lasts 12 months; reserve obligation to age 35 (2021)",
"note": "note - as of 2019, women made up about 12% of the military's full-time personnel"
},
"Military deployments": {
"text": "200 Central African Republic (MINUSCA/EUTM); up to 120 Baltic States (NATO) (2021)",
"note": "note - in 2021, Portugal deployed about 80 troops to Mozambique to assist with the EU training mission"
},
"Military - note": {
"text": "Portugal is a member of NATO and was one of the original 12 countries to sign the North Atlantic Treaty (also known as the Washington Treaty) in 1949"
}

8
europe/ri.json
View file

@ -1166,13 +1166,13 @@
"Military equipment inventories and acquisitions": {
"text": "the inventory of the Serbian Armed Forces consists of Russian and Soviet-era weapons systems; since 2010, most of its weapons imports have come from Russia (2021)"
},
"Military deployments": {
"text": "175 Lebanon (UNIFIL) (Oct 2021)"
},
"Military service age and obligation": {
"text": "18 years of age for voluntary military service; conscription abolished January 2011 (2021)",
"note": "note - as of 2019, women made up about 6% of the military's full-time personnel"
},
"Military deployments": {
"text": "175 Lebanon (UNIFIL) (Oct 2021)"
},
"Military - note": {
"text": "<p>Serbia does not aspire to join NATO, but has cooperated with the Alliance since 2006 when it joined the Partnership for Peace program</p>"
}
@ -1191,7 +1191,7 @@
"stateless persons": {
"text": "2,113 (includes stateless persons in Kosovo) (mid-year 2021)"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> 817,395 estimated refugee and migrant arrivals (January 2015-February 2022); Serbia is predominantly a transit country and hosts an estimated 6,228 migrants and asylum seekers as of September 2021"
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> 818,576 estimated refugee and migrant arrivals (January 2015-February 2022); Serbia is predominantly a transit country and hosts an estimated 6,228 migrants and asylum seekers as of September 2021"
},
"Illicit drugs": {
"text": "<p>drug trafficking groups are major players in the procurement and transportation of of large quantities of cocaine  destined for  European markets</p>"

8
europe/ro.json
View file

@ -1172,12 +1172,12 @@
"Military equipment inventories and acquisitions": {
"text": "the inventory of the Romanian Armed Forces is comprised mostly of Soviet-era and older domestically-produced weapons systems; there is also a smaller mix of Western-origin equipment received in more recent years from European countries and the US&nbsp; (2021)"
},
"Military deployments": {
"text": "up to 120 Poland (NATO) (2021)"
},
"Military service age and obligation": {
"text": "conscription ended 2006; 18 years of age for male and female voluntary service; all military inductees (including women) contract for an initial 5-year term of service, with subsequent successive 3-year terms until age 36 (2021)"
},
"Military deployments": {
"text": "up to 120 Poland (NATO) (2021)"
},
"Military - note": {
"text": "Romania officially became a member of NATO in 2004"
}
@ -1196,7 +1196,7 @@
"stateless persons": {
"text": "314 (mid-year 2021)"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> 9,439 estimated refugee and migrant arrivals (January 2015-February 2022)"
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> 9,515 estimated refugee and migrant arrivals (January 2015-February 2022)"
},
"Trafficking in persons": {
"current situation": {

8
europe/sp.json
View file

@ -1192,13 +1192,13 @@
"Military equipment inventories and acquisitions": {
"text": "the inventory of the Spanish military is comprised of domestically-produced and imported Western weapons systems; France, Germany, and the US are the leading suppliers of military hardware since 2010; Spain's defense industry manufactures land, air, and sea weapons systems and is integrated within the European defense-industrial sector (2021)"
},
"Military deployments": {
"text": "approximately 200 Iraq (training mission, counter-ISIS coalition); 350 Latvia (NATO); 625 Lebanon (UNIFIL); approximately 400 Mali (EUTM); 150 Turkey (NATO) (2021)"
},
"Military service age and obligation": {
"text": "18-26 years of age for voluntary military service by a Spanish citizen or legal immigrant, 2-3 year obligation; women allowed to serve in all SAF branches, including combat units; no conscription (abolished 2001), but Spanish Government retains right to mobilize citizens 19-25 years of age in a national emergency (2021)",
"note": "note - as of 2019, women comprised about 13% of the military's full-time personnel"
},
"Military deployments": {
"text": "approximately 200 Iraq (training mission, counter-ISIS coalition); 350 Latvia (NATO); 625 Lebanon (UNIFIL); approximately 400 Mali (EUTM); 150 Turkey (NATO) (2021)"
},
"Military - note": {
"text": "Spain joined NATO in 1982, but refrained from participating in the integrated military structure until 1996<br><br>the Spanish Marine Corps, established in 1537, is the oldest marine corps in the world"
}
@ -1220,7 +1220,7 @@
"stateless persons": {
"text": "6,.92 (mid-year 2021)"
},
"note": "<strong>note: </strong>197,838 estimated refugee and migrant arrivals (January 2015-February 2022)"
"note": "<strong>note: </strong>198,452 estimated refugee and migrant arrivals (January 2015-February 2022)"
},
"Illicit drugs": {
"text": "primary transit point in Europe for cocaine from South America and for hashish from Morocco; cocaine is shipped in raw or liquid form with mixed cargo to avoid detection; traffickers ship methamphetamine via express mail; increasing number of indoor cannabis grow operations; illegal labs cutting, mixing, and reconstituting cocaine, and heroin and methamphetamine labs; synthetic drugs, including ketamine and MDMA (ecstasy) transit from Spain to the United States"

6
europe/uk.json
View file

@ -1169,13 +1169,13 @@
"Military equipment inventories and acquisitions": {
"text": "the inventory of the British military is comprised of a mix of domestically-produced and imported Western weapons systems; the US is the leading supplier of armaments to the UK since 2010; the UK defense industry is capable of producing a wide variety of air, land, and sea weapons systems and is one of the world's top weapons suppliers (2021)"
},
"Military deployments": {
"text": "approximately 1,000 Brunei; approximately 400 Canada (BATUS); approximately 2,200 Cyprus; 250 Cyprus (UNFICYP); 830 Estonia (NATO); approx. 1,200 Falkland Islands; est. 200 Germany (note - previously about 2,500, but the UK withdrew all but 200 troops by 2021); 570 Gibraltar; approx. 1,400 Middle East (coalition against ISIS; NATO); up to 350 Kenya (BATUK); approximately 400 Mali (EUTM, MINUSMA, and Operation Barkhane); 150 Poland (NATO) (2021)"
},
"Military service age and obligation": {
"text": "slight variations by service, but generally 16-36 years of age for enlisted (with parental consent under 18) and 18-29 for officers; minimum length of service 4 years; women serve in military services including ground combat roles; conscription abolished in 1963 (2021)",
"note": "note - as of 2019, women made up about 11% of the military's full-time personnel"
},
"Military deployments": {
"text": "approximately 1,000 Brunei; approximately 400 Canada (BATUS); approximately 2,500 Cyprus (250 for UNFICYP); approximately 900 Estonia (NATO); approximately 1,200 Falkland Islands; approximately 200 Germany; 570 Gibraltar; approximately 1,400 Middle East (including Bahrain, Iraq, Kuwait, Oman, Saudi Arabia, UAE; coalition against ISIS; NATO); up to 350 Kenya (BATUK); approximately 350 Mali (EUTM, MINUSMA, and Operation Barkhane); 150 Poland (NATO) (2021)"
},
"Military - note": {
"text": "the UK is a member of NATO and was one of the original 12 countries to sign the North Atlantic Treaty (also known as the Washington Treaty) in 1949<br> <p>in 2010, France and the UK signed a declaration on defense and security cooperation that included greater military interoperability and a Combined Joint Expeditionary Force (CJEF), a deployable, combined Anglo-French military force for use in a wide range of crisis scenarios, up to and including high intensity combat operations; the CJEF has no standing forces, but would be available at short notice for UK-French bilateral, NATO, EU, UN, or other operations; combined training exercises began in 2011; as of 2020, the CJEF was assessed as having full operating capacity with the ability to rapidly deploy over 10,000 personnel capable of high intensity operations, peacekeeping, disaster relief, and humanitarian assistance</p> <p>in 2014, the UK led the formation of the Joint Expeditionary Force (JEF), a pool of high-readiness military forces from Baltic and Scandinavian countries able to respond to a wide range of contingencies both in peacetime and in times of crisis or conflict; its principal geographic area of interest is the High North, North Atlantic, and Baltic Sea regions, where the JEF can complement national capabilities or NATO’s deterrence posture, although it is designed to be flexible and prepared to respond to humanitarian crises further afield; the JEF consists of 10 countries (Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Iceland, Latvia, Lithuania, the Netherlands, Norway, Sweden, and the UK) and was declared operational in 2018; most of the forces in the pool are British, and the UK provides the most rapidly deployable units as well as the command and control elements</p>"
}