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auto-update week 48
This commit is contained in:
Yo Robot
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26415791a9
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84 changed files with 121 additions and 119 deletions
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@ -426,7 +426,7 @@
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},
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"Air pollutants": {
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"particulate matter emissions": {
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"text": "35.17 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.)"
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"text": "22.68 micrograms per cubic meter (2019 est.)"
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},
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"carbon dioxide emissions": {
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"text": "150.01 megatons (2016 est.)"
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@ -547,7 +547,7 @@
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"text": "President Abdelmadjid TEBBOUNE (since 12 December 2019)"
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},
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"head of government": {
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"text": "Prime Minister Ayman BENABDERRAHMANE (since 7 July 2021)"
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"text": "Prime Minister Nadir LARBAOUI (since 11 November 2023)"
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},
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"cabinet": {
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"text": "Cabinet of Ministers appointed by the president"
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@ -1253,7 +1253,7 @@
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"text": "Tier 2 Watch List — Algeria does not fully meet the minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking but is making significant efforts to do so; the government made key achievements during the reporting period, therefore Algeria was upgraded to Tier 2 Watch List; authorities identified more trafficking victims, increased investigations and prosecutions, while continuing to convict traffickers; Algeria partnered with international organizations to train officials and conduct public awareness campaigns; however, government identification of and services for victims remained insufficient; authorities continued to punish some potential victims for unlawful acts traffickers compelled them to commit (2022)"
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},
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"trafficking profile": {
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"text": "<p>human traffickers exploit domestic and foreign victims; Algerian women and girls are vulnerable to sex trafficking due to financial problems or after running away from home; undocumented sub-Saharan migrants are vulnerable to labor and sex trafficking and are exploited in restaurants, houses, and informal worksites; sub-Saharan men and women needing more funds for their onward journey to Europe work illegally in construction and commercial sex and are vulnerable to sex trafficking and debt bondage; foreign women and girls, mainly from sub-Saharan Africa, are subject to sex trafficking in bars and informal brothels; criminal begging rings that exploit sub-Saharan African migrant children are common and reportedly increasing (2022)</p>"
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"text": "human traffickers exploit domestic and foreign victims; Algerian women and girls are vulnerable to sex trafficking due to financial problems or after running away from home; undocumented sub-Saharan migrants are vulnerable to labor and sex trafficking and are exploited in restaurants, houses, and informal worksites; sub-Saharan men and women needing more funds for their onward journey to Europe work illegally in construction and commercial sex and are vulnerable to sex trafficking and debt bondage; foreign women and girls, mainly from sub-Saharan Africa, are subject to sex trafficking in bars and informal brothels; criminal begging rings that exploit sub-Saharan African migrant children are common and reportedly increasing (2022)"
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}
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},
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"Illicit drugs": {
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@ -430,7 +430,7 @@
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},
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"Air pollutants": {
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"particulate matter emissions": {
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"text": "21.24 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.)"
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"text": "12.82 micrograms per cubic meter (2019 est.)"
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},
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"carbon dioxide emissions": {
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"text": "6.34 megatons (2016 est.)"
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@ -1237,7 +1237,7 @@
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},
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"Transnational Issues": {
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"Disputes - international": {
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"text": "<p><em>Benin-Burkina Faso:</em> Benin retains a border dispute with Burkina Faso near the town of Koualau/Kourou.<em><br><br>Benin-Togo:</em> Talks continue between Benin and Togo on funding the Adjarala hydroelectric dam on the Mona River.<br><br><em>Benin-Niger:</em> The location of Benin-Niger-Nigeria tripoint is unresolved.</p>"
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"text": "<p><em>Benin-Burkina Faso:</em> Benin retains a border dispute with Burkina Faso near the town of Koualau/Kourou<em><br><br>Benin-Togo:</em> talks continue between Benin and Togo on funding the Adjarala hydroelectric dam on the Mona River<br><br><em>Benin-Niger:</em> the location of Benin-Niger-Nigeria tripoint is unresolved</p>"
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},
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"Illicit drugs": {
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"text": "<p>a significant transit and departure country for cocaine shipments in Africa destined for Europe</p>"
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@ -466,7 +466,7 @@
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},
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"Air pollutants": {
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"particulate matter emissions": {
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"text": "38.67 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.)"
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"text": "29.48 micrograms per cubic meter (2019 est.)"
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},
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"carbon dioxide emissions": {
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"text": "3.28 megatons (2016 est.)"
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@ -1259,11 +1259,11 @@
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},
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"Transnational Issues": {
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"Disputes - international": {
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"text": "<p><em>Republic of the Congo-Democratic Republic of Congo(DRC): </em>the location of the boundary in the broad Congo River is indefinite except in the Pool Malebo/Stanley Pool area<br><br><em>Republic of the Congo-Angola:</em> (Kabinda Exclave) None identified</p>"
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"text": "<p><em>Republic of the Congo-Democratic Republic of Congo(DRC): </em>the location of the boundary in the broad Congo River is indefinite except in the Pool Malebo/Stanley Pool area</p>"
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},
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"Refugees and internally displaced persons": {
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"refugees (country of origin)": {
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"text": "32,910 (Central African Republic), 28,130 (Democratic Republic of the Congo) (refugees and asylum seekers)(2023)"
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"text": "33,585 (Central African Republic), 28,396 (Democratic Republic of the Congo) (refugees and asylum seekers)(2023)"
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},
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"IDPs": {
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"text": "27,000 (multiple civil wars since 1992) (2022)"
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@ -1288,7 +1288,7 @@
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},
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"Transnational Issues": {
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"Disputes - international": {
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"text": "<p>heads of the Great Lakes states and UN pledged in 2004 to abate tribal, rebel, and militia fighting in the region, including northeast Congo<br><br><em>Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC)-Republic of the Congo: </em>the location of the boundary in the broad Congo River is indefinite except in the Pool Malebo/Stanley Pool area<br><br><em>Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC)-Uganda:</em> Uganda rejects the DRC claim to Margherita Peak in the Rwenzori mountains and considers it a boundary divide; there is tension and violence on Lake Albert over prospective oil reserves at the mouth of the Semliki River; the Ugandan-origin Allied Democratic Forces (ADF; aka Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham in the DRC) operates on both sides of the border<br><br><em>Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC)-Zambia: </em>boundary commission continues discussions over Congolese-administered triangle of land on the right bank of the Lunkinda River claimed by Zambia near the DRC village of Pweto<br><br><em>Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC)-Angola: </em>DRC has accused Angola of shifting monuments<br><br><em>Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC)-Rwanda:</em> the DRC has accused Rwanda of backing the armed separatist group March 23 Movement (aka M23 or Congolese Revolutionary Army)<br> <br><em>Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC)-Burundi:</em> multiple armed groups originating from Burundi operate in the DRC</p>"
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"text": "<p><em>Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC)-Republic of the Congo: </em>the location of the boundary in the broad Congo River is indefinite except in the Pool Malebo/Stanley Pool area<br><br><em>Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC)-Uganda:</em> Uganda rejects the DRC claim to Margherita Peak in the Rwenzori mountains and considers it a boundary divide; there is tension and violence on Lake Albert over prospective oil reserves at the mouth of the Semliki River; the Ugandan-origin Allied Democratic Forces (ADF; aka Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham in the DRC) operates on both sides of the border<br><br><em>Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC)-Zambia: </em>boundary commission continues discussions over Congolese-administered triangle of land on the right bank of the Lunkinda River claimed by Zambia near the DRC village of Pweto<br><br><em>Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC)-Angola: </em>DRC has accused Angola of shifting monuments<br><br><em>Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC)-Rwanda:</em> the DRC has accused Rwanda of backing the armed separatist group March 23 Movement (aka M23 or Congolese Revolutionary Army)<br> <br><em>Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC)-Burundi:</em> multiple armed groups originating from Burundi operate in the DRC</p>"
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},
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"Refugees and internally displaced persons": {
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"refugees (country of origin)": {
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@ -1291,7 +1291,7 @@
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},
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"Transnational Issues": {
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"Disputes - international": {
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"text": "<p>the Joint Border Commission with Nigeria reviewed 2002 ICJ ruling on the entire boundary and bilaterally resolved differences, including June 2006 Greentree Agreement that immediately ceded sovereignty of the Bakassi Peninsula to Cameroon with a full phase-out of Nigerian control and patriation of residents in 2008; Cameroon and Nigeria agreed on maritime delimitation in March 2008; sovereignty dispute between Equatorial Guinea and Cameroon over an island at the mouth of the Ntem River; only Nigeria and Cameroon have heeded the Lake Chad Commission's admonition to ratify the delimitation treaty, which also includes the Chad-Niger and Niger-Nigeria boundaries</p>"
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"text": "<p><em>Cameroon-Nigeria:</em> Nigeria recognized Cameroon's sovereignty over the Bakassi Peninsula in 2006 and in completed the transfer of administration in 2013, although there are occasional, mostly local disputes in the area; the majority of the land boundary was demarcated by 2019 with UN assistance, although there are few disagreements on the precise location of the boundary; the porous border is susceptible to crossings by the Boko Haram and Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham - West Africa terrorist groups, both of which operate in Northern Nigeria <br><br></p>"
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},
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"Refugees and internally displaced persons": {
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"refugees (country of origin)": {
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},
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"Transnational Issues": {
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"Disputes - international": {
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"text": "<p>claims French-administered Mayotte and challenges France's and Madagascar's claims to Banc du Geyser, a drying reef in the Mozambique Channel; in May 2008, African Union forces assisted the Comoros military in recapturing Anjouan Island from rebels who seized it in 2001</p>"
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"text": "<p>claims French-administered Mayotte and challenges France's and Madagascar's claims to Banc du Geyser, a drying reef in the Mozambique Channel</p>"
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}
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}
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}
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},
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"Transnational Issues": {
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"Disputes - international": {
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"text": "<p>Eritrea and Ethiopia agreed to abide by 2002 Ethiopia-Eritrea Boundary Commission's (EEBC) delimitation decision, but neither party responded to the revised line detailed in the November 2006 EEBC Demarcation Statement; Sudan accuses Eritrea of supporting eastern Sudanese rebel groups; in 2008, Eritrean troops moved across the border on Ras Doumera peninsula and occupied Doumera Island with undefined sovereignty in the Red Sea</p>"
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"text": "<p><em>Eritrea-Ethiopia: </em>both agreed to abide by 2002 Ethiopia-Eritrea Boundary Commission's (EEBC) delimitation decision, but neither party responded to the revised line detailed in the November 2006 EEBC Demarcation Statement<br><br><em>Eritrea-Sudan: </em>Sudan accuses Eritrea of supporting eastern Sudanese rebel groups<br><br><em>Eritrea-Djibouti:</em> in 2008, Eritrean troops moved across the border on Ras Doumera peninsula and occupied Doumera Island with undefined sovereignty in the Red Sea</p>"
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},
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"Trafficking in persons": {
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"tier rating": {
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@ -1292,7 +1292,7 @@
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},
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"Transnational Issues": {
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"Disputes - international": {
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"text": "<p><em>Ethiopia-Eritrea:</em> Eritrea and Ethiopia agreed to abide by the 2002 Eritrea-Ethiopia Boundary Commission's (EEBC) delimitation decision, but neither party responded to the revised line detailed in the November 2006 EEBC Demarcation Statement <br><br><em>Ethiopia-Somalia:</em> While border clashes continue in the al-Fashqa (Fashaga) area, the US views the 1902 boundary treaty between Ethiopia and Sudan as being in force; the undemarcated former British administrative line has little meaning as a political separation to rival clans within Ethiopia's Ogaden and southern Somalia's Oromo region; Ethiopian forces invaded southern Somalia and routed Islamist courts from Mogadishu in January 2007; \"Somaliland\" secessionists provide port facilities in Berbera and trade ties to landlocked Ethiopia; <br><br><em>Ethiopia-Sudan:</em> Ethiopia's construction of a large dam (the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam) on the Blue Nile in northern Ethiopia since 2011 has become a focal point of relations with Egypt and Sudan; Egypt has described the giant hydroelectric project as an existential threat because of its potential to control the flow of the river that is a key source of water for the country; Ethiopia completed filling the dam in 2023</p>"
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"text": "<p><em>Ethiopia-Eritrea:</em> Eritrea and Ethiopia agreed to abide by the 2002 Eritrea-Ethiopia Boundary Commission's (EEBC) delimitation decision, but neither party responded to the revised line detailed in the November 2006 EEBC Demarcation Statement<br><br><em>Ethiopia-Somalia:</em> the undemarcated former British administrative line has little meaning as a political separation to rival clans within Ethiopia's Ogaden (populated largely by ethnic Somalis) and southern Somalia's Oromo region; the Somalia-based terrorist group al-Shabaab has conducted cross-border assaults into Ethiopia as recently as 2022 <br><br><em>Ethiopia-South Sudan: </em>while border clashes continue in the al-Fashqa (Fashaga) area, the US views the 1902 boundary treaty between Ethiopia and Sudan as being in force<br><br><em>Ethiopia-Sudan:</em> Ethiopia's construction of a large dam (the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam) on the Blue Nile in northern Ethiopia since 2011 has become a focal point of relations with Egypt and Sudan; Egypt has described the giant hydroelectric project as an existential threat because of its potential to control the flow of the river that is a key source of water for the country; Ethiopia completed filling the dam in 2023</p>"
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},
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"Refugees and internally displaced persons": {
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"refugees (country of origin)": {
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},
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"Transnational Issues": {
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"Disputes - international": {
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"text": "<p>attempts to stem refugees, cross-border raids, arms smuggling, and other illegal activities by separatists from southern Senegal's Casamance region, as well as from conflicts in other west African states</p>"
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"text": "<p>border issues include attempts to stem refugees, cross-border raids, arms smuggling, and other illegal activities by separatists from southern Senegal's Casamance region, as well as from conflicts in other west African states</p>"
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},
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"Refugees and internally displaced persons": {
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"IDPs": {
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},
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"Refugees and internally displaced persons": {
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"refugees (country of origin)": {
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"text": "281,319 (Somalia), 157,402 (South Sudan), 58,779 (Democratic Republic of the Congo), 21,847 (Ethiopia), 8,392 (Burundi), 5,756 (Sudan) (2023)"
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"text": "290,635 (Somalia), 170,292 (South Sudan), 58,779 (Democratic Republic of the Congo), 21,847 (Ethiopia), 8,392 (Burundi), 5,756 (Sudan) (2023)"
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},
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"IDPs": {
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"text": "30,000 (election-related violence, intercommunal violence, resource conflicts, al-Shabaab attacks in 2017 and 2018) (2022)"
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},
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"Air pollutants": {
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"particulate matter emissions": {
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"text": "44.17 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.)"
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"text": "29.84 micrograms per cubic meter (2019 est.)"
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},
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"carbon dioxide emissions": {
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"text": "50.56 megatons (2016 est.)"
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@ -462,7 +462,7 @@
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},
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"Air pollutants": {
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"particulate matter emissions": {
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"text": "22.14 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.)"
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"text": "18.57 micrograms per cubic meter (2019 est.)"
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},
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"carbon dioxide emissions": {
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"text": "1.3 megatons (2016 est.)"
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@ -471,7 +471,7 @@
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},
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"Air pollutants": {
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"particulate matter emissions": {
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"text": "30.99 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.)"
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"text": "13.44 micrograms per cubic meter (2019 est.)"
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},
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"carbon dioxide emissions": {
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"text": "61.28 megatons (2016 est.)"
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},
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"Air pollutants": {
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"particulate matter emissions": {
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"text": "13.54 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.)"
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"text": "10.48 micrograms per cubic meter (2019 est.)"
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},
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"carbon dioxide emissions": {
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"text": "4.35 megatons (2016 est.)"
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},
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"Executive branch": {
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"chief of state": {
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"text": "President Pritivirajsing ROOPUN (since 2 December 2019); Vice President Marie Cyril EDDY Boissézon (since 2 December 2019); note - President Ameenah GURIB-FAKIM, the country's first female president, resigned on 23 March 2018 amid a credit card scandal; acting presidents served from March 2018 until ROOPUN's appointment in 2019"
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"text": "President Prithvirajsing ROOPUN (since 2 December 2019); Vice President Marie Cyril EDDY Boissézon (since 2 December 2019); note - President Ameenah GURIB-FAKIM, the country's first female president, resigned on 23 March 2018 amid a credit card scandal; acting presidents served from March 2018 until ROOPUN's appointment in 2019"
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},
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"head of government": {
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"text": "Prime Minister Pravind JUGNAUTH (since 23 January 2017); note - Prime Minister Sir Anerood JUGNAUTH stepped down on 23 January 2017 in favor of his son, Pravind Kumar JUGNAUTH, who was then appointed prime minister; following 7 November 2019 parliamentary elections, Pravind JUGNAUTH remained prime minister and home affairs minister and also became defense minister"
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"text": "president and vice president indirectly elected by the National Assembly for 5-year renewable terms; election last held on 7 November 2019 (next to be held in 2024); the president appoints the prime minister and deputy prime minister who have the majority support in the National Assembly"
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},
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"election results": {
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"text": "<em><br>2019</em>: Pritivirajsing ROOPUN (MSM) elected president by the National Assembly - unanimous vote; note - GURIB-FAKIM resigned on 23 March 2018<br><br><em>2015</em>: Ameenah GURIB-FAKIM (independent) elected president by the National Assembly - unanimous vote; note - GURIB-FAKIM was Mauritius' first female president <br>"
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"text": "<em><br>2019</em>: Prithvirajsing ROOPUN (MSM) elected president by the National Assembly - unanimous vote; note - GURIB-FAKIM resigned on 23 March 2018<br><br><em>2015</em>: Ameenah GURIB-FAKIM (independent) elected president by the National Assembly - unanimous vote; note - GURIB-FAKIM was Mauritius' first female president <br>"
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}
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},
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"Legislative branch": {
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},
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"Air pollutants": {
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"particulate matter emissions": {
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"text": "40.82 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.)"
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"text": "41.98 micrograms per cubic meter (2019 est.)"
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},
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"carbon dioxide emissions": {
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"text": "2.74 megatons (2016 est.)"
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},
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"Air pollutants": {
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"particulate matter emissions": {
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"text": "40.75 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.)"
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"text": "35.66 micrograms per cubic meter (2019 est.)"
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},
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"carbon dioxide emissions": {
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"text": "1.11 megatons (2016 est.)"
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"note": "<strong>note:</strong> in 2017 an independent electoral commission (the NIEC) was inaugurated with a mandate to oversee the process of registration of political parties in the country; as of 2021, the NIEC had registered a total of 110 parties"
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},
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"International organization participation": {
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"text": "ACP, AfDB, AFESD, AMF, AU, CAEU (candidate), FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IGAD, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ITSO, ITU, LAS, NAM, OIC, OPCW, OPCW (signatory), UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNHRC, UNIDO, UPU, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO"
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"text": "ACP, AfDB, AFESD, AMF, AU, CAEU (candidate), EAC, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IGAD, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ITSO, ITU, LAS, NAM, OIC, OPCW, OPCW (signatory), UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNHRC, UNIDO, UPU, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO"
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},
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"Diplomatic representation in the US": {
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"chief of mission": {
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},
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"Air pollutants": {
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"particulate matter emissions": {
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"text": "35.66 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.)"
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"text": "26.52 micrograms per cubic meter (2019 est.)"
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},
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"carbon dioxide emissions": {
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"text": "29.94 megatons (2016 est.)"
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},
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"Transnational Issues": {
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"Disputes - international": {
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"text": "<p>Uganda is subject to armed fighting among hostile ethnic groups, rebels, armed gangs, militias, and various government forces that extend across its borders<br><br><em>Uganda-Kenya:</em> Kenya and Uganda began a joint demarcation of the boundary in 2021; Uganda and Kenya both claim Migingo Island, a tiny island in the middle of Lake Victoria, which offers good fishing<br><br><em>Uganda-Rwanda:</em> a joint technical committee established in 2007 to demarcate sections of the border<br><br><em>Uganda-Democratic Republic of Congo(DROC):</em> Uganda rejects the DROC claim to Margherita Peak in the Rwenzori mountains and considers it a boundary divide; there is tension and violence on Lake Albert over prospective oil reserves at the mouth of the Semliki River; Rukwanzi Island in Lake Albert is claimed by both countries<br><br><em>Uganda-South Sudan:</em> Government of South Sudan protests Lord's Resistance Army operations in western Equatorial State, displacing and driving out local populations and stealing grain stores<br><br><em>Uganda-Sudan</em>: none identified</p>"
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"text": "<p>Uganda is subject to armed fighting among hostile ethnic groups, rebels, armed gangs, militias, and various government forces that extend across its borders<br><br><em>Uganda-Kenya:</em> Kenya and Uganda began a joint demarcation of the boundary in 2021; Uganda and Kenya both claim Migingo Island, a tiny island in the middle of Lake Victoria, which offers good fishing<br><br><em>Uganda-Rwanda:</em> a joint technical committee established in 2007 to demarcate sections of the border<br><br><em>Uganda-Democratic Republic of Congo (DROC):</em> Uganda rejects the DROC claim to Margherita Peak in the Rwenzori mountains and considers it a boundary divide; there is tension and violence on Lake Albert over prospective oil reserves at the mouth of the Semliki River; Rukwanzi Island in Lake Albert is claimed by both countries<br><br><em>Uganda-South Sudan:</em> Government of South Sudan protests Lord's Resistance Army operations in western Equatorial State, displacing and driving out local populations and stealing grain stores<br><br><em>Uganda-Sudan</em>: none identified</p>"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Refugees and internally displaced persons": {
|
||||
"refugees (country of origin)": {
|
||||
"text": "905,568 (South Sudan) (refugees and asylum seekers), 500,520 (Democratic Republic of the Congo), 41,246 (Somalia), 38,880 (Burundi), 34,368 (Eritrea), 23,388 (Rwanda), 8,936 (Ethiopia), 5,776 (Sudan) (2023)"
|
||||
"text": "905,568 (South Sudan) (refugees and asylum seekers), 502,487 (Democratic Republic of the Congo), 41,246 (Somalia), 38,880 (Burundi), 34,368 (Eritrea), 23,388 (Rwanda), 8,936 (Ethiopia), 5,776 (Sudan) (2023)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"stateless persons": {
|
||||
"text": "67,000 (2022)"
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -1219,7 +1219,7 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Transnational Issues": {
|
||||
"Disputes - international": {
|
||||
"text": "<p>adding to illicit cross-border activities, Burkina Faso has issues concerning unresolved boundary alignments with its neighbors; demarcation is currently underway with Mali; the dispute with Niger was referred to the ICJ in 2010, and a dispute over several villages with Benin persists; Benin retains a border dispute with Burkina Faso around the town of Koualau/Kourou</p>"
|
||||
"text": "<p>porous borders contribute to illicit cross-border activities, including terrorism and trafficking<br><br><em>Burkina Faso-Benin</em>: the two countries dispute sovereignty over a small area known as Kourou/Koalou near the tripoint with Togo, which has been declared a neutral zone pending settlement of the dispute; in 2009, an agreement to refer the dispute to the International Court of Justice was signed, but no formal application has yet been made to the Court</p>"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Refugees and internally displaced persons": {
|
||||
"refugees (country of origin)": {
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -1146,7 +1146,7 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Transnational Issues": {
|
||||
"Disputes - international": {
|
||||
"text": "<p>in 2006, Swati king advocated resorting to ICJ to claim parts of Mpumalanga and KwaZulu-Natal from South Africa</p>"
|
||||
"text": "<p>Eswatini has stable relations with South Africa but claims large sections of South African territory based on the historic extent of Swazi control during the early 19th century; despite periodic negotiations, there has been little progress in resolving the dispute </p>"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Trafficking in persons": {
|
||||
"tier rating": {
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
|
|||
{
|
||||
"Introduction": {
|
||||
"Background": {
|
||||
"text": "Bantu-speaking groups mainly from the Luba and Lunda Kingdoms in the Congo River Basin and from the Great Lakes region in East Africa settled in what is now Zambia beginning around A.D. 300, displacing and mixing with previous population groups in the region. The Mutapa Empire developed after the fall of Great Zimbabwe to the south in the 14th century and ruled the region, including large parts of Zambia, from the 14th to 17th century. The empire collapsed as a result of the growing slave trade and Portuguese incursions in the 16th and 17th centuries. The region was further influenced by migrants from the Zulu Kingdom to the south and the Luba and Lunda Kingdoms to the north after invading colonial and African powers displaced local residents into the area around the Zambezi River, in what is now Zambia. In the 1880s, British companies began securing mineral and other economic concessions from various local leaders. The companies eventually claimed control of the region and incorporated it as the protectorate of Northern Rhodesia in 1911. The UK Government took over administrative control from the British South Africa Company in 1924. During the 1920s and 1930s, advances in mining spurred British economic ventures and colonial settlement. <br><br>Northern Rhodesia’s name was changed to Zambia upon independence from the UK in 1964 under independence leader and first President Kenneth KUANDA. In the 1980s and 1990s, declining copper prices, economic mismanagement, and a prolonged drought hurt the economy. Elections in 1991 brought an end to one-party rule and propelled the Movement for Multiparty Democracy (MMD) into power. The subsequent vote in 1996, however, saw increasing harassment of opposition parties and abuse of state media and other resources. The election in 2001 was marked by administrative problems, with three parties filing a legal petition challenging the election of ruling party candidate Levy MWANAWASA. MWANAWASA was reelected in 2006 in an election that was deemed free and fair. Upon his death in August 2008, he was succeeded by his vice president, Rupiah BANDA, who won a special presidential byelection later that year. The MMD and BANDA lost to the Patriotic Front (PF) and Michael SATA in the 2011 general elections. SATA, however, presided over a period of haphazard economic management and attempted to silence opposition to PF policies. SATA died in October 2014 and was succeeded by his vice president, Guy SCOTT, who served as interim president until January 2015, when Edgar LUNGU won the presidential byelection and completed SATA's term. LUNGU then won a full term in August 2016 presidential elections. Hakainde HICHILEMA was elected president in August 2021."
|
||||
"text": "Bantu-speaking groups mainly from the Luba and Lunda Kingdoms in the Congo River Basin and from the Great Lakes region in East Africa settled in what is now Zambia beginning around A.D. 300, displacing and mixing with previous population groups in the region. The Mutapa Empire developed after the fall of Great Zimbabwe to the south in the 14th century and ruled the region, including large parts of Zambia, from the 14th to 17th century. The empire collapsed as a result of the growing slave trade and Portuguese incursions in the 16th and 17th centuries. The region was further influenced by migrants from the Zulu Kingdom to the south and the Luba and Lunda Kingdoms to the north after invading colonial and African powers displaced local residents into the area around the Zambezi River, in what is now Zambia. In the 1880s, British companies began securing mineral and other economic concessions from various local leaders. The companies eventually claimed control of the region and incorporated it as the protectorate of Northern Rhodesia in 1911. The UK Government took over administrative control from the British South Africa Company in 1924. During the 1920s and 1930s, advances in mining spurred British economic ventures and colonial settlement. <br><br>Northern Rhodesia’s name was changed to Zambia upon independence from the UK in 1964 under independence leader and first President Kenneth KAUNDA. In the 1980s and 1990s, declining copper prices, economic mismanagement, and a prolonged drought hurt the economy. Elections in 1991 brought an end to one-party rule and propelled the Movement for Multiparty Democracy (MMD) into power. The subsequent vote in 1996, however, saw increasing harassment of opposition parties and abuse of state media and other resources. The election in 2001 was marked by administrative problems, with three parties filing a legal petition challenging the election of ruling party candidate Levy MWANAWASA. MWANAWASA was reelected in 2006 in an election that was deemed free and fair. Upon his death in August 2008, he was succeeded by his vice president, Rupiah BANDA, who won a special presidential byelection later that year. The MMD and BANDA lost to the Patriotic Front (PF) and Michael SATA in the 2011 general elections. SATA, however, presided over a period of haphazard economic management and attempted to silence opposition to PF policies. SATA died in October 2014 and was succeeded by his vice president, Guy SCOTT, who served as interim president until January 2015, when Edgar LUNGU won the presidential byelection and completed SATA's term. LUNGU then won a full term in August 2016 presidential elections. Hakainde HICHILEMA was elected president in August 2021."
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Geography": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -451,7 +451,7 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Air pollutants": {
|
||||
"particulate matter emissions": {
|
||||
"text": "24.7 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "16.9 micrograms per cubic meter (2019 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"carbon dioxide emissions": {
|
||||
"text": "5.14 megatons (2016 est.)"
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -455,7 +455,7 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Air pollutants": {
|
||||
"particulate matter emissions": {
|
||||
"text": "19.35 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "13.08 micrograms per cubic meter (2019 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"carbon dioxide emissions": {
|
||||
"text": "10.98 megatons (2016 est.)"
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
Loading…
Add table
Add a link
Reference in a new issue