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europe/al.json
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@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
{
"Introduction": {
"Background": {
"text": "<p>Albania declared its independence from the Ottoman Empire in 1912, but was conquered by Italy in 1939 and occupied by Germany in 1943. Communist partisans took over the country in 1944. Albania allied itself first with the USSR (until 1960), and then with China (to 1978). In the early 1990s, Albania ended 46 years of isolated communist rule and established a multiparty democracy. The transition has proven challenging as successive governments have tried to deal with high unemployment, widespread corruption, dilapidated infrastructure, powerful organized crime networks, and combative political opponents.</p> <p>Albania has made progress in its democratic development since it first held multiparty elections in 1991, but deficiencies remain. Most of Albania's post-communist elections were marred by claims of electoral fraud; however, international observers judged elections to be largely free and fair since the restoration of political stability following the collapse of pyramid schemes in 1997. Albania joined NATO in April 2009 and in June 2014 became an EU candidate. In April 2017, Albania received a European Commission recommendation to open EU accession negotiations following the passage of historic EU-mandated justice reforms in 2016. Albania - along with North Macedonia - opened EU accession talks in 2022. Although Albania's economy continues to grow, it has slowed, and the country is still one of the poorest in Europe. A large informal economy and a weak energy and transportation infrastructure remain obstacles.</p>"
"text": "<p>After declaring independence from the Ottoman Empire in 1912, Albania experienced a period of political upheaval that led to a short-lived monarchy, which ended in 1939 when Italy conquered the country. Germany then occupied Albania in 1943, and communist partisans took over the country in 1944. Albania allied itself first with the USSR (until 1960) and then with China (until 1978). In the early 1990s, Albania ended communist rule and established a multiparty democracy. </p> <p>Government-endorsed pyramid schemes in 1997 led to economic collapse and civil disorder, which only ended when UN peacekeeping troops intervened. In 1999, some 450,000 ethnic Albanians fled from Kosovo to Albania to escape the war with the Serbs. Albania joined NATO in 2009 and became an official candidate for EU membership in 2014. </p>"
}
},
"Geography": {
@ -1212,7 +1212,7 @@
"stateless persons": {
"text": "1,948 (2022)"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> 46,944 estimated refugee and migrant arrivals (January 2015-October 2023)"
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> 47,247 estimated refugee and migrant arrivals (January 2015-January 2024)"
},
"Illicit drugs": {
"text": "<p>a source country for cannabis and an active transshipment point for Albanian narco-trafficking organizations moving illicit drugs into European markets</p>"

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europe/an.json
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@ -842,7 +842,7 @@
},
"Transnational Issues": {
"Disputes - international": {
"text": "<p><em>Andorra-France:</em> none identified<br><br><em>Andorra-Spain:</em> none identified</p>"
"text": "none identified"
}
}
}

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europe/au.json
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@ -625,10 +625,10 @@
"text": "9900 Vienna Place, Washington DC&nbsp; 20521-9900"
},
"telephone": {
"text": "[43] (1) 31339-0"
"text": "[43] (1) 31339 0"
},
"FAX": {
"text": "[43] (1) 310-06-82"
"text": "[43] (1) 31339 2017"
},
"email address and website": {
"text": "<br>ConsulateVienna@state.gov<br><br>https://at.usembassy.gov/"
@ -1177,35 +1177,35 @@
},
"Military and Security": {
"Military and security forces": {
"text": "Austrian Armed Forces (Bundesheer): Land Forces, Air Forces, Cyber Forces, Special Forces, Militia (reserves) (2023)",
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> the federal police maintain internal security and report to the Ministry of the Interior "
"text": "Austrian Armed Forces (Bundesheer): Land Forces, Air Forces, Cyber Forces, Special Forces, Militia (reserves) (2024)",
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> the federal police maintain internal security and report to the Ministry of the Interior"
},
"Military expenditures": {
"Military Expenditures 2024": {
"text": "1% of GDP (2024 est.)"
},
"Military Expenditures 2023": {
"text": "0.85% of GDP (2023 est.)"
},
"Military Expenditures 2022": {
"text": "0.7% of GDP (2022 est.)"
"text": "0.7% of GDP (2022)"
},
"Military Expenditures 2021": {
"text": "0.8% of GDP (2021)"
},
"Military Expenditures 2020": {
"text": "0.7% of GDP (2020)"
},
"Military Expenditures 2019": {
"text": "0.7% of GDP (2019)"
},
"Military Expenditures 2018": {
"text": "0.7% of GDP (2018)"
}
},
"Military and security service personnel strengths": {
"text": "approximately 20-25,000 active duty personnel (includes active militia) (2023)"
"text": "approximately 20-25,000 active-duty personnel (includes conscripts and active militia) (2023)"
},
"Military equipment inventories and acquisitions": {
"text": "the military's inventory includes a mix of domestically produced and imported weapons systems from European countries and the US; the Austrian defense industry produces a range of equipment and partners with other countries (2023)"
"text": "the military's inventory includes a mix of domestically produced and imported weapons systems from European countries and the US; the Austrian defense industry produces a range of equipment and partners with other countries (2024)"
},
"Military service age and obligation": {
"text": "registration requirement at age 17, the legal minimum age for voluntary military service; men above the age of 18 are subject to compulsory military service; women may volunteer; compulsory service is for 6 months, or optionally, alternative civil/community service (Zivildienst) for 9 months (2023)",
"note": "<strong>note 1:</strong> as of 2022, women made up about 4% of the military's full-time personnel<br><br><strong>note 2:</strong> in a January 2013 referendum, a majority of Austrians voted in favor of retaining the system of compulsory military service (with the option of alternative/non-military service) instead of switching to a professional army system; approximately 40% of those liable to compulsory service have opted in favor of  alternative civil/community service"
"text": "registration requirement at age 17, the legal minimum age for voluntary military service; men above the age of 18 are subject to compulsory military service; women may volunteer; compulsory service is for 6 months, or optionally, alternative civil/community service (Zivildienst) for 9 months (2024)",
"note": "<strong>note 1:</strong> as of 2023, women made up about 4% of the military's full-time personnel<br><br><strong>note 2:</strong> in a January 2013 referendum, a majority of Austrians voted in favor of retaining the system of compulsory military service (with the option of alternative/non-military service) instead of switching to a professional army system"
},
"Military deployments": {
"text": "170 Bosnia-Herzegovina (EUFOR stabilization force); 250 Kosovo (NATO/KFOR); 200 Lebanon (UNIFIL) (2023)"
@ -1235,7 +1235,7 @@
},
"Refugees and internally displaced persons": {
"refugees (country of origin)": {
"text": "68,700 (Syria), 43,725 (Afghanistan), 10,110 (Iraq), 8,684 (Somalia), 7,294 (Iran), 6,124 (Russia) (mid-year 2022); 83,980 (Ukraine) (as of 31 December 2023)"
"text": "68,700 (Syria), 43,725 (Afghanistan), 10,110 (Iraq), 8,684 (Somalia), 7,294 (Iran), 6,124 (Russia) (mid-year 2022); 84,135 (Ukraine) (as of 31 January 2024)"
},
"stateless persons": {
"text": "3,219 (2022)"

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europe/be.json
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@ -1196,7 +1196,7 @@
},
"Military and Security": {
"Military and security forces": {
"text": "Belgian Armed Forces (Defensie or  La Défense): Land Component, Marine (Naval) Component, Air Component, Medical Component (2023)",
"text": "Belgian Armed Forces (Defensie or  La Défense): Land Component, Marine (Naval) Component, Air Component, Medical Component (2024)",
"note": "<strong>note: </strong>the Belgian Federal Police is the national police force and responsible for internal security and nationwide law and order, including migration and border enforcement; the force reports to the ministers of interior and justice"
},
"Military expenditures": {
@ -1220,10 +1220,10 @@
"text": "approximately 25,000 active-duty personnel (10,000 Land Component; 1,500 Marine Component; 5,000 Air Force Component; 1,500 Medical Component; 7,000 other, including joint staff, support, and training schools) (2023)"
},
"Military equipment inventories and acquisitions": {
"text": "the armed forces have a mix of weapons systems from European countries, Israel, and the US; Belgium has an export-focused defense industry that focuses on components and subcontracting (2023)"
"text": "the armed forces have a mix of weapons systems from European countries, Israel, and the US; Belgium has an export-focused defense industry that focuses on components and subcontracting (2024)"
},
"Military service age and obligation": {
"text": "18 years of age for voluntary military service for men and women; conscription abolished in 1995 (2023)",
"text": "18 years of age for voluntary military service for men and women; conscription abolished in 1995 (2024)",
"note": "<strong>note 1:</strong> in 2023, women comprised nearly 11% of the military's full-time personnel<br><br><strong>note 2:</strong> foreign nationals 18-34 years of age who speak Dutch or French and are citizens of EU countries, Iceland, Lichtenstein, Norway, and Switzerland may apply to join the military"
},
"Military deployments": {
@ -1255,7 +1255,7 @@
},
"Refugees and internally displaced persons": {
"refugees (country of origin)": {
"text": "20,086 (Syria), 7,049 (Afghanistan), 5,769 (Iraq) (mid-year 2022); 75,055 (Ukraine) (as of 31 December 2023)"
"text": "20,086 (Syria), 7,049 (Afghanistan), 5,769 (Iraq) (mid-year 2022); 75,055 (Ukraine) (as of 31 January 2024)"
},
"stateless persons": {
"text": "1,190 (2022)"

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europe/bk.json
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{
"Introduction": {
"Background": {
"text": "<p>Bosnia and Herzegovina declared sovereignty in October 1991 and independence from the former Yugoslavia on 3 March 1992 after a referendum boycotted by ethnic Serbs. The Bosnian Serbs - supported by neighboring Serbia and Montenegro - responded with armed resistance aimed at partitioning the republic along ethnic lines and joining Serb-held areas to form a \"Greater Serbia.\" In March 1994, Bosniaks and Croats reduced the number of warring factions from three to two by signing an agreement creating a joint Bosniak-Croat Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina. On 21 November 1995, in Dayton, Ohio, the warring parties initialed a peace agreement that ended three years of interethnic civil strife (the final agreement was signed in Paris on 14 December 1995).</p> <p>The Dayton Peace Accords retained Bosnia and Herzegovina's international boundaries and created a multiethnic and democratic government charged with conducting foreign, diplomatic, and fiscal policy. Also recognized was a second tier of government composed of two entities roughly equal in size: the predominantly Bosniak-Bosnian Croat Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina and the predominantly Bosnian Serb-led Republika Srpska (RS). The Federation and RS governments are responsible for overseeing most government functions. Additionally, the Dayton Accords established the Office of the High Representative to oversee the implementation of the civilian aspects of the agreement. The Peace Implementation Council at its conference in Bonn in 1997 also gave the High Representative the authority to impose legislation and remove officials, the so-called \"Bonn Powers.\" In 1995, the NATO-led international peacekeeping force (IFOR) of 60,000 troops enforced the peace, but was replaced the next year by a smaller, NATO-led Stabilization Force (SFOR). In 2004, European Union peacekeeping troops (EUFOR) replaced SFOR. Currently, EUFOR deploys around 1,200 troops in Bosnia in a peacekeeping capacity.</p>"
"text": "<p>After four centuries of Ottoman rule over Bosnia and Herzegovina, Austria-Hungary took control in 1878 and held the region until 1918, when it was incorporated into the newly created Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes. After World War II, Bosnia and Herzegovina joined the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (SFRY).<br><br>Bosnia and Herzegovina declared sovereignty in October 1991 and independence from the SFRY on 3 March 1992 after a referendum boycotted by ethnic Serbs. Bosnian Serb militias, with the support of Serbia and Croatia, then tried to take control of territories they claimed as their own. From 1992 to 1995, ethnic cleansing campaigns killed thousands and displaced more than two million people. On 21 November 1995, in Dayton, Ohio, the warring parties initialed a peace agreement, and the final agreement was signed in Paris on 14 December 1995.</p> <p>The Dayton Accords retained Bosnia and Herzegovina's international boundaries and created a multiethnic and democratic government composed of two entities roughly equal in size: the predominantly Bosniak-Bosnian Croat Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina and the predominantly Bosnian Serb-led Republika Srpska (RS). The Dayton Accords also established the Office of the High Representative to oversee the agreement's implementation. In 1996, the NATO-led Stabilization Force (SFOR) took over responsibility for enforcing the peace. In 2004, European Union peacekeeping troops (EUFOR) replaced SFOR. As of 2022, EUFOR deploys around 1,600 troops in Bosnia in a peacekeeping capacity. Bosnia and Herzegovina became an official candidate for EU membership in 2022.</p>"
}
},
"Geography": {
@ -1198,7 +1198,7 @@
"stateless persons": {
"text": "48 (2022)"
},
"note": "<strong>note: </strong>142,338 estimated refugee and migrant arrivals (January 2015-November 2023)"
"note": "<strong>note: </strong>151,006 estimated refugee and migrant arrivals (January 2015-February 2024)"
},
"Illicit drugs": {
"text": "<p>drug trafficking groups are major players in the procurement and transportation of large quantities of cocaine destined for European markets</p>"

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europe/bo.json
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@ -562,10 +562,10 @@
"text": "bicameral National Assembly or Natsyyalny Skhod consists of:<br>Council of the Republic or Savet Respubliki (64 seats statutory, currently 58; 56 members indirectly elected by regional and Minsk city councils and 8 members appointed by the president; members serve 4-year terms)<br>House of Representatives or Palata Pradstawnikow (110 seats; members directly elected in single-seat constituencies by absolute majority vote in 2 rounds if needed; members serve 4-year terms)"
},
"elections": {
"text": "Council of the Republic - indirect election last held on 7 November 2019<br>House of Representatives - last held on 17 November 2019 (next to be held on 25 February 2024); OSCE observers determined that the election was neither free nor impartial and that vote counting was problematic in a number of polling stations; pro-LUKASHENKA candidates won every seat; international observers determined that the previous elections - on 28 September 2008, 23 September 2012, and 11 September 2016 -  also fell short of democratic standards, with pro-LUKASHENKA candidates winning every, or virtually every seat"
"text": "Council of the Republic - indirect election last held on 7 November 2019<br>House of Representatives - last held on 25 February 2024 (next to be held in 2028)"
},
"election results": {
"text": "<br>Council of the Republic - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - independent 58, other 2; composition as of January 2024 - men 42, women 16, percent of women 27.6%<br>House of Representatives - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - KPB 11, Republican Party of Labor and Justice 6, BPP 2, LDP 1, BAP 1, independent 89; composition as of August 2023 - men 66, women 44, percent of women 40%; note - total National Assembly percent of women 35.7%"
"text": "<br>Council of the Republic - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - independent 58, other 2; composition as of January 2024 - men 42, women 16, percent of women 27.6%<br>House of Representatives - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - Belaya Rus 51, RPTS 8, CPB 7, LDPB 4, independent 40; composition - NA"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> the US does not recognize the legitimacy of the National Assembly"
},
@ -1190,7 +1190,7 @@
"Military and Security": {
"Military and security forces": {
"text": "Belarus Armed Forces: Army, Air and Air Defense Force, Special Operations Force, Special Troops (electronic warfare, signals, engineers, biological/chemical/nuclear protection troops, etc)<br><br>Ministry of Interior: State Border Troops, Militia, Internal Troops (2023)",
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> in early 2023, President LUKASHENKO ordered the formation of a new volunteer paramilitary territorial defense force to supplement the Army"
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> in early 2023, President LUKASHENKA ordered the formation of a new volunteer paramilitary territorial defense force to supplement the Army"
},
"Military expenditures": {
"Military Expenditures 2022": {

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europe/bu.json
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},
"Military and Security": {
"Military and security forces": {
"text": "Bulgarian Armed Forces (aka Bulgarian Army): Land Forces, Air Force, Navy<br><br>Ministry of Interior: General Directorate National Police (GDNP), General Directorate Border Police (GDBP), General Directorate for Combating Organized Crime (GDCOC), Fire Safety and Civil Protection General Directorate, Special Unit for Combating Terrorism (SOBT) (2023)",
"text": "Bulgarian Armed Forces (aka Bulgarian Army): Land Forces, Air Force, Navy<br><br>Ministry of Interior: General Directorate National Police (GDNP), General Directorate Border Police (GDBP), General Directorate for Combating Organized Crime (GDCOC), Fire Safety and Civil Protection General Directorate, Special Unit for Combating Terrorism (SOBT) (2024)",
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> the GDMP includes the Gendarmerie, a special police force with military status deployed to secure important facilities, buildings and infrastructure, to respond to riots, and to counter militant threats"
},
"Military expenditures": {
"Military Expenditures 2024": {
"text": "2.1% of GDP (2024 est.)"
},
"Military Expenditures 2023": {
"text": "1.8% of GDP (2023 est.)"
"text": "1.9% of GDP (2023 est.)"
},
"Military Expenditures 2022": {
"text": "1.6% of GDP (2022 est.)"
"text": "1.7% of GDP (2022)"
},
"Military Expenditures 2021": {
"text": "1.6% of GDP (2021)"
},
"Military Expenditures 2020": {
"text": "1.6% of GDP (2020)"
},
"Military Expenditures 2019": {
"text": "3.1% of GDP (2019)"
}
},
"Military and security service personnel strengths": {
@ -1248,11 +1248,11 @@
},
"Transnational Issues": {
"Disputes - international": {
"text": "<p>none</p>"
"text": "<p>none identified</p>"
},
"Refugees and internally displaced persons": {
"refugees (country of origin)": {
"text": "22,226 (Syria) (mid-year 2022); 51,860 (Ukraine) (as of 19 December 2023)"
"text": "22,226 (Syria) (mid-year 2022); 67,770 (Ukraine) (as of 14 February 2024)"
},
"stateless persons": {
"text": "1,129 (2022)"

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europe/cy.json
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@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
{
"Introduction": {
"Background": {
"text": "A former British colony, Cyprus became independent in 1960 following years of resistance to British rule. Tensions between the Greek Cypriot majority and Turkish Cypriot minority communities came to a head in December 1963, when violence broke out in the capital of Nicosia. Despite the deployment of UN peacekeepers in 1964, sporadic intercommunal violence continued, forcing most Turkish Cypriots into enclaves throughout the island. In 1974, a Greek Government-sponsored attempt to overthrow the elected president of Cyprus was met by military intervention from Turkey, which soon controlled more than a third of the island. In 1983, the Turkish Cypriot administered area declared itself the \"Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus\" (\"TRNC\"), but it is recognized only by Turkey. An UN-mediated agreement, the Annan Plan, failed to win approval by both communities in 2004. In February 2014, after a hiatus of nearly two years, the leaders of the two communities resumed formal discussions under UN auspices aimed at reuniting the divided island. The most recent round of negotiations to reunify the island were suspended in&nbsp;July 2017 after failure to achieve a breakthrough. The entire island entered the EU on 1 May 2004, although the EU acquis - the body of common rights and obligations - applies only to the areas under the internationally recognized government, and is suspended in the \"TRNC.\" However, individual Turkish Cypriots able to document their eligibility for Republic of Cyprus citizenship legally enjoy the same rights accorded to other citizens of EU states."
"text": "A former British colony, Cyprus became independent in 1960 after years of resistance to British rule. Tensions between the Greek Cypriot majority and Turkish Cypriot minority came to a head in December 1963, when violence broke out in the capital of Nicosia. Despite the deployment of UN peacekeepers in 1964, sporadic intercommunal violence continued and forced most Turkish Cypriots into enclaves throughout the island. In 1974, a Greek Government-sponsored attempt to overthrow the elected president of Cyprus was met by military intervention from Turkey, which soon controlled more than a third of the island. In 1983, the Turkish Cypriot administered area declared itself the \"Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus\" (TRNC), but it is recognized only by Turkey. A UN-mediated agreement to reunite Cyprus, the Annan Plan, failed to win approval from both communities in 2004. The most recent round of reunification negotiations was suspended in 2017 after failure to achieve a breakthrough. <br><br>The entire island joined the EU in 2004, although the EU acquis -- the body of common rights and obligations -- applies only to the areas under the internationally recognized government and is suspended in the TRNC. However, individual Turkish Cypriots able to document their eligibility for Republic of Cyprus citizenship have the same legal rights accorded to citizens of other EU states."
}
},
"Geography": {
@ -1167,7 +1167,7 @@
},
"Military and Security": {
"Military and security forces": {
"text": "Republic of Cyprus: Cypriot National Guard (Ethniki Froura, EF; includes Army Land Forces, Naval Command, Air Command) (2023)"
"text": "Republic of Cyprus: Cypriot National Guard (Ethniki Froura, EF; includes Army Land Forces, Naval Command, Air Command) (2024)"
},
"Military expenditures": {
"Military Expenditures 2022": {
@ -1212,7 +1212,7 @@
},
"Refugees and internally displaced persons": {
"refugees (country of origin)": {
"text": "10,869 (Syria) (mid-year 2022); 18,230 (Ukraine) (as of 12 November 2023)"
"text": "10,869 (Syria) (mid-year 2022); 17,270 (Ukraine) (as of 14 January 2024)"
},
"IDPs": {
"text": "246,000 (both Turkish and Greek Cypriots; many displaced since 1974) (2022)"

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europe/da.json
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@ -1235,7 +1235,7 @@
},
"Refugees and internally displaced persons": {
"refugees (country of origin)": {
"text": "19,424 (Syria), 5,885 (Eritrea) (mid-year 2022); 36,960 (Ukraine) (as of 31 December 2023)"
"text": "19,424 (Syria), 5,885 (Eritrea) (mid-year 2022); 37,160 (Ukraine) (as of 31 December 2023)"
},
"stateless persons": {
"text": "11,644 (2022)"

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europe/ee.json
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@ -344,7 +344,7 @@
},
"Diplomatic representation in the US": {
"chief of mission": {
"text": "Ambassador Stavros LAMBRINIDIS (since 8 April 2019)"
"text": "Ambassador-designate Jovita NELIUP&Scaron;IENĖ (since 1 January 2024)"
},
"chancery": {
"text": "2175 K Street NW, Washington, DC 20037"

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europe/ei.json
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@ -1155,10 +1155,13 @@
},
"Military and Security": {
"Military and security forces": {
"text": "Irish Defense Forces (Oglaigh na h-Eireannn): Army, Air Corps, Naval Service, Reserve Defense Forces (2023)",
"text": "Irish Defense Forces (Oglaigh na h-Eireannn): Army, Air Corps, Naval Service, Reserve Defense Forces (2024)",
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> An Garda Siochana (or Garda) is the national police force and maintains internal security under the auspices of the Department of Justice"
},
"Military expenditures": {
"Military Expenditures 2023": {
"text": "0.2% of GDP (2023 est.)"
},
"Military Expenditures 2022": {
"text": "0.3% of GDP (2022)"
},
@ -1170,9 +1173,6 @@
},
"Military Expenditures 2019": {
"text": "0.3% of GDP (2019)"
},
"Military Expenditures 2018": {
"text": "0.3% of GDP (2018)"
}
},
"Military and security service personnel strengths": {
@ -1182,7 +1182,7 @@
"text": "the Irish Defense Forces have a small inventory of imported weapons systems from a variety of mostly European countries, particularly the UK (2023)"
},
"Military service age and obligation": {
"text": "18-25 years of age for male and female voluntary military service recruits to the Defence Forces (18-27 years of age for the Naval Service); 18-26 for cadetship (officer) applicants; 12-year service (5 active, 7 reserves) (2023)",
"text": "18-25 years of age for male and female voluntary military service recruits to the Defence Forces (18-27 years of age for the Naval Service); 18-26 for cadetship (officer) applicants; 12-year service (5 active, 7 reserves) (2024)",
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> as of 2023, women made up about 7% of the military's full-time personnel<br><br><strong>note 2:</strong> the Defense Forces are open to refugees under the Refugee Act of 1996 and nationals of the European Economic Area, which include EU member states, Iceland, Liechtenstein, and Norway"
},
"Military deployments": {
@ -1204,7 +1204,7 @@
},
"Refugees and internally displaced persons": {
"refugees (country of origin)": {
"text": "102,560 (Ukraine) (as of 17 December 2023)"
"text": "104,315 (Ukraine) (as of 28 January 2024)"
},
"stateless persons": {
"text": "7 (2022)"

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europe/en.json
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@ -1162,14 +1162,14 @@
},
"Military and Security": {
"Military and security forces": {
"text": "Estonian Defense Forces: Land Forces, Navy, Air Force, Estonian Defense League (Reserves)<br><br>Ministry of Interior: Police and Border Guard Board, Internal Security Service (2024)"
"text": "Estonian Defense Forces: Land Forces, Navy, Air Force, Estonian Defense League <br><br>Ministry of Interior: Police and Border Guard Board, Internal Security Service (2024)"
},
"Military expenditures": {
"Military Expenditures 2023": {
"text": "2.7% of GDP (2023 est.)"
"text": "2.8% of GDP (2023 est.)"
},
"Military Expenditures 2022": {
"text": "2.2% of GDP (2022 est.)"
"text": "2.3% of GDP (2022)"
},
"Military Expenditures 2021": {
"text": "2% of GDP (2021)"
@ -1186,23 +1186,23 @@
"note": "<strong>note: </strong>the Estonian Defense Forces rely largely on reservists who have completed compulsory conscription in the previous 10 years to fill out its active duty and Territorial Defense units during a crisis; there are more than 40,000 trained reservists and approximately 230,000 Estonians are enrolled in the mobilization registry"
},
"Military equipment inventories and acquisitions": {
"text": "the Estonian military has a mix of Soviet-era and more modern equipment, mostly from western European suppliers, as well as Israel, South Korea, and the US (2023)"
"text": "the Estonian military has a mix of Soviet-era and growing amounts of more modern equipment, mostly from western European suppliers, as well as Israel, South Korea, and the US (2023)"
},
"Military service age and obligation": {
"text": "18-27 for compulsory military or governmental service for men; conscript service requirement 8-11 months depending on education; non-commissioned officers, reserve officers, and specialists serve 11 months; women can volunteer, and as of 2018 could serve in any military branch (2023)",
"note": "<strong>note 1:</strong> conscripts comprise approximately 3,000-3,300 of the Estonian military's 7,000 active-duty personnel and serve in all branches, except for the Air Force; after conscript service, reservists are called up for training every 5 years; Estonia has had conscription since 1991<br><br><strong>note 2:</strong> in 2020, women comprised about 10% of the full-time professional military force; the National Defense League includes a Women's Voluntary Defense Organization of about 3,000 members"
"text": "18-27 for compulsory military or governmental service for men; conscript service requirement 8-11 months depending on education; non-commissioned officers, reserve officers, and specialists serve 11 months; women can volunteer, and as of 2018 could serve in any military branch (2024)",
"note": "<strong>note 1:</strong> conscripts comprise approximately 3,000-3,300 of the Estonian military's 7,000 active-duty personnel and serve in all branches, except for the Air Force; after conscript service, reservists are called up for training every 5 years; Estonia has had conscription since 1991<br><br><strong>note 2:</strong> in 2020, women comprised about 10% of the full-time professional military force; the Defense League includes a Women's Voluntary Defense Organization of more than 3,000 members"
},
"Military - note": {
"text": "the Estonian military is a compact force that relies heavily on conscripts and reservists and the support of its NATO allies; Estonia’s defense policy aims to guarantee the country’s independence and sovereignty, protect its territorial integrity, including waters and airspace, and preserve constitutional order; Estonia’s main defense goals are developing and maintaining a credible deterrent to outside aggression and ensuring the Estonian Defense Forces (EDF) can fulfill their commitments to NATO and interoperate with the armed forces of NATO and EU member states; the EDF’s primary external focus is Russia; since Russia’s full-scale invasion of Ukraine in 2022, Estonia has boosted defense spending, sent arms to Ukraine, and sought to boost the EDF’s capabilities in such areas as air defense, artillery, personnel readiness, and surveillance<br><br>Estonia has been a member of NATO since 2004 and is fully integrated within the NATO structure; since 2017, Estonia has hosted a UK-led multinational NATO ground force battlegroup as part of the Alliance’s Enhanced Forward Presence initiative; as the EDF Air Force does not have any combat aircraft, NATO has provided airspace protection for Estonia since 2004 through its Baltic Air Policing mission; NATO member countries that possess air combat capabilities voluntarily contribute to the mission on four-month rotations; NATO fighter aircraft have been hosted at Estonia’s Ämari Air Base since 2014; Estonia also hosts a NATO cyber security center; it cooperates closely with the EU on defense issues through the EU Common Security and Defense Policy and is a member of the UK-led Joint Expeditionary Force, a pool of high-readiness military forces from 10 Baltic and Scandinavian countries designed to respond to a wide range of contingencies in the North Atlantic, Baltic Sea, and High North regions; Estonia also has close defense ties with its Baltic neighbors and has bilateral military agreements with a number of European countries, as well as Canada and the US<br><br>the Estonian Army features a divisional headquarters, two infantry brigades, and an artillery battalion, plus supporting units; it would rely heavily on mobilized reserves during a crisis, which would be used to fill out active-duty units and staff territorial defense units; the Estonian Navy features a mine warfare flotilla; the EDF also has a special operations command (2023)"
"text": "the Estonian military is a compact force that relies heavily on conscripts and reservists and the support of its NATO allies; Estonia’s defense policy aims to guarantee the country’s independence and sovereignty, protect its territorial integrity, including waters and airspace, and preserve constitutional order; Estonia’s main defense goals are developing and maintaining a credible deterrent to outside aggression and ensuring the Estonian Defense Forces (EDF) can fulfill their commitments to NATO and interoperate with the armed forces of NATO and EU member states; the EDF’s primary external focus is Russia; since Russia’s full-scale invasion of Ukraine in 2022, Estonia has boosted defense spending, sent arms to Ukraine, and sought to boost the EDF’s capabilities in such areas as air defense, artillery, personnel readiness, and surveillance<br><br>Estonia has been a member of NATO since 2004 and is fully integrated within the NATO structure; since 2017, Estonia has hosted a UK-led multinational NATO ground force battlegroup as part of the Alliance’s Enhanced Forward Presence initiative; as the EDF Air Force does not have any combat aircraft, NATO has provided airspace protection for Estonia since 2004 through its Baltic Air Policing mission; NATO member countries that possess air combat capabilities voluntarily contribute to the mission on four-month rotations; NATO fighter aircraft have been hosted at Estonia’s Ämari Air Base since 2014; Estonia also hosts a NATO cyber security center; it cooperates closely with the EU on defense issues through the EU Common Security and Defense Policy and is a member of the UK-led Joint Expeditionary Force, a pool of high-readiness military forces from 10 Baltic and Scandinavian countries designed to respond to a wide range of contingencies in the North Atlantic, Baltic Sea, and High North regions; Estonia also has close defense ties with its Baltic neighbors and has bilateral military agreements with a number of European countries, as well as Canada and the US<br><br>the Estonian Army features a divisional headquarters, two infantry brigades, and an artillery battalion, plus supporting units; it would rely heavily on mobilized reserves during a crisis, which would be used to fill out active-duty units and staff territorial defense units; the Estonian Navy features a mine warfare flotilla; the EDF also has a special operations command and a cyber command (2023)"
}
},
"Transnational Issues": {
"Disputes - international": {
"text": "<p>Russia and Estonia in May 2005 signed a technical border agreement, but Russia in June 2005 recalled its signature after the Estonian parliament added to its domestic ratification act a historical preamble referencing the Soviet occupation and Estonia's pre-war borders under the 1920 Treaty of Tartu; Russia contends that the preamble allows Estonia to make territorial claims on Russia in the future, while Estonian officials deny that the preamble has any legal impact on the treaty text; Russia often criticizes the Estonian Government over alleged mistreatment of ethnic Russians in Estonia; as a member state that forms part of the EU's external border, Estonia implements strict Schengen border rules with Russia</p>"
"text": "<p>Russia and Estonia in May 2005 signed a technical border agreement, but Russia in June 2005 recalled its signature after the Estonian parliament added to its domestic ratification act a historical preamble referencing the Soviet occupation and Estonia's pre-war borders under the 1920 Treaty of Tartu; Russia contends that the preamble allows Estonia to make territorial claims on Russia in the future, while Estonian officials deny that the preamble has any legal impact on the treaty text; Russia often criticizes the Estonian Government over alleged mistreatment of ethnic Russians in Estonia; as a member state that forms part of the EU's external border, Estonia implements  Schengen border rules with Russia</p>"
},
"Refugees and internally displaced persons": {
"refugees (country of origin)": {
"text": "38,185 (Ukraine) (as of 31 December 2023)"
"text": "38,245 (Ukraine) (as of 4 February 2024)"
},
"stateless persons": {
"text": "70,604 (2022); note - following independence in 1991, automatic citizenship was restricted to those who were Estonian citizens prior to the 1940 Soviet occupation and their descendants; thousands of ethnic Russians remained stateless when forced to choose between passing Estonian language and citizenship tests or applying for Russian citizenship; one reason for demurring on Estonian citizenship was to retain the right of visa-free travel to Russia; stateless residents can vote in local elections but not general elections; stateless parents who have been lawful residents of Estonia for at least five years can apply for citizenship for their children before they turn 15 years old"

8
europe/ez.json
View file

@ -1172,7 +1172,7 @@
},
"Military and Security": {
"Military and security forces": {
"text": "Czech Armed Forces: Land Forces, Air Forces, Cyber Forces, Special Forces (2023)"
"text": "Czech Armed Forces: Land Forces, Air Forces, Cyber Forces, Special Forces (2024)"
},
"Military expenditures": {
"Military Expenditures 2023": {
@ -1203,7 +1203,7 @@
"note": "<strong>note: </strong>as of 2023, women comprised nearly 14% of the military's full-time personnel"
},
"Military deployments": {
"text": "up to 130 Lithuania (NATO); 130 Slovakia (NATO) (2023)",
"text": "up to 130 Lithuania (NATO); 130 Slovakia (NATO) (2024)",
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> in response to Russia’s invasion of Ukraine, some NATO countries have sent additional troops and equipment to the battlegroups deployed in NATO territory in eastern Europe"
},
"Military - note": {
@ -1212,11 +1212,11 @@
},
"Transnational Issues": {
"Disputes - international": {
"text": "<p>none</p>"
"text": "<p>none identified</p>"
},
"Refugees and internally displaced persons": {
"refugees (country of origin)": {
"text": "375,590 (Ukraine) (as of 31 December 2023)"
"text": "381,400 (Ukraine) (as of 31 January 2024)"
},
"stateless persons": {
"text": "1,625 (2022)"

4
europe/fi.json
View file

@ -1209,7 +1209,7 @@
},
"Military and Security": {
"Military and security forces": {
"text": "Finnish Defense Forces (FDF; Puolustusvoimat): Army (Maavoimat), Navy (Merivoimat), Air Force (Ilmavoimat) (2023)",
"text": "Finnish Defense Forces (FDF; Puolustusvoimat): Army (Maavoimat), Navy (Merivoimat), Air Force (Ilmavoimat) (2024)",
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> the Border Guard (Rajavartiolaitos) and National Police are under the Ministry of the Interior; the Border Guard becomes part of the FDF in wartime"
},
"Military expenditures": {
@ -1253,7 +1253,7 @@
},
"Refugees and internally displaced persons": {
"refugees (country of origin)": {
"text": "9,175 (Iraq) (mid-year 2022); 64,750 (Ukraine) (as of 31 December 2023)"
"text": "9,175 (Iraq) (mid-year 2022); 65,535 (Ukraine) (as of 31 January 2024)"
},
"stateless persons": {
"text": "3,546 (2022)"

8
europe/fr.json
View file

@ -1254,7 +1254,7 @@
},
"Military and Security": {
"Military and security forces": {
"text": "French Armed Forces (Forces Armées Françaises): Army (l'Armee de Terre; includes Foreign Legion), Navy (Marine Nationale), Air and Space Force (l'Armee de l’Air et de l’Espace); includes Air Defense), National Guard (Reserves), National Gendarmerie (2023)",
"text": "French Armed Forces (Forces Armées Françaises): Army (l'Armee de Terre; includes Foreign Legion), Navy (Marine Nationale), Air and Space Force (l'Armee de l’Air et de l’Espace); includes Air Defense), National Guard (Reserves), National Gendarmerie (2024)",
"note": "<strong>note: </strong>under the direction of the Ministry of the Interior, the civilian National Police and the National Gendarmerie maintain internal security; the National Gendarmerie is a paramilitary police force that is a branch of the Armed Forces and therefore part of the Ministry of Defense but under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of the Interior; it also has additional duties to the Ministry of Justice; the Gendarmerie includes the National Gendarmerie Intervention Group (Groupe d'intervention de la Gendarmerie Nationale or GIGN), an elite national-level tactical police unit set up in 1973 in response to the 1972 Munich massacre"
},
"Military expenditures": {
@ -1278,11 +1278,11 @@
"text": "approximately 210,000 active-duty troops (120,000 Army; 35,000 Navy; 40,000 Air Force; 15,000 other, such as joint staffs, administration, logistics, procurement, medical service, etc.); approximately 100,000 National Gendarmerie; approximately 75,000 National Guard (2023)"
},
"Military equipment inventories and acquisitions": {
"text": "the French military's inventory consists mostly of domestically produced weapons systems, including some jointly produced with other European countries; there is a limited mix of armaments from other Western countries, particularly the US; France has a large and sophisticated defense industry capable of manufacturing the full spectrum of air, land, and naval military weapons systems (2023)",
"text": "the French military's inventory consists mostly of domestically produced weapons systems, including some jointly produced with other European countries; there is a limited mix of armaments from other Western countries, particularly the US; France has a large and sophisticated defense industry capable of manufacturing the full spectrum of air, land, and naval military weapons systems (2024)",
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> two major future acquisition programs for the French military included the Franco-German-Spanish Future Combat Air System, or FCAS (known in France as the système combat aérien du futur, or SCAF) and a next-generation tank development project with Germany known as the Main Ground Combat System, or MGCS"
},
"Military service age and obligation": {
"text": "generally 17-30 years of age for both men and women with some variations by service, position, and enlisted versus officer; basic service contract is for 12 months; no conscription (abolished 2001) (2023)",
"text": "generally 17-30 years of age for both men and women with some variations by service, position, and enlisted versus officer; basic service contract is for 12 months; no conscription (abolished 2001) (2024)",
"note": "<strong>note 1: </strong>in 2023, women comprised more than 16% of the uniformed armed forces  <br><br><strong>note 2:</strong> French citizens can also volunteer for the Voluntary Military Service (VMS), which allows unemployed youth aged 18-25 to learn a trade or gain work experience while receiving basic military training and sports activities; French citizens may also joint the military operational reserve up to age 72<br><br><strong>note 3:</strong> men between the ages of 17.5 and 39.5 years of age, of any nationality, may join the French Foreign Legion; those volunteers selected for service sign five-year contracts"
},
"Military deployments": {
@ -1317,7 +1317,7 @@
},
"Refugees and internally displaced persons": {
"refugees (country of origin)": {
"text": "69,670 (Ukraine) (as of 31 December 2023); 55,681 (Afghanistan), 39,091 (Syria), 33,834 (Sri Lanka), 33,148 (Russia), 31,935 (Democratic Republic of the Congo), 24,223 (Sudan), 21,225 (Guinea), 18,008 (Serbia and Kosovo), 17,032 (Turkey), 13,974 (Iraq), 12,286 (Cote d'Ivoire), 11,489 (Eritrea), 11,012 (Cambodia), 10,543 (China), 10,236 (Albania), 10,210 (Somalia), 8,858 (Bangladesh), 8,124 (Mauritania), 8,101 (Mali), 7,991 (Vietnam), 6,913 (Bosnia and Herzegovina), 6,910 (Haiti), 6,808 (Angola), 6,498 (Laos), 6,417 (Armenia), 6,111 (Nigeria), 5,896 (Georgia) (mid-year 2022)"
"text": "55,681 (Afghanistan), 39,091 (Syria), 33,834 (Sri Lanka), 33,148 (Russia), 31,935 (Democratic Republic of the Congo), 24,223 (Sudan), 21,225 (Guinea), 18,008 (Serbia and Kosovo), 17,032 (Turkey), 13,974 (Iraq), 12,286 (Cote d'Ivoire), 11,489 (Eritrea), 11,012 (Cambodia), 10,543 (China), 10,236 (Albania), 10,210 (Somalia), 8,858 (Bangladesh), 8,124 (Mauritania), 8,101 (Mali), 7,991 (Vietnam), 6,913 (Bosnia and Herzegovina), 6,910 (Haiti), 6,808 (Angola), 6,498 (Laos), 6,417 (Armenia), 6,111 (Nigeria), 5,896 (Georgia) (mid-year 2022); 69,670 (Ukraine) (as of 31 December 2023)"
},
"stateless persons": {
"text": "3,633 (2022)"

2
europe/gi.json
View file

@ -798,7 +798,7 @@
},
"Military and Security": {
"Military and security forces": {
"text": "Royal Gibraltar Regiment (2023)"
"text": "Royal Gibraltar Regiment (2024)"
},
"Military and security service personnel strengths": {
"text": "the Royal Gibraltar Regiment has more than 400 personnel (2023)"

8
europe/gm.json
View file

@ -1230,7 +1230,7 @@
},
"Military and Security": {
"Military and security forces": {
"text": "Federal Armed Forces (Bundeswehr): Army (Heer), Navy (Deutsche Marine, includes naval air arm), Air Force (Luftwaffe, includes air defense), Joint Support and Enabling Service (Streitkraeftebasis, SKB), Central Medical Service (Zentraler Sanitaetsdienst, ZSanDstBw), Cyber and Information Space Command (Kommando Cyber und Informationsraum, Kdo CIR) (2023)",
"text": "Federal Armed Forces (Bundeswehr): Army (Heer), Navy (Deutsche Marine, includes naval air arm), Air Force (Luftwaffe, includes air defense), Joint Support and Enabling Service (Streitkraeftebasis, SKB), Central Medical Service (Zentraler Sanitaetsdienst, ZSanDstBw), Cyber and Information Space Command (Kommando Cyber und Informationsraum, Kdo CIR) (2024)",
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> responsibility for internal and border security is shared by the police forces of the 16 states, the Federal Criminal Police Office, and the Federal Police; the states’ police forces report to their respective interior ministries while the Federal Police forces report to the Federal Ministry of the Interior"
},
"Military expenditures": {
@ -1254,10 +1254,10 @@
"text": "approximately 185,000 active-duty armed forces personnel (62,000 Army; 16,000 Navy; 27,000 Air Force; 20,000 Medical Service, 14,000 Cyber and Information Space Command; 45,000 other, including central staff, support, logistics, etc.) (2023)"
},
"Military equipment inventories and acquisitions": {
"text": "the German Federal Armed Forces inventory is comprised of weapons systems produced domestically or jointly with other European countries and Western imports, particularly from the US; in recent years, the US has been the leading foreign supplier; Germany's defense industry is capable of manufacturing the full spectrum of air, land, and naval military weapons systems, and is one of the world's leading arms exporters; it also participates in joint defense production projects with the US and European partners (2023)"
"text": "the inventory of Federal Armed Forces is comprised of weapons systems produced domestically or jointly with other European countries and Western imports, particularly from the US; in recent years, the US has been the leading foreign supplier; Germany's defense industry is capable of manufacturing the full spectrum of air, land, and naval military weapons systems, and Germany is one of the world's leading arms exporters; it also participates in joint defense production projects with the US and European partners (2024)"
},
"Military service age and obligation": {
"text": "17-23 years of age for voluntary military service for men and women (must have completed compulsory full-time education and have German citizenship); conscription ended July 2011; service obligation 7-23 months or 12 years; in July 2020, the government launched a new voluntary conscript initiative focused on homeland security tasks; volunteers serve for 7 months plus 5 months as reservists over a 6 year period (2023)",
"text": "17-23 years of age for voluntary military service for men and women (must have completed compulsory full-time education and have German citizenship); conscription ended July 2011; service obligation 7-23 months or 12 years; in July 2020, the government launched a new voluntary conscript initiative focused on homeland security tasks; volunteers serve for 7 months plus 5 months as reservists over a 6 year period (2024)",
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> women have been eligible for voluntary service in all military branches and positions since 2001 and accounted for about 12% of the active-duty German military in 2023"
},
"Military deployments": {
@ -1292,7 +1292,7 @@
},
"Refugees and internally displaced persons": {
"refugees (country of origin)": {
"text": "664,238 (Syria), 183,631 (Afghanistan), 151,254 (Iraq), 64,496 (Eritrea), 47,658 (Iran), 38,755 (Turkey), 32,155 (Somalia), 13,334 (Russia), 12,155 (Nigeria), 9,250 (Pakistan), 6,257 (Serbia and Kosovo), 6,912 (Ethiopia), 5,532 (Azerbaijan) (mid-year 2022); 1,125,850 (Ukraine) (as of 2 December 2023)"
"text": "664,238 (Syria), 183,631 (Afghanistan), 151,254 (Iraq), 64,496 (Eritrea), 47,658 (Iran), 38,755 (Turkey), 32,155 (Somalia), 13,334 (Russia), 12,155 (Nigeria), 9,250 (Pakistan), 6,257 (Serbia and Kosovo), 6,912 (Ethiopia), 5,532 (Azerbaijan) (mid-year 2022); 1,139,690 (Ukraine) (as of 3 February 2024)"
},
"stateless persons": {
"text": "28,941 (2022)"

8
europe/gr.json
View file

@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
{
"Introduction": {
"Background": {
"text": "Greece achieved independence from the Ottoman Empire in 1830. During the second half of the 19th century and the first half of the 20th century, it gradually added neighboring islands and territories, most with Greek-speaking populations. In World War II, Greece was first invaded by Italy (1940) and subsequently occupied by Germany (1941-44); fighting endured in a protracted civil war between supporters of the king and other anti-communist and communist rebels. Following the latter's defeat in 1949, Greece joined NATO in 1952. In 1967, a group of military officers seized power, establishing a military dictatorship that suspended many political liberties and forced the king to flee the country. In 1974 following the collapse of the dictatorship, democratic elections and a referendum created a parliamentary republic and abolished the monarchy. In 1981, Greece joined the EC (now the EU); it became the 12th member of the European Economic and Monetary Union in 2001. From 2009 until 2019, Greece suffered a severe economic crisis, due to nearly a decade of chronic overspending and structural rigidities. Beginning in 2010, Greece entered three bailout agreements - the first two with the European Commission, the European Central Bank, and the IMF; and the third in 2015 with the European Stability Mechanism - worth in total about $300 billion. The Greek Government formally exited the third bailout in August 2018."
"text": "Greece achieved independence from the Ottoman Empire in 1830. During the second half of the 19th century and the first half of the 20th century, it gradually added neighboring islands and territories, most with Greek-speaking populations. In World War II, Greece was first invaded by Italy (1940) and subsequently occupied by Germany (1941-44); fighting endured in a protracted civil war between supporters of the king and other anti-communist and communist rebels. Following the latter's defeat in 1949, Greece joined NATO in 1952. In 1967, a group of military officers seized power, establishing a military dictatorship that suspended many political liberties and forced the king to flee the country. After the collapse of the dictatorship in 1974, democratic elections and a referendum created a parliamentary republic and abolished the monarchy. In 1981, Greece joined the EC (now the EU); it became the 12th member of the European Economic and Monetary Union in 2001. From 2009 until 2019, Greece suffered a severe economic crisis due to nearly a decade of chronic overspending and structural rigidities. Beginning in 2010, Greece entered three bailout agreements - the first two with the European Commission, the European Central Bank, and the IMF; and the third in 2015 with the European Stability Mechanism - worth in total about $300 billion. The Greek Government formally exited the third bailout in August 2018."
}
},
"Geography": {
@ -1173,8 +1173,8 @@
},
"Military and Security": {
"Military and security forces": {
"text": "Hellenic Armed Forces: Hellenic Army (Ellinikos Stratos, ES; includes National Guard), Hellenic Navy (Elliniko Polemiko Navtiko, EPN), Hellenic Air Force (Elliniki Polemiki Aeroporia, EPA; includes air defense) (2023)",
"note": "<strong>note 1:</strong> the police (under the Ministry of Citizen Protection) and the armed forces (Ministry of National Defense) share law enforcement duties in certain border areas; border protection is coordinated by a deputy minister for national defense; the Greek Coast Guard is under the Ministry of Shipping Affairs and Island Policy<br><br><strong>note 2:</strong> the National Guard was established in 1982 as an official part of the Army to help protect Greece and provide reinforcements and support to the Army in peacetime and in times of mobilization and war; members undergo weekly training run by the Army, which also provides weapons and ammunition"
"text": "Hellenic Armed Forces: Hellenic Army (Ellinikos Stratos, ES; includes National Guard), Hellenic Navy (Elliniko Polemiko Navtiko, EPN), Hellenic Air Force (Elliniki Polemiki Aeroporia, EPA; includes air defense) (2024)",
"note": "<strong>note 1:</strong> the police (under the Ministry of Citizen Protection) and the armed forces (Ministry of National Defense) share law enforcement duties in certain border areas; the Greek Coast Guard is under the Ministry of Shipping Affairs and Island Policy<br><br><strong>note 2:</strong> the National Guard was established in 1982 as an official part of the Army to help protect Greece and provide reinforcements and support to the Army in peacetime and in times of mobilization and war; members undergo weekly training run by the Army, which also provides weapons and ammunition"
},
"Military expenditures": {
"Military Expenditures 2023": {
@ -1237,7 +1237,7 @@
"stateless persons": {
"text": "4,488 (2022)"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> 1,272,420 estimated refugee and migrant arrivals (January 2015-November 2023)"
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> 1,286,469 estimated refugee and migrant arrivals (January 2015-February 2024)"
},
"Illicit drugs": {
"text": "a gateway to Europe for traffickers smuggling cannabis products and heroin from the Middle East and Southwest Asia to the West and precursor chemicals to the East; some South American cocaine transits or is consumed in Greece; money laundering related to drug trafficking and organized crime"

20
europe/hr.json
View file

@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
{
"Introduction": {
"Background": {
"text": "<p>The lands that today comprise Croatia were part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire until the close of World War I. In 1918, the Croats, Serbs, and Slovenes formed a kingdom known after 1929 as Yugoslavia. Following World War II, Yugoslavia became a federal independent communist state consisting of six socialist republics under the strong hand of Marshal Josip Broz, aka TITO. Although Croatia declared its independence from Yugoslavia in 1991, it took four years of sporadic, but often bitter, fighting before Yugoslav forces were cleared from Croatian lands, along with a majority of Croatia's ethnic Serb population. Under UN supervision, the last Serb-held enclave in eastern Slavonia was returned to Croatia in 1998. The country joined NATO in April 2009 and the EU in July 2013. In January 2023, Croatia further integrated into the EU by joining the Eurozone and the Schengen Area.</p>"
"text": "<p>The lands that today comprise Croatia were part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire until the end of World War I. In 1918, the Croats, Serbs, and Slovenes formed a kingdom known after 1929 as Yugoslavia. Following World War II, Yugoslavia became a federal independent communist state consisting of six socialist republics, including Croatia, under the strong hand of Josip Broz, aka TITO. Although Croatia declared its independence from Yugoslavia in 1991, it took four years of sporadic, but often bitter, fighting before Yugoslav forces were cleared from Croatian lands, along with a majority of Croatia's ethnic Serb population. Under UN supervision, the last Serb-held enclave in eastern Slavonia was returned to Croatia in 1998. The country joined NATO in 2009 and the EU in 2013. In January 2023, Croatia further integrated into the EU by joining the Eurozone and the Schengen Area.</p>"
}
},
"Geography": {
@ -596,7 +596,7 @@
"text": "Bloc for Croatia or BLOK or BZH [Zlatko HASANBEGOVIC]<br>The Bridge or MOST [Bozo PETROV] (formerly the Bridge of Independent Lists)<br>Center or Centar [Ivica PULJAK] (formerly Pametno and Party with a First and Last Name or SSIP) <br>Civic Liberal Alliance or GLAS [Ankar Mrak TARITAS]<br>Croatian Demochristian Party or HDS [Goran DODIG]<br>Croatian Democratic Alliance of Slavonia and Baranja or HDSSB [Branimir GLAVAS]<br>Croatian Democratic Union or HDZ [Andrej PLENKOVIC]<br>Croatian Democratic Union-led coalition (includes HSLS, HDS, HDSSB)<br>Croatian Party of Pensioners or HSU [Veselko GABRICEVIC]<br>Croatian Peasant Party or HSS [Kreso BELJAK]<br>Croatian People's Party - Liberal Democrats or HNS or HNS-LD [Mirko KOROTAJ, acting]<br>Croatian Social Liberal Party or HSLS [Dario HREBAK]<br>Croatian Sovereignists or HS [Marijan PAVLICEK]<br>Determination and Justice Party or OIP [Karolina Vidović KRISTO]<br>Focus on the Important or Focus [Davor NADI]<br>Green-Left coalition [collective leadership] (includes MOZEMO!, NL)<br>Homeland Movement or DP [Ivan PENAVA] (also known as Miroslav Škoro Homeland Movement or DPMS)<br>Independent Democratic Serb Party or SDSS [Milorad PUPOVAC]<br>Istrian Democratic Assembly or IDS [Dalibor PAUS]<br>New Left or NL [Ivana KEKIN]<br>People's Party - Reformists or NS-R [Radimir CACIC]<br>Pulse of Croatia or HRB [Ante PRKACIN]<br>Restart Coalition (includes SDP, HSS, HSU, GLAS, IDS, NS-R)<br>Righteous Croatia or PH [Milan VRKLJAN]<br>Social Democratic Party of Croatia or SDP [Peda GRBIN]<br>Social Democrats or SD [Davorko VIDOVIC]<br>We Can! or Mozemo! [collective leadership]<br>Workers' Front or RF [collective leadership]<br><strong><br></strong>"
},
"International organization participation": {
"text": "Australia Group, BIS, BSEC (observer), CD, CE, CEI, EAPC, EBRD, ECB, EMU, EU, FAO, G-11, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, MINURSO, NAM (observer), NATO, NSG, OAS (observer), OIF (observer), OPCW, OSCE, PCA, Schengen Convention, SELEC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNFICYP, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNMIL, UNMOGIP, UNWTO, UPU, Wassenaar Arrangement, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC"
"text": "AIIB, Australia Group, BIS, BSEC (observer), CD, CE, CEI, EAPC, EBRD, ECB, EMU, EU, FAO, G-11, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, MINURSO, NAM (observer), NATO, NSG, OAS (observer), OIF (observer), OPCW, OSCE, PCA, Schengen Convention, SELEC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNFICYP, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNMIL, UNMOGIP, UNWTO, UPU, Wassenaar Arrangement, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC"
},
"Diplomatic representation in the US": {
"chief of mission": {
@ -623,7 +623,7 @@
},
"Diplomatic representation from the US": {
"chief of mission": {
"text": "Ambassador (vacant); Charg&eacute; d'Affaires Mark FLEMING (since May 2021)"
"text": "Ambassador Nathalie RAYES (since 25 January 2024)"
},
"embassy": {
"text": "Ulica Thomasa Jeffersona 2, 10010 Zagreb"
@ -635,7 +635,7 @@
"text": "[385] (1) 661-2200"
},
"FAX": {
"text": "[385] (1) 661-8933"
"text": "[385] (1) 665-8933"
},
"email address and website": {
"text": "<br>ZagrebACS@state.gov<br><br>https://hr.usembassy.gov/"
@ -1191,7 +1191,7 @@
},
"Military and Security": {
"Military and security forces": {
"text": "Armed Forces of the Republic of Croatia (Oruzane Snage Republike Hrvatske, OSRH): Ground Forces (Hrvatska Kopnena Vojska, HKoV), Naval Forces (Hrvatska Ratna Mornarica, HRM; includes Coast Guard), Air Force and Air Defense Forces; Military Police Force (2023)",
"text": "Armed Forces of the Republic of Croatia (Oruzane Snage Republike Hrvatske, OSRH): Ground Forces (Hrvatska Kopnena Vojska, HKoV), Naval Forces (Hrvatska Ratna Mornarica, HRM; includes Coast Guard), Air Force (Hrvatsko Ratno Zrakoplovstvo, HRZ) (2024)",
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> the Ministry of the Interior is responsible for internal security, including law enforcement (Croatia Police) and border security"
},
"Military expenditures": {
@ -1215,14 +1215,14 @@
"text": "approximately 15,000 active-duty personnel (10,000 Army; 1,500 Navy; 1,500 Air force; 2,000 joint/other) (2023)"
},
"Military equipment inventories and acquisitions": {
"text": "the military's inventory is a mix of Soviet-era equipment and limited, but growing amounts of more modern weapon systems from Western suppliers, including France, Germany, and the US (2023)"
"text": "the military's inventory is a mix of Soviet-era equipment and a growing amount of more modern weapon systems from Western suppliers, including France, Germany, and the US (2024)"
},
"Military service age and obligation": {
"text": "18-27 years of age for voluntary military service; conscription abolished in 2008 (2023)",
"text": "18-27 years of age for voluntary military service; conscription abolished in 2008 (2024)",
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> as of 2021, women comprised nearly 15% of the military's full-time personnel"
},
"Military deployments": {
"text": "150 Kosovo (KFOR/NATO) (2023)",
"text": "150 Kosovo (KFOR/NATO); 175 Lithuania (NATO; Croatia also has a few hundred personnel participating in several other EU, NATO, and UN missions (2024)",
"note": "<strong>note: </strong>in response to Russia’s 2022 invasion of Ukraine, some NATO countries have sent additional troops and equipment to the battlegroups deployed in NATO territory in eastern Europe"
},
"Military - note": {
@ -1235,7 +1235,7 @@
},
"Refugees and internally displaced persons": {
"refugees (country of origin)": {
"text": "24,150 (Ukraine) (as of 28 December 2023)"
"text": "24,355 (Ukraine) (as of 31 January 2024)"
},
"stateless persons": {
"text": "2,889 (2022)"
@ -1243,7 +1243,7 @@
"note": "<strong>note: </strong>843,010 estimated refugee and migrant arrivals (January 2015-September 2023)"
},
"Illicit drugs": {
"text": "<p>drug trafficking groups are major players in the procurement and transportation of of large quantities of cocaine destined for European markets</p> <p> </p>"
"text": "<p>drug trafficking groups are major players in the procurement and transportation of large quantities of cocaine destined for European markets</p> <p> </p>"
}
}
}

4
europe/hu.json
View file

@ -1221,7 +1221,7 @@
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> in 2017, Hungary announced plans to increase the number of active soldiers to around 37,000 but did not give a timeline"
},
"Military equipment inventories and acquisitions": {
"text": "the military's inventory consists largely of Soviet-era weapons, with a smaller mix of more modern European and US equipment; in recent years, Germany has been the top supplier of military hardware to Hungary (2023)"
"text": "the military's inventory consists largely of Soviet-era weapons, with a smaller but growing mix of more modern European and US equipment; in recent years, Germany has been the top supplier of military hardware to Hungary (2023)"
},
"Military service age and obligation": {
"text": "18-25 years of age for voluntary military service; no conscription (abolished 2005); 6-month service obligation (2023)",
@ -1255,7 +1255,7 @@
},
"Refugees and internally displaced persons": {
"refugees (country of origin)": {
"text": "65,585 (Ukraine) (as of 31 January 2024)"
"text": "65,585 (Ukraine) (as of 18 February 2024)"
},
"stateless persons": {
"text": "130 (2022)"

4
europe/ic.json
View file

@ -1121,11 +1121,11 @@
},
"Military and Security": {
"Military and security forces": {
"text": "no regular military forces; the Icelandic National Police, the nine regional police forces, and the Icelandic Coast Guard fall under the purview of the Ministry of Justice (2023)",
"text": "no regular military forces; the Icelandic National Police, the nine regional police forces, and the Icelandic Coast Guard fall under the purview of the Ministry of Justice (2024)",
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> the Icelandic Coast Guard is responsible for operational defense tasks in Iceland including but not limited to operation of Keflavik Air Base, special security zones, and Iceland's air defense systems"
},
"Military equipment inventories and acquisitions": {
"text": "the Icelandic Coast Guard's inventory consists of equipment from mostly European suppliers (2023)"
"text": "the Icelandic Coast Guard's inventory consists of equipment from mostly European suppliers (2024)"
},
"Military - note": {
"text": "Iceland was one of the original 12 countries to sign the North Atlantic Treaty (also known as the Washington Treaty) in 1949; Iceland is the only NATO member that has no standing military force; defense of Iceland remains a NATO commitment and NATO maintains an air policing presence in Icelandic airspace; Iceland participates in international peacekeeping missions with the civilian-manned Icelandic Crisis Response Unit (ICRU)<br><br>Iceland cooperates with the militaries of other Nordic countries through the Nordic Defense Cooperation (NORDEFCO), which consists of Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden; areas of cooperation include armaments, education, human resources, training and exercises, and operations; NORDEFCO was established in 2009<br><br>in 1951, Iceland and the US concluded an agreement to make arrangements regarding the defense of Iceland and for the use of facilities in Iceland to that end; the agreement, along with NATO membership, is one of the two pillars of Iceland‘s security policy; since 2007 Iceland has concluded cooperation agreements with Canada, Denmark, Norway, and the UK; it also has regular consultations with Germany and France on security and defense (2023)"

8
europe/it.json
View file

@ -1199,7 +1199,7 @@
},
"Military and Security": {
"Military and security forces": {
"text": "Italian Armed Forces: Army (Esercito Italiano, EI), Navy (Marina Militare Italiana, MMI; includes aviation, marines), Italian Air Force (Aeronautica Militare Italiana, AMI); Carabinieri Corps (Arma dei Carabinieri, CC) (2023)",
"text": "Italian Armed Forces (Forze Armate Italiane): Army (Esercito Italiano, EI), Navy (Marina Militare Italiana, MMI; includes aviation, marines), Italian Air Force (Aeronautica Militare Italiana, AMI); Carabinieri Corps (Arma dei Carabinieri, CC) (2024)",
"note": "<strong>note 1:</strong> the National Police and Carabinieri (gendarmerie or military police) maintain internal security; the National Police reports to the Ministry of Interior while the Carabinieri reports to the Ministry of Defense but is also under the coordination of the Ministry of Interior; the Carabinieri is primarily a domestic police force organized along military lines, with some overseas responsibilities<br><br><strong>note 2:</strong> the Financial Guard (Guardia di Finanza) under the Ministry of Economy and Finance is a force with military status and nationwide remit for financial crime investigations, including narcotics trafficking, smuggling, and illegal immigration"
},
"Military expenditures": {
@ -1226,7 +1226,7 @@
"text": "the military's inventory includes a mix of domestically manufactured, imported, and jointly produced weapons systems, mostly from Europe and the US; in recent years, the US has been the lead supplier of military hardware to Italy; the Italian defense industry is capable of producing equipment across all the military domains with particular strengths in aircraft, armored vehicles, and naval vessels; it also participates in joint development and production of advanced weapons systems with other European countries and the US (2023)"
},
"Military service age and obligation": {
"text": "17-25 years of age for voluntary military service for men and women (some variations on age depending on the military branch); voluntary service is a minimum of 12 months with the option to extend in the Armed Forces or compete for positions in the Military Corps of the Italian Red Cross, the State Police, the Carabinieri, the Guardia di Finanza, the Penitentiary Police, or the National Fire Brigade; recruits can also volunteer for 4 years military service; conscription abolished 2004 (2023)",
"text": "17-25 years of age for voluntary military service for men and women (some variations on age depending on the military branch); voluntary service is a minimum of 12 months with the option to extend in the Armed Forces or compete for positions in the Military Corps of the Italian Red Cross, the State Police, the Carabinieri, the Guardia di Finanza, the Penitentiary Police, or the National Fire Brigade; recruits can also volunteer for 4 years military service; conscription abolished 2004 (2024)",
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> women may serve in any military branch; as of 2020, women made up about 6% of the military's full-time personnel"
},
"Military deployments": {
@ -1261,12 +1261,12 @@
},
"Refugees and internally displaced persons": {
"refugees (country of origin)": {
"text": "21,441 (Nigeria), 17,706 (Afghanistan), 17,619 (Pakistan), 11,193 (Mali), 8,405 (Somalia), 6,324 (Gambia), 5,768 (Bangladesh), 5,463 (Iraq) (mid-year 2022); 169,040 (Ukraine) (as of 15 December 2023)"
"text": "21,441 (Nigeria), 17,706 (Afghanistan), 17,619 (Pakistan), 11,193 (Mali), 8,405 (Somalia), 6,324 (Gambia), 5,768 (Bangladesh), 5,463 (Iraq) (mid-year 2022); 168,840 (Ukraine) (as of 19 January 2024)"
},
"stateless persons": {
"text": "3,000 (2022)"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> 840,958 estimated refugee and migrant arrivals (January 2015-November 2023)"
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> 858,051 estimated refugee and migrant arrivals (January 2015-February 2024)"
},
"Illicit drugs": {
"text": "<p>important gateway for drug trafficking; organized crime groups allied with Colombian and Spanish groups trafficking cocaine to Europe</p>"

9
europe/kv.json
View file

@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
{
"Introduction": {
"Background": {
"text": "<p>The western Balkans were part of the Roman and Byzantine Empires before ethnic Serbs migrated to the territories of modern Kosovo in the 7th century. During the medieval period, Kosovo became the center of a Serbian Empire and saw the construction of many important Serb religious sites, including many architecturally significant Serbian Orthodox monasteries. The defeat of Serbian forces at the Battle of Kosovo in 1389 led to five centuries of Ottoman rule during which large numbers of Turks and Albanians moved to Kosovo. By the end of the 19th century, Albanians replaced Serbs as the dominant ethnic group in Kosovo. Serbia reacquired control over the region from the Ottoman Empire during the First Balkan War of 1912. After World War II, Kosovo's present-day boundaries were established when Kosovo became an autonomous province of Serbia in the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (S.F.R.Y.). Due at least in part to discrimination against ethnic Albanians by Belgrade, Albanian nationalism increased in the 1980s, which led to riots and calls for Kosovo's independence. In 1989, Belgrade instituted a new constitution revoking Kosovo's autonomous status. Kosovo's Albanian leaders responded in 1991 by organizing a referendum declaring Kosovo independent. Belgrade undertook repressive measures against the Kosovo Albanians in the 1990s, provoking a Kosovo Albanian insurgency.</p> <p>Beginning in 1998, Yugoslavia conducted a brutal counterinsurgency campaign that resulted in massacres and massive expulsions of ethnic Albanians (some 800,000 ethnic Albanians were forced from their homes in Kosovo). After international attempts to mediate the conflict failed, a three-month NATO military operation against Yugoslavia beginning in March 1999 forced Belgrade to agree to withdraw its military and police forces from Kosovo. UN Security Council Resolution 1244 (1999) placed Kosovo under a transitional administration, the UN Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo, pending a determination of Kosovo's future status. A UN-led process began in late 2005 to determine Kosovo's final status. The 2006-07 negotiations ended without agreement between Belgrade and Pristina, though the UN issued a comprehensive report on Kosovo's final status that endorsed independence. On 17 February 2008, the Kosovo Assembly declared Kosovo independent. Since then, close to 100 countries have recognized Kosovo, and it has joined numerous international organizations. In October 2008, Serbia sought an advisory opinion from the International Court of Justice (ICJ) on the legality under international law of Kosovo's declaration of independence. The ICJ released an advisory opinion in July 2010 affirming that Kosovo's declaration of independence did not violate general principles of international law, UN Security Council Resolution 1244, or the Constitutive Framework. The opinion was closely tailored to Kosovo's unique history and circumstances.</p> <p>Demonstrating Kosovo’s development into a sovereign, multi-ethnic, democratic country, the international community ended the period of Supervised Independence in 2012. Kosovo held its most recent national and municipal elections in 2021, ushering in a government led by the Self-Determination Movement's (VV) Albin KURTI, a former political prisoner who did not fight in the 1998-99 war. Serbia continues to reject Kosovo's independence, but the two countries began EU-facilitated discussions in April 2013 to normalize their relations, which produced several subsequent agreements the parties have implemented to varying degrees, though they have not yet reached a comprehensive agreement on the normalization of relations. Kosovo has pursued bilateral recognitions and memberships in international organizations, moves that Serbia strongly opposes. Kosovo signed a Stabilization and Association Agreement with the EU in 2015, and the EU named Kosovo as among the six Western Balkan countries that will be able to join the organization once it meets the criteria to accede. Kosovo also seeks memberships in the UN and in NATO.</p>"
"text": "<p>The western Balkans were part of the Roman and Byzantine Empires before ethnic Serbs migrated to the territories of modern Kosovo in the 7th century. During the medieval period, Kosovo became the center of a Serbian Empire. The defeat of Serbian forces at the Battle of Kosovo in 1389 led to five centuries of Ottoman rule, during which large numbers of Turks and Albanians moved to Kosovo. By the end of the 19th century, Albanians replaced Serbs as the majority ethnic group in Kosovo. Serbia reacquired control over the region during the First Balkan War of 1912, and Kosovo's present-day boundaries were established after World War II when it became an autonomous province of Serbia in the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (SFRY). Increasing Albanian nationalism in the 1980s led to riots and calls for Kosovo's independence, but in 1989, Belgrade -- which has served as the capital of Serbia and Yugoslavia in turn -- instituted a new constitution revoking Kosovo's autonomous status. When SFRY broke up in 1991, Kosovo remained part of Serbia, which later joined with Montenegro to declare a new Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (FRY) in 1992.<br><br>In 1991, Kosovo Albanian leaders organized a referendum declaring the province independent, and Belgrade responded with repressive measures that led to an insurgency. In 1998, Belgrade launched a brutal counterinsurgency campaign, with some 800,000 ethnic Albanians expelled from their homes in Kosovo. After international mediation failed, a three-month NATO military operation against Yugoslavia began in March 1999 and forced Belgrade to agree to withdraw its military and police forces from Kosovo. UN Security Council Resolution 1244 (1999) placed Kosovo under the temporary control of the UN Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo (UNMIK), pending a determination of the province's future status. Negotiations in 2006-07 ended without agreement between Belgrade and Pristina, though the UN issued a comprehensive report that endorsed independence. On 17 February 2008, the Kosovo Assembly declared Kosovo independent. At Serbia's request, the International Court of Justice (ICJ) reviewed the declaration and released an advisory opinion in 2010 affirming that international law did not prohibit it. The international community ended the period of Supervised Independence in 2012. <br><br>Serbia continues to reject Kosovo's independence, but the two countries began EU-facilitated discussions in 2013 to normalize their relations, which resulted in several agreements. Additional agreements were reached in 2015 and 2023, but implementation remains incomplete. In 2022, Kosovo formally applied for membership in the EU, which is contingent on fulfillment of accession criteria, and the Council of Europe. Kosovo is also seeking UN and NATO memberships.</p>"
}
},
"Geography": {
@ -968,7 +968,7 @@
},
"Military and Security": {
"Military and security forces": {
"text": "Kosovo Security Force (KSF; Forca e Sigurisë së Kosovës or FSK): Land Force, National Guard (2023)",
"text": "Kosovo Security Force (KSF; Forca e Sigurisë së Kosovës or FSK): Land Force, National Guard (2024)",
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> the Kosovo Police are under the Ministry of Internal Affairs"
},
"Military expenditures": {
@ -995,7 +995,7 @@
"text": "the KSF is equipped with small arms and light vehicles and has relied on limited amounts of donated equipment from several countries, particularly Turkey and the US (2023)"
},
"Military service age and obligation": {
"text": "any citizen of Kosovo over the age of 18 is eligible to serve in the Kosovo Security Force; upper age for enlisting is 30 for officers, 25 for other ranks, although these may be waived for recruits with key skills considered essential for the KSF<br> (2023)"
"text": "any citizen of Kosovo over the age of 18 is eligible to serve in the Kosovo Security Force; upper age for enlisting is 30 for officers, 25 for other ranks, although these may be waived for recruits with key skills considered essential for the KSF<br> (2024)"
},
"Military - note": {
"text": "the Kosovo Security Force (KSF) was established in 2009 as a small (1,500 personnel), lightly armed disaster response force; the NATO-led Kosovo Force (KFOR) was charged with assisting in the development of the KSF and bringing it up to standards designated by NATO; the KSF was certified as fully operational by the North Atlantic Council in 2013, indicating the then 2,200-strong KSF was entirely capable of performing the tasks assigned under its mandate, which included non-military security functions that were not appropriate for the police, plus missions such as search and rescue, explosive ordnance disposal, control and clearance of hazardous materials, firefighting, and other humanitarian assistance tasks; in 2019, Kosovo approved legislation that began a process to transition the KSF by 2028 into a professional military (the Kosovo Armed Forces) led by a General Staff and comprised of a Land Force, a National Guard, a Logistics Command, and a Doctrine and Training Command; it would have a strength of up to 5,000 with about 3,000 reserves; at the same time, the KSF’s mission was expanded to include traditional military functions, such as territorial defense and international peacekeeping; the KSF’s first international mission was the deployment of a small force to Kuwait in 2021 <br><br>the NATO-led KFOR has operated in the country as a peace support force since 1999; in addition to assisting in the development of the KSF, KFOR is responsible for providing a safe and secure environment and ensuring freedom of movement for all citizens; it numbers about 3,700 troops from 27 countries; Kosovo regards the US as a key ally and security guarantor, and the US has provided considerable support to the KSF, including equipment and training (2023)"
@ -1009,7 +1009,8 @@
},
"Transnational Issues": {
"Disputes - international": {
"text": "<p><em>Kosovo-Albania</em>: none identified</p> <p><em>Kosovo-Montenegro</em>: their 2015 demarcation agreement was ratified by Montenegro in December 2015 and by Kosovo in March 2018, but the actual demarcation has not been completed</p> <p><em>Kosovo-North Macedonia:</em> Kosovo and North Macedonia completed demarcation of their boundary in September 2008; both countries ratified the demarcation documents on October 17, 2009, after high-level consultations resolved the disputed section of border around Debelde/Tanusevci</p> <p><em>Kosovo-Serbia</em>: Serbia has not recognized Kosovo's independence, and Belgrade continues to claim it as its territory; Kosovo’s ethnic Serb minority, most of whom live in the northern regions, view themselves as part of Serbia, and Serbian municipalities along the northern border have challenged the final status of Kosovo-Serbia boundary; some protests have turned violent </p> <p> </p>"
"text": "<p><em>Kosovo-Albania</em>: none identified</p> <p><em>Kosovo-Montenegro</em>: their 2015 demarcation agreement was ratified by Montenegro in December 2015 and by Kosovo in March 2018, but the actual demarcation has not been completed</p> <p><em>Kosovo-North Macedonia:</em> Kosovo and North Macedonia completed demarcation of their boundary in September 2008; both countries ratified the demarcation documents on October 17, 2009, after high-level consultations resolved the disputed section of border around Debelde/Tanusevci</p> <p><em>Kosovo-Serbia</em>: Serbia has not recognized Kosovo's independence, and Belgrade continues to claim it as its territory; the 2013 Brussels Agreement launched a process of EU-facilitated normalization between Serbia and Kosovo process, a prerequisite for their EU accession; in February and March 2023, both the two countries accepted the Agreement on the Path to Normalization and its Implementation Annex, whose implementation remains incomplete</p>",
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> NATO-led Kosovo Force peacekeepers deployed under UN Security Council Resolution 1244 continue to ensure a safe and secure environment and freedom of movement for all Kosovo citizens; in September 2023, KFOR deployed additional forces in the north of Kosovo and increased patrols along the border with Serbia after Kosovo-Serb paramilitaries attacked Kosovo police near the town of Banjska; some of Kosovo’s ethnic Serb minority, most of whom live in the northern regions, view themselves as part of Serbia, and Serbian municipalities along the northern border have challenged the final status of Kosovo-Serbia boundary; some protests have turned violent "
},
"Refugees and internally displaced persons": {
"IDPs": {

4
europe/lh.json
View file

@ -1218,7 +1218,7 @@
"text": "the military's inventory is a mix of Soviet-era and more modern European and US equipment; Germany and the US have been the leading suppliers in recent years (2023)"
},
"Military service age and obligation": {
"text": "19-26 years of age for conscripted military service for men; 9-month service obligation; in 2015, Lithuania reinstated conscription after having converted to a professional military in 2008; 18-38 for voluntary service for men and women (2023)",
"text": "19-26 years of age for conscripted military service for men; 9-month service obligation; in 2015, Lithuania reinstated conscription after having converted to a professional military in 2008; 18-38 for voluntary service for men and women (2024)",
"note": "<strong>note 1:</strong> Lithuania conscripts up to 4,000 males each year; conscripts are selected using an automated lottery system<br><br><strong>note 2:</strong> as of 2020, women comprised about 12% of the military's full-time personnel"
},
"Military deployments": {
@ -1243,7 +1243,7 @@
},
"Refugees and internally displaced persons": {
"refugees (country of origin)": {
"text": "52,305 (Ukraine) (as of 22 December 2023)"
"text": "52,670 (Ukraine) (as of 31 January 2024)"
},
"stateless persons": {
"text": "2,720 (2022)"

4
europe/lo.json
View file

@ -545,7 +545,7 @@
"text": "Cabinet appointed by the president on the recommendation of the prime minister"
},
"elections/appointments": {
"text": "president directly elected by absolute majority popular vote in 2 rounds if needed for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 16 March and 30 March 2019 (next to be held in March 2024); following National Council elections (every 4 years), the president designates a prime minister candidate, usually the leader of the party or coalition that wins the most votes, who must win a vote of confidence in the National Council"
"text": "president directly elected by absolute majority popular vote in 2 rounds if needed for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 16 March and 30 March 2019 (next to be held on 23 March 2024); following National Council elections (every 4 years), the president designates a prime minister candidate, usually the leader of the party or coalition that wins the most votes, who must win a vote of confidence in the National Council"
},
"election results": {
"text": "<em><br>2019:</em> Zuzana CAPUTOVA elected president in second round; percent of vote - Zuzana CAPUTOVA (PS) 58.4%, Maros SEFCOVIC (independent) 41.6%<br><br><em>2014:</em> Andrej KISKA elected president in second round; percent of vote - Andrej KISKA (independent) 59.4%, Robert FICO (Smer-SD) 40.6%"
@ -1218,7 +1218,7 @@
},
"Refugees and internally displaced persons": {
"refugees (country of origin)": {
"text": "114,270 (Ukraine) (as of 14 January 2024)"
"text": "115,875 (Ukraine) (as of 4 February 2024)"
},
"stateless persons": {
"text": "2,940 (2022)"

6
europe/lu.json
View file

@ -1155,13 +1155,13 @@
}
},
"Military and security service personnel strengths": {
"text": "approximately 900 active personnel (2023)"
"text": "approximately 900 active-duty personnel (2023)"
},
"Military equipment inventories and acquisitions": {
"text": "the inventory of Luxembourg's Army is a small mix of Western origin equipment (2023)"
"text": "the inventory of Luxembourg's Army is a small mix of Western origin equipment (2024)"
},
"Military service age and obligation": {
"text": "18-26 years of age for voluntary military service for men and women; no conscription (abolished 1969) (2023)",
"text": "18-26 years of age for voluntary military service for men and women; no conscription (abolished 1969) (2024)",
"note": "<strong>note 1: </strong>since 2003, the Army has allowed EU citizens 18-24 years of age who have been a resident in the country for at least 36 months to volunteer<strong><br><br>note 2:</strong> 2023, women made up about 12% of the military's full-time personnel"
},
"Military - note": {

18
europe/md.json
View file

@ -1142,6 +1142,9 @@
"note": "<strong>note 1:</strong> the Carabinieri is a quasi-militarized gendarmerie responsible for protecting public buildings, maintaining public order, and other national security functions<br><br><strong>note 2:</strong> the national police force reports to the Ministry of Internal Affairs and is the primary law enforcement body, responsible for internal security, public order, traffic, border security, and criminal investigations; the Moldovan Border Police (Poliției de Frontieră) are under the Ministry of Internal Affairs; prior to 2012, Border Police were under the armed forces and known as the Border Troops"
},
"Military expenditures": {
"Military Expenditures 2023": {
"text": "0.55% of GDP (2023 est.)"
},
"Military Expenditures 2022": {
"text": "0.4% of GDP (2022 est.)"
},
@ -1153,20 +1156,17 @@
},
"Military Expenditures 2019": {
"text": "0.4% of GDP (2019 est.)"
},
"Military Expenditures 2018": {
"text": "0.4% of GDP (2018 est.)"
}
},
"Military and security service personnel strengths": {
"text": "approximately 6,500 active troops; approximately 2,000 Carabinieri (2023)"
"text": "approximately 6,500 active-duty troops; approximately 2,000 Carabinieri (2023)"
},
"Military equipment inventories and acquisitions": {
"text": "the military's inventory is limited and almost entirely comprised of older Russian and Soviet-era equipment; in recent years, it has received small amounts of donated material from other nations, including the US (2023)"
"text": "the military's inventory is limited and almost entirely comprised of older Russian and Soviet-era equipment; in recent years, it has received donated equipment from other nations, including the US (2024)"
},
"Military service age and obligation": {
"text": "18-27 years of age for compulsory or voluntary military service; male registration required at age 16; 12-month service obligation (2023)",
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> as of 2019, women made up about 20% of the military's full-time personnel"
"text": "18-27 years of age for compulsory or voluntary military service; male registration required at age 16; 12-month service obligation (2024)",
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> as of 2021, women made up about 20% of the military's full-time personnel"
},
"Military - note": {
"text": "the National Army is responsible for defense against external aggression, suppressing illegal military violence along the state border or inside the country, and supporting other internal security forces in maintaining public order if necessary; its primary focuses are Transnistrian separatist forces and their Russian backers; the 1992 war between Moldovan forces and the Transnistrian separatists backed by Russian troops ended with a cease-fire; the separatists maintain several armed paramilitary combat units, plus other security forces and reserves; Russia maintains approximately 1,500 troops in the breakaway region, including some Transnistrian locals who serve as Russian troops; some troops are under the authority of a peacekeeping force known as a Joint Control Commission that also includes Moldovan and separatist personnel, while the remainder of the Russian contingent (Operational Group of Russian Forces - Transnistria or OGF-T) guard a depot of Soviet-era ammunition and train Transnistrian separatist forces<br><br>the National Army is equipped almost entirely with outdated Soviet-era material; following the Russian invasion of Ukraine in 2022, Moldova announced that the National Army would undergo a process to modernize and professionalize while declaring that it had been largely neglected since its formation in the early 1990s; some Western countries have provided gear and equipment; the National Army is comprised of a Land Force Command and an Air Force Command with a General Staff exercising operational leadership of the force; the Land Force’s combat units include three small motorized infantry brigades and a designated peacekeeping battalion, plus artillery and special forces;  the Air Force does not have any combat aircraft; the Carabinieri Troops under the Ministry of Internal Affairs are organized into three regions with five subordinate military units<br><br>Moldova is constitutionally neutral but has maintained a relationship with NATO since 1992; bilateral cooperation started when Moldova joined NATO’s Partnership for Peace program in 1994; Moldova has contributed small numbers of troops to NATO’s Kosovo Force (KFOR) since 2014, and a civilian NATO liaison office was established in Moldova in 2017 at the request of the Moldovan Government to promote practical cooperation and facilitate support (2023)"
@ -1174,11 +1174,11 @@
},
"Transnational Issues": {
"Disputes - international": {
"text": "<p><em>Moldova-Romania</em>: none identified</p> <p><em>Moldova-Ukraine</em>: Ukraine and Moldova signed an agreement officially delimiting their border in 1999, but the border has not been demarcated due to Moldova's difficulties with the break-away region of Transnistria; Moldova and Ukraine operate joint customs posts to monitor the transit of people and commodities through Moldova's break-away Transnistria region, which remains under the auspices of an Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe-mandated peacekeeping mission comprised of Moldovan, Transnistrian, Russian, and Ukrainian troops</p>"
"text": "<p><em>Moldova-Ukraine</em>: Ukraine and Moldova signed an agreement officially delimiting their border in 1999, but the border has not been demarcated due to Moldova's difficulties with the break-away region of Transnistria; Moldova and Ukraine operate joint customs posts to monitor the transit of people and commodities through Moldova's break-away Transnistria region, which remains under the auspices of an Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe-mandated peacekeeping mission comprised of Moldovan, Transnistrian, and Russian troops</p>"
},
"Refugees and internally displaced persons": {
"refugees (country of origin)": {
"text": "120,695 (Ukraine) (as of 28 January 2024)"
"text": "116,195 (Ukraine) (as of 18 February 2024)"
},
"stateless persons": {
"text": "1,701 (2022)"

24
europe/mj.json
View file

@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
{
"Introduction": {
"Background": {
"text": "The use of the name Crna Gora or Black Mountain (Montenegro) began in the 13th century in reference to a highland region in the Serbian province of Zeta. The later medieval state of Zeta maintained its existence until 1496 when Montenegro finally fell under Ottoman rule. Over subsequent centuries, Montenegro managed to maintain a level of autonomy within the Ottoman Empire. From the 16th to 19th centuries, Montenegro was a theocracy ruled by a series of bishop princes; in 1852, it transformed into a secular principality. Montenegro was recognized as an independent sovereign principality at the Congress of Berlin in 1878. After World War I, during which Montenegro fought on the side of the Allies, Montenegro was absorbed by the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes, which became the Kingdom of Yugoslavia in 1929. At the conclusion of World War II, it became a constituent republic of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. When the latter dissolved in 1992, Montenegro joined with Serbia, creating the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia and, after 2003, shifting to a looser State Union of Serbia and Montenegro. In May 2006, Montenegro invoked its right under the Constitutional Charter of Serbia and Montenegro to hold a referendum on independence from the two-state union. The vote for severing ties with Serbia barely exceeded 55% - the threshold set by the EU - allowing Montenegro to formally restore its independence on 3 June 2006. In 2017, Montenegro joined NATO and is currently completing its EU accession process, having officially applied to join the EU in December 2008."
"text": "The use of the name Crna Gora or Black Mountain (Montenegro) began in the 13th century in reference to a highland region in the Serbian province of Zeta. The later medieval state of Zeta maintained its existence until 1496 when Montenegro finally fell under Ottoman rule. Over subsequent centuries, Montenegro managed to maintain a level of autonomy within the Ottoman Empire. From the 16th to 19th centuries, Montenegro was a theocracy ruled by a series of bishop princes; in 1852, it transformed into a secular principality. Montenegro was recognized as an independent sovereign principality at the Congress of Berlin in 1878. After World War I, during which Montenegro fought on the side of the Allies, the country was absorbed by the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes, which became the Kingdom of Yugoslavia in 1929. At the conclusion of World War II, Montenegro became a constituent republic of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. When the latter dissolved in 1992, Montenegro joined with Serbia, creating the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia and, after 2003, shifting to a looser State Union of Serbia and Montenegro. <br><br>In May 2006, Montenegro invoked its right under the Constitutional Charter of Serbia and Montenegro to hold a referendum on independence from the two-state union. The vote for severing ties with Serbia barely cleared the 55% threshold set by the EU, but it allowed Montenegro to formally restore its independence on 3 June 2006. In 2017, Montenegro joined NATO, and it is currently completing its EU accession process, having officially applied to join the EU in 2008."
}
},
"Geography": {
@ -619,7 +619,7 @@
"text": "[1] (202) 234-6109"
},
"email address and website": {
"text": "<br>usa@mfa.gov.me"
"text": "<br>usa@mfa.gov.me<br><br>United States of America - Embassies and consulates of Montenegro and visa regimes for foreign citizens (www.gov.me)"
},
"consulate(s) general": {
"text": "New York"
@ -636,10 +636,10 @@
"text": "5570 Podgorica Place, Washington DC&nbsp; 20521-5570"
},
"telephone": {
"text": "+382 (0)20-410-500"
"text": "[382] (0) 20-410-500"
},
"FAX": {
"text": "[382]&nbsp; (0)20-241-358"
"text": "[382]&nbsp; (0) 20-241-358"
},
"email address and website": {
"text": "<br>PodgoricaACS@state.gov<br><br>https://me.usembassy.gov/"
@ -1186,30 +1186,30 @@
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> the National Police Force, which includes Border Police, is responsible for maintaining internal security; it is organized under the Police Administration within the Ministry of Interior and reports to the police director and, through the director, to the minister of interior and prime minister"
},
"Military expenditures": {
"Military Expenditures 2024": {
"text": "2% of GDP (2024 est.)"
},
"Military Expenditures 2023": {
"text": "1.9% of GDP (2023 est.)"
},
"Military Expenditures 2022": {
"text": "1.4% of GDP (2022 est.)"
"text": "1.4% of GDP (2022)"
},
"Military Expenditures 2021": {
"text": "1.6% of GDP (2021)"
},
"Military Expenditures 2020": {
"text": "1.7% of GDP (2020)"
},
"Military Expenditures 2019": {
"text": "1.3% of GDP (2019)"
}
},
"Military and security service personnel strengths": {
"text": "approximately 2,000 active-duty troops (2023)"
},
"Military equipment inventories and acquisitions": {
"text": "the military's inventory is small and consists mostly of Soviet-era equipment inherited from the former Yugoslavia military, with a limited mix of other imported systems from such countries as Austria, Turkey, and the US (2023)"
"text": "the military's inventory is small and consists mostly of Soviet-era equipment inherited from the former Yugoslavia military, along with a limited mix of other imported systems from such countries as Austria, Turkey, and the US (2023)"
},
"Military service age and obligation": {
"text": "18 is the legal minimum age for voluntary military service; conscription abolished in 2006 (2023)",
"text": "18 is the legal minimum age for voluntary military service; conscription abolished in 2006 (2024)",
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> as of 2023, women made up over 15% of the military's full-time personnel"
},
"Military - note": {
@ -1224,12 +1224,12 @@
},
"Refugees and internally displaced persons": {
"refugees (country of origin)": {
"text": "64,240 (Ukraine) (as of 25 December 2023)"
"text": "65,105 (Ukraine) (as of 29 January 2024)"
},
"stateless persons": {
"text": "468 (2022)"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> 33,825 estimated refugee and migrant arrivals (January 2015-November 2023)"
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> 34,143 estimated refugee and migrant arrivals (January 2015-February 2024)"
},
"Trafficking in persons": {
"tier rating": {

4
europe/mk.json
View file

@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
{
"Introduction": {
"Background": {
"text": "<p>North Macedonia gained its independence peacefully from Yugoslavia in 1991 under the name of \"Macedonia.\" Greek objection to the new country’s name, insisting it implied territorial pretensions to the northern Greek province of Macedonia, and democratic backsliding for several years stalled the country’s movement toward Euro-Atlantic integration. Immediately after Macedonia declared independence, Greece sought to block Macedonian efforts to gain UN membership if the name \"Macedonia\" was used. The country was eventually admitted to the UN in 1993 as \"The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia,\" and at the same time it agreed to UN-sponsored negotiations on the name dispute. In 1995, Greece lifted a 20-month trade embargo and the two countries agreed to normalize relations, but the issue of the name remained unresolved and negotiations for a solution continued. Over time, the US and over 130 other nations recognized Macedonia by its constitutional name, Republic of Macedonia. Ethnic Albanian grievances over perceived political and economic inequities escalated into an armed conflict in 2001 that eventually led to the internationally brokered Ohrid Framework Agreement, which ended the fighting and established guidelines for constitutional amendments and the creation of new laws that enhanced the rights of minorities. In January 2018, the government adopted a new law on languages, which elevated the Albanian language to an official language at the national level, with the Macedonian language remaining the sole official language in international relations. Relations between ethnic Macedonians and ethnic Albanians remain complicated, however.</p> <p>In June 2018, Macedonia and Greece signed the Prespa Agreement whereby Macedonia agreed to change its name to North Macedonia. Following ratification by both countries, the agreement went in to force on 12 February 2019. North Macedonia then joined NATO in 2020 after amending its constitution per the deal and opened EU accession talks in 2022 after a two-year veto by Bulgaria over identity, language, and historical disputes. North Macedonia has been an EU candidate since 2005. A nearly three-year political crisis from 2014 to 2017 began after the 2014 legislative and presidential election, and escalated in 2015 when the opposition party began releasing wiretapped material that revealed alleged widespread government corruption and abuse. The country still faces challenges, including fully implementing reforms to overcome years of democratic backsliding, stimulating economic growth and development, and fighting organized crime and corruption. </p>"
"text": "<p>North Macedonia gained its independence peacefully from Yugoslavia in 1991 under the name of \"Macedonia.\" Greece objected to the new country’s name, insisting it implied territorial pretensions to the northern Greek province of Macedonia, and democratic backsliding for several years stalled North Macedonia's movement toward Euro-Atlantic integration. Immediately after Macedonia declared independence, Greece sought to block its efforts to gain UN membership if the name \"Macedonia\" was used. The country was eventually admitted to the UN in 1993 as \"The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia,\" and at the same time it agreed to UN-sponsored negotiations on the name dispute. In 1995, Greece lifted a 20-month trade embargo and the two countries agreed to normalize relations, but the issue of the name remained unresolved amid ongoing negotiations. As an interim measure, the US and over 130 other nations recognized Macedonia by its constitutional name, Republic of Macedonia. <br><br>Ethnic Albanian grievances over perceived political and economic inequities escalated into an armed conflict in 2001 that eventually led to the internationally brokered Ohrid Framework Agreement, which ended the fighting and established guidelines for constitutional amendments and new laws that enhanced the rights of minorities. In 2018, the government adopted a new law on languages, which elevated the Albanian language to an official language at the national level and kept the Macedonian language as the sole official language in international relations, but ties between ethnic Macedonians and ethnic Albanians remain complicated.</p> <p>In 2018, Macedonia and Greece signed the Prespa Agreement whereby Macedonia agreed to change its name to North Macedonia, and the agreement went in to force on 12 February 2019. North Macedonia joined NATO in 2020 after amending its constitution as agreed and opened EU accession talks in 2022 after a two-year veto by Bulgaria over identity, language, and historical disputes. The 2014 legislative and presidential election triggered a political crisis that lasted almost three years and escalated in 2015 when the opposition party began releasing wiretapped material revealing alleged widespread government corruption and abuse. The country still faces challenges, including fully implementing reforms to overcome years of democratic backsliding, stimulating economic growth and development, and fighting organized crime and corruption. </p>"
}
},
"Geography": {
@ -1158,7 +1158,7 @@
},
"Refugees and internally displaced persons": {
"refugees (country of origin)": {
"text": "18,620 (Ukraine) (as of 24 December 2023)"
"text": "18,915 (Ukraine) (as of 28 January 2024)"
},
"stateless persons": {
"text": "521 (2022)"

4
europe/mt.json
View file

@ -1143,10 +1143,10 @@
"text": "approximately 2,000 active-duty personnel (2023)"
},
"Military equipment inventories and acquisitions": {
"text": "the military has a small inventory that consists of equipment from a mix of European countries, particularly Italy and the US (2023)"
"text": "the military has a small inventory that consists of equipment from a mix of European countries, particularly Italy and the US (2024)"
},
"Military service age and obligation": {
"text": "18-30 years of age for men and women for voluntary military service; no conscription (2023)"
"text": "18-30 years of age for men and women for voluntary military service; no conscription (2024)"
},
"Military - note": {
"text": "the Armed Forces of Malta (AFM) are responsible for external security but also have some domestic security responsibilities; the AFM’s primary roles include maintaining the country’s sovereignty and territorial integrity, monitoring and policing its territorial waters, participating in overseas peacekeeping and stability operations, and providing search and rescue and explosive ordnance disposal capabilities; secondary missions include assisting civil authorities during emergencies, supporting the police and other security services, and providing ceremonial and other public support duties; the AFM has a joint force headquarters with five subordinate units—three land regiments, an air wing, and a maritime squadron; the air wing does not have any fighter aircraft but has both fixed and rotary wing aircraft for such tasks as maritime law enforcement and surveillance, reconnaissance, search and rescue, and transport; the maritime squadron is outfitted with both offshore patrol vessels and inshore patrol boats, and includes a small marine force element for maritime law enforcement and boarding operations, as well as a small land component tasked with defending the territorial integrity of the island of Gozo and providing military assistance to the Malta Police Force and other government departments<br><br>Malta maintains a security policy of neutrality but contributes to EU and UN military missions and joined NATO’s Partnership for Peace program in 1995 (suspended in 1996, but reactivated in 2008); it also participates in various bilateral and multinational military exercises; Malta cooperates closely with Italy on defense matters; in 1973, Italy established a military mission in Malta to provide advice, training, and search and rescue assistance (2023)"

6
europe/nl.json
View file

@ -1202,7 +1202,7 @@
"Military and Security": {
"Military and security forces": {
"text": "Netherlands (Dutch) Armed Forces (Nederlandse Krijgsmacht): Royal Netherlands Army, Royal Netherlands Navy (includes Marine Corps), Royal Netherlands Air Force, Royal Netherlands Marechaussee (Military Constabulary) (2024)",
"note": "<strong>note 1:</strong> the Netherlands Coast Guard and the Dutch Caribbean Coast Guard are civilian in nature but managed by the Royal Netherlands Navy<br><br><strong>note 2:</strong> the national police maintain internal security in the Netherlands and report to the Ministry of Justice and Security, which oversees law enforcement organizations, as do the justice ministries in Aruba, Curaçao, and Sint Maarten"
"note": "<strong>note 1:</strong> the Netherlands Coast Guard and the Dutch Caribbean Coast Guard are civilian in nature but managed by the Royal Netherlands Navy<br><br><strong>note 2:</strong> the national police maintain internal security in the Netherlands and report to the Ministry of Justice and Security, which oversees law enforcement organizations, as do the justice ministries in Aruba, Curacao, and Sint Maarten"
},
"Military expenditures": {
"Military Expenditures 2023": {
@ -1233,7 +1233,7 @@
"note": "<strong>note: </strong>in 2023, women made up about 14% of the military's full-time personnel"
},
"Military deployments": {
"text": "350 Lithuania (NATO); 200 Romania (NATO) (2023)",
"text": "350 Lithuania (NATO); 200 Romania (NATO) (2024)",
"note": "<strong>note: </strong>in response to Russia’s 2022 invasion of Ukraine, some NATO countries, including the Netherlands, have sent additional troops and equipment to the battlegroups deployed in NATO territory in eastern Europe"
},
"Military - note": {
@ -1261,7 +1261,7 @@
},
"Refugees and internally displaced persons": {
"refugees (country of origin)": {
"text": "53,496 (Syria), 19,204 (Eritrea), 7,106 (Turkey), 5,593 (Iran), 5,152 (Iraq) (mid-year 2022); 146,715 (Ukraine) (as of 31 December 2023)"
"text": "53,496 (Syria), 19,204 (Eritrea), 7,106 (Turkey), 5,593 (Iran), 5,152 (Iraq) (mid-year 2022); 149,015 (Ukraine) (as of 31 January 2024)"
},
"stateless persons": {
"text": "4,570 (2022)"

14
europe/no.json
View file

@ -1164,28 +1164,28 @@
},
"Military and Security": {
"Military and security forces": {
"text": "Norwegian Armed Forces (Forsvaret or \"the Defense\"): Norwegian Army (Haeren), Royal Norwegian Navy (Kongelige Norske Sjoeforsvaret; includes Coastal Rangers and Coast Guard (Kystvakt)), Royal Norwegian Air Force (Kongelige Norske Luftforsvaret), Norwegian Special Forces, Norwegian Cyber Defense Force, Home Guard (Heimevernet, HV) (2023)",
"text": "Norwegian Armed Forces (Forsvaret or \"the Defense\"): Norwegian Army (Haeren), Royal Norwegian Navy (Kongelige Norske Sjoeforsvaret; includes Coastal Rangers and Coast Guard (Kystvakt)), Royal Norwegian Air Force (Kongelige Norske Luftforsvaret), Norwegian Special Forces, Norwegian Cyber Defense Force, Home Guard (Heimevernet, HV) (2024)",
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> the national police have primary responsibility for internal security; the National Police Directorate, an entity under the Ministry of Justice and Public Security, oversees the police force"
},
"Military expenditures": {
"Military Expenditures 2024": {
"text": "1.8% of GDP (2024 est.)"
},
"Military Expenditures 2023": {
"text": "1.7% of GDP (2023 est.)"
},
"Military Expenditures 2022": {
"text": "1.5% of GDP (2022 est.)"
"text": "1.5% of GDP (2022)"
},
"Military Expenditures 2021": {
"text": "1.7% of GDP (2021)"
},
"Military Expenditures 2020": {
"text": "2% of GDP (2020)"
},
"Military Expenditures 2019": {
"text": "1.8% of GDP (2019)"
}
},
"Military and security service personnel strengths": {
"text": "approximately 27,000 active personnel (9,000 Army; 4,300 Navy; 4,700 Air Force; 9,000 other, including special operations, cyber, joint staff, intelligence, logistics support, active Home Guard, etc.); approximately 40,000 Home Guard (2023)",
"text": "approximately 27,000 active personnel (9,000 Army; 4,300 Navy; 4,700 Air Force; 9,000 other, including special operations, cyber, joint staff, intelligence, logistics support, active Home Guard, etc.); approximately 40,000 Home Guard (2024)",
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> active personnel include about 10,000 conscripts"
},
"Military equipment inventories and acquisitions": {
@ -1221,7 +1221,7 @@
},
"Refugees and internally displaced persons": {
"refugees (country of origin)": {
"text": "15,901 (Syria), 10,883 (Eritrea) (mid-year 2022); 66,965 (Ukraine) (as of 31 December 2023)"
"text": "15,901 (Syria), 10,883 (Eritrea) (mid-year 2022); 68,060 (Ukraine) (as of 2 February 2024)"
},
"stateless persons": {
"text": "3,901 (2022)"

13
europe/pl.json
View file

@ -1195,24 +1195,23 @@
},
"Military and Security": {
"Military and security forces": {
"text": "Polish Armed Forces (Polskie Siły Zbrojne): Land Forces (Wojska Ladowe), Navy (Marynarka Wojenna), Air Force (Sily Powietrzne), Special Forces (Wojska Specjalne), Territorial Defense Forces (Wojska Obrony Terytorialnej)<br><br>Ministry of Interior and Administration: Polish National Police (Policja); Border Guard (Straż Graniczna or SG) (2023)",
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> as of 2023, Cyberspace Defense Forces (Wojska Obrony Cyberprzestrzeni) were in development"
"text": "Polish Armed Forces (Polskie Siły Zbrojne): Land Forces (Wojska Ladowe), Navy (Marynarka Wojenna), Air Force (Sily Powietrzne), Special Forces (Wojska Specjalne), Territorial Defense Forces (Wojska Obrony Terytorialnej), Cyberspace Defense Forces (Wojska Obrony Cyberprzestrzeni)<br><br>Ministry of Interior and Administration: Polish National Police (Policja); Border Guard (Straż Graniczna or SG) (2024)"
},
"Military expenditures": {
"Military Expenditures 2024": {
"text": "4.2% of GDP (2024 est.)"
},
"Military Expenditures 2023": {
"text": "3.9% of GDP (2023 est.)"
},
"Military Expenditures 2022": {
"text": "2.4% of GDP (2022 est.)"
"text": "2.4% of GDP (2022)"
},
"Military Expenditures 2021": {
"text": "2.2% of GDP (2021)"
},
"Military Expenditures 2020": {
"text": "2.2% of GDP (2020)"
},
"Military Expenditures 2019": {
"text": "2% of GDP (2019)"
}
},
"Military and security service personnel strengths": {
@ -1221,7 +1220,7 @@
},
"Military equipment inventories and acquisitions": {
"text": "the military's inventory consists of a mix of Soviet-era and more modern, NATO-compatible, weapons systems; in recent years, the leading suppliers of armaments have included several European countries, South Korea, and the US; Poland has a large domestic defense sector that produces or provides upgrades to a wide variety of weapons systems, particularly ground systems such as tanks and other armored vehicles; it also cooperates with the European and US defense sectors (2023)",
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> in late 2018, Poland announced a 7-year (through 2026) approximately $50 billion defense modernization plan that would include such items as 5th generation combat aircraft, unmanned aerial vehicles, rocket artillery, helicopters, submarines, frigates, and improved cyber security; in 2022, it signed large military weapons contracts with South Korea and the US"
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> in late 2018, Poland announced a 7-year (through 2026) approximately $50 billion defense modernization plan that would include such items as 5th generation combat aircraft, unmanned aerial vehicles, rocket artillery, helicopters, submarines, frigates, and improved cyber security; in 2022-2023, it signed large military weapons contracts with South Korea, the UK, and the US"
},
"Military service age and obligation": {
"text": "18-28 years of age for male and female voluntary military service; conscription phased out in 2009-12; professional soldiers serve on a permanent basis (for an unspecified period of time) or on a contract basis (for a specified period of time); initial contract period is 24 months; women serve in the military on the same terms as men (2023)",

8
europe/po.json
View file

@ -540,7 +540,7 @@
"text": "President Marcelo REBELO DE SOUSA (since 9 March 2016)"
},
"head of government": {
"text": "Prime Minister Antonio Luis Santos da COSTA (since 24 November 2015; resigned on 7 November 2023 but remains in caretaker status until new elections on 10 March 2024)"
"text": "Prime Minister Antonio Luis Santos da COSTA (since 24 November 2015); note - da COSTA resigned on 7 November 2023 but remains in caretaker status until new elections are held on 10 March 2024"
},
"cabinet": {
"text": "Council of Ministers appointed by the president on the recommendation of the prime minister"
@ -558,7 +558,7 @@
"text": "unicameral Assembly of the Republic or Assembleia da Republica (230 seats; 226 members directly elected in multi-seat constituencies by closed-list proportional representation vote and 4 members - 2 each in 2 constituencies representing Portuguese living abroad - directly elected by proportional representation vote; members serve 4-year terms)"
},
"elections": {
"text": "last held on 30 January 2022 (next to be held in January 2026); note - early elections were called after parliament was dissolved on 3 November 2021 because of the 27 October 2021 rejection of the government's budget"
"text": "last held on 30 January 2022 (next to be held on 10 March 2024); note - early elections were called after Prime Minister Antonio Luis Santos da COSTA resigned on 7 November 2023"
},
"election results": {
"text": "percent of vote by party - PS 42.5%, PSD 28.4%, Enough 7.4%, IL 5%, BE 4.5%, PCP-PEV 4.4%, other 7.8%; seats by party - PS 120, PSD 72, Enough 12, IL 8, PCP-PEV 6, BE 5, other 3; composition - men 145, women 85, percent of women 37%"
@ -1190,14 +1190,14 @@
}
},
"Military and security service personnel strengths": {
"text": "approximately 26,000 active-duty personnel (13,000 Army; 7,000 Navy, including about 1,000 marines; 6,000 Air Force); 24,500 National Republican Guard (military personnel) (2023)"
"text": "approximately 25,000 active-duty personnel (12,000 Army; 7,000 Navy, including about 1,000 marines; 6,000 Air Force); 24,500 National Republican Guard (military personnel) (2023)"
},
"Military equipment inventories and acquisitions": {
"text": "the military's inventory includes mostly European- and US-origin weapons systems along with a smaller mix of domestically produced equipment; in recent years, leading foreign suppliers have included Germany and the US; Portugal's defense industry is primarily focused on shipbuilding (2023)"
},
"Military service age and obligation": {
"text": "18-30 years of age for voluntary or contract military service; no compulsory military service (abolished 2004) but conscription possible if insufficient volunteers available; women serve in the armed forces but are prohibited from serving in some combatant specialties; contract service lasts for an initial period of 2-6 years, and can be extended to a maximum of 20 years of service; initial voluntary military service lasts 12 months; reserve obligation to age 35 (2023)",
"note": "<strong>note: </strong>as of 2020, women made up about 12% of the military's full-time personnel"
"note": "<strong>note: </strong>as of 2023, women made up about 14% of the military's full-time personnel"
},
"Military deployments": {
"text": "225 Central African Republic (MINUSCA/EUTM); approximately 200 Lithuania (NATO); approximately 230 Romania (NATO) (2023)",

23
europe/ri.json
View file

@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
{
"Introduction": {
"Background": {
"text": "<p>The Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes was formed in 1918; its name was changed to Yugoslavia in 1929. Communist Partisans resisted the Axis occupation and division of Yugoslavia from 1941 to 1945 and fought nationalist opponents and collaborators as well. The military and political movement headed by Josip Broz \"TITO\" (Partisans) took full control of Yugoslavia when their domestic rivals and the occupiers were defeated in 1945. Although communists, TITO and his successors (Tito died in 1980) managed to steer their own path between the Warsaw Pact nations and the West for the next four and a half decades. In 1989, Slobodan MILOSEVIC became president of the Republic of Serbia and his ultranationalist calls for Serbian domination led to the violent breakup of Yugoslavia along ethnic lines. In 1991, Croatia, Slovenia, and Macedonia declared independence, followed by Bosnia in 1992. The remaining republics of Serbia and Montenegro declared a new Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (FRY) in April 1992 and under MILOSEVIC's leadership, Serbia led various military campaigns to unite ethnic Serbs in neighboring republics into a \"Greater Serbia.\" These actions ultimately failed and, after international intervention, led to the signing of the Dayton Peace Accords in 1995.</p> <p>MILOSEVIC retained control over Serbia and eventually became president of the FRY in 1997. In 1998, an ethnic Albanian insurgency in the formerly autonomous Serbian province of Kosovo provoked a Serbian counterinsurgency campaign that resulted in massacres and massive expulsions of ethnic Albanians living in Kosovo. The MILOSEVIC government's rejection of a proposed international settlement led to NATO's bombing of Serbia in the spring of 1999. Serbian military and police forces withdrew from Kosovo in June 1999, and the UN Security Council authorized an interim UN administration and a NATO-led security force in Kosovo. FRY elections in late 2000 led to the ouster of MILOSEVIC and the installation of democratic government. In 2003, the FRY became the State Union of Serbia and Montenegro, a loose federation of the two republics. Widespread violence predominantly targeting ethnic Serbs in Kosovo in March 2004 led to more intense calls to address Kosovo's status, and the UN began facilitating status talks in 2006. In June 2006, Montenegro seceded from the federation and declared itself an independent nation. Serbia subsequently gave notice that it was the successor state to the union of Serbia and Montenegro.</p> <p>In February 2008, after nearly two years of inconclusive negotiations, Kosovo declared itself independent of Serbia - an action Serbia refuses to recognize. At Serbia's request, the UN General Assembly (UNGA) in October 2008 sought an advisory opinion from the International Court of Justice (ICJ) on whether Kosovo's unilateral declaration of independence was in accordance with international law. In a ruling considered unfavorable to Serbia, the ICJ issued an advisory opinion in July 2010 stating that international law did not prohibit declarations of independence. In late 2010, Serbia agreed to an EU-drafted UNGA Resolution acknowledging the ICJ's decision and calling for a new round of talks between Serbia and Kosovo, this time on practical issues rather than Kosovo's status. Serbia and Kosovo signed the first agreement of principles governing the normalization of relations between the two countries in April 2013 and are in the process of implementing its provisions. In 2015, Serbia and Kosovo reached four additional agreements within the EU-led Brussels Dialogue framework. These included agreements on the Community of Serb-Majority Municipalities; telecommunications; energy production and distribution; and freedom of movement. President Aleksandar VUCIC has promoted an ambitious goal of Serbia joining the EU by 2025. Under his leadership as prime minister, in 2014 Serbia opened formal negotiations for accession. In 2023, VUCIC and Kosovan Prime Minister Albin KURTI verbally agreed on the Implementation Annex to the Agreement of the Path to Normalization of Relations between Kosovo and Serbia.</p>"
"text": "<p>In 1918, the Croats, Serbs, and Slovenes formed a kingdom known after 1929 as Yugoslavia. The monarchy remained in power until 1945, when the communist Partisans, headed by Josip Broz (aka TITO), took control of the newly created Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (SFRY). TITO later broke with the Soviet Union and pursued a policy of neutrality during the Cold War. After he died in 1980, communism in Yugoslavia gradually gave way to resurgent nationalism. In 1989, Slobodan MILOSEVIC became president of the Republic of Serbia, and his ultranationalist calls for Serbian domination led to the violent breakup of Yugoslavia along ethnic lines. In 1991, Croatia, Slovenia, and Macedonia declared independence, followed by Bosnia in 1992. The remaining republics of Serbia and Montenegro declared a new Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (FRY) in 1992, and under MILOSEVIC's leadership, Serbia led various military campaigns to unite ethnic Serbs in neighboring republics into a \"Greater Serbia.\" These actions ultimately failed, and international intervention led to the signing of the Dayton Peace Accords in 1995.</p> <p>MILOSEVIC retained control over Serbia and eventually became president of the FRY in 1997. In 1998, an ethnic Albanian insurgency in the formerly autonomous Serbian province of Kosovo resulted in a brutal Serbian counterinsurgency campaign. The MILOSEVIC government rejected a proposed international settlement, and NATO responded with a bombing campaign that forced Serbian military and police forces to withdraw from Kosovo in June 1999. In 2003, the FRY became the State Union of Serbia and Montenegro, a loose federation of the two republics. In 2006, Montenegro seceded and declared itself an independent nation. </p> <p>In 2008, Kosovo also declared independence -- an action Serbia still refuses to recognize. At Serbia's request, the International Court of Justice (ICJ) reviewed the declaration and issued an advisory opinion in 2010 stating that international law did not prohibit declarations of independence. Serbia agreed to an EU-drafted UN resolution acknowledging the ICJ's decision, and in 2013, Serbia and Kosovo signed the first agreement of principles governing the normalization of relations between the two countries. Additional agreements were reached in 2015 and 2023, but implementation remains incomplete. Serbia has been an official candidate for EU membership since 2012, and President Aleksandar VUCIC has promoted an ambitious goal of Serbia joining the EU by 2025.</p>"
}
},
"Geography": {
@ -618,7 +618,7 @@
"text": "1333 16th Street, NW Washington, D.C. 20036"
},
"telephone": {
"text": "[1] (202) 507-8654; [1] (202) 332-0333"
"text": "[1] (202) 507-8654"
},
"FAX": {
"text": "[1] (202) 332-3933"
@ -1173,10 +1173,13 @@
},
"Military and Security": {
"Military and security forces": {
"text": "Serbian Armed Forces (Vojska Srbije, VS): Army (aka Land Forces; includes Riverine Component, consisting of a naval flotilla on the Danube), Air and Air Defense Forces, Serbian Guard<br><br>Serbian Ministry of Interior: General Police Directorate (2024)",
"text": "Serbian Armed Forces (Vojska Srbije, VS): Army (aka Land Forces; includes Riverine Component, consisting of a naval flotilla on the Danube), Air and Air Defense Forces, Serbian Guard<br><br>Serbian Ministry of Internal Affairs: General Police Directorate (2024)",
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> the Serbian Guard is a brigade-sized unit that is directly subordinate to the Serbian Armed Forces Chief of General Staff; its duties include safeguarding key defense facilities and rendering military honors to top foreign, state, and military officials <br>"
},
"Military expenditures": {
"Military Expenditures 2023": {
"text": "2% of GDP (2023 est.)"
},
"Military Expenditures 2022": {
"text": "2.2% of GDP (2022 est.)"
},
@ -1188,23 +1191,21 @@
},
"Military Expenditures 2019": {
"text": "2.2% of GDP (2019 est.)"
},
"Military Expenditures 2018": {
"text": "1.6% of GDP (2018 est.)"
}
},
"Military and security service personnel strengths": {
"text": "approximately 25,000 active-duty troops (15,000 Land Forces; 5,000 Air/Air Defense; 5,000 other); approximately 3,000 Gendarmerie (2023)"
},
"Military equipment inventories and acquisitions": {
"text": "the military's inventory consists of Russian and Soviet-era weapons systems; in recent years, China and Russia have been the largest suppliers of arms to Serbia (2023)"
"text": "the military's inventory consists of domestically produced equipment and weapons systems, as well as Russian, Yugoslav, and Soviet-era weapons systems; in recent years, China and Russia have been the largest suppliers of arms to Serbia (2023)"
},
"Military service age and obligation": {
"text": "18 years of age for voluntary military service for men and women; conscription abolished in 2011 (2023)",
"text": "18 years of age for voluntary military service for men and women; conscription abolished in 2011 (2024)",
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> as of 2021, women made up about 16% of the military's full-time personnel"
},
"Military deployments": {
"text": "175 Lebanon (UNIFIL) (2023)"
"text": "180 Lebanon (UNIFIL) (2024)",
"note": "<strong>note: </strong>Serbia also has small numbers of troops deployed on other UN, as well as a few EU, missions"
},
"Military - note": {
"text": "the Serbian military is responsible for defense and deterrence against external threats, supporting international peacekeeping operations, and providing support to civil authorities for internal security; specific threat concerns of the military include extremism, separatism, and deepening international recognition of Kosovo; Serbia has cooperated with NATO since 2006, when it joined the Partnership for Peace program, and the military trains with NATO countries, particularly other Balkan states; Serbia aspires to join the EU and has participated in EU peacekeeping missions, as well as missions under the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe and the UN; it also maintains close security ties with Russia and has a growing security relationship with China<br><br>the modern Serbian military was established in 2006 but traces its origins back through World War II, World War I, the Balkan Wars of 1912-1913, and the Bulgarian-Serb War of 1885 to the First (1804-1813) and Second (1815-1817) Uprisings against the Ottoman Empire; the military’s combat forces are organized into Army and Air and Defense commands under a General Staff, as well as some independent forces; the Army’s combat forces include four combined arms brigades and an artillery brigade, plus several independent battalions and a river flotilla; there are also independent brigades of parachute infantry, special operations, and security/guard forces, which are directly under the General Staff; the Air and Air Defense force is organized into brigades and squadrons of aircraft, air defense missiles, and early warning and surveillance; its combat aircraft include approximately 25 Russian- and Yugoslavian-made multirole and attack aircraft, as well as a force of attack and multirole helicopters (2023)"
@ -1212,7 +1213,7 @@
},
"Transnational Issues": {
"Disputes - international": {
"text": "<p><em>Serbia-Bosnia and Herzegovina</em>: Serbia delimited about half of the boundary with Bosnia and Herzegovina, but sections along the Drina River remain in dispute</p> <p><em>Serbia-Bulgaria</em>: none identified</p> <p><em>Serbia-Croatia</em>: Serbia and Croatia dispute their border along the Danube; Serbia claims the border is the median between the current Danube shorelines, with the land to the eastern side of the median belonging to Serbia; Croatia contends that the boundary is demarcated according to historic maps, despite the river having meandered since then</p> <p><em>Serbia-Hungary</em>: none identified</p> <p><em>Serbia-Kosovo</em>: Serbia with several other states protested the US and other states' recognition of Kosovo's declaration of its status as a sovereign and independent state in February 2008; ethnic Serbian municipalities along Kosovo's northern border challenge final status of Kosovo-Serbia boundary; since 1999, NATO-led Kosovo Force peacekeepers under UN Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo (UNMIK) authority have continued to keep the peace within Kosovo between the ethnic Albanian majority and the Serb minority; in October 2021, NATO-led KFOR increased patrols along the border with Serbia to deescalate hostilities caused by a dispute over license plates</p> <p><em>Serbia-Montenegro</em>: the former republic boundary serves as the boundary until a line is formally delimited and demarcated</p> <p><em>Serbia-North Macedonia</em>: none identified</p> <p><em>Serbia-Romania</em>: none identified</p>"
"text": "<p><em>Serbia-Bosnia and Herzegovina</em>: Serbia delimited about half of the boundary with Bosnia and Herzegovina, but sections along the Drina River remain in dispute</p> <p><em>Serbia-Bulgaria</em>: none identified</p> <p><em>Serbia-Croatia</em>: Serbia and Croatia dispute their border along the Danube; Serbia claims the border is the median between the current Danube shorelines, with the land to the eastern side of the median belonging to Serbia; Croatia contends that the boundary is demarcated according to historic maps, despite the river having meandered since then</p> <p><em>Serbia-Hungary</em>: none identified</p> <p><em>Serbia-Kosovo</em>: Serbia has not recognized Kosovo's independence, and Belgrade continues to claim it as its territory; the 2013 Brussels Agreement launched a process of EU-facilitated normalization between Serbia and Kosovo process, a prerequisite for their EU accession; in February and March 2023, both the two countries accepted the Agreement on the Path to Normalization and its Implementation Annex, whose implementation remains incomplete</p> <p><em>Serbia-Montenegro</em>: the former republic boundary serves as the boundary until a line is formally delimited and demarcated</p> <p><em>Serbia-North Macedonia</em>: none identified</p> <p><em>Serbia-Romania</em>: none identified</p>"
},
"Refugees and internally displaced persons": {
"refugees (country of origin)": {
@ -1224,7 +1225,7 @@
"stateless persons": {
"text": "2,594 (includes stateless persons in Kosovo) (2022)"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> 1,031,608 estimated refugee and migrant arrivals (January 2015-November 2023)"
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> 1,043,607 estimated refugee and migrant arrivals (January 2015-February 2024)"
},
"Trafficking in persons": {
"tier rating": {

10
europe/ro.json
View file

@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
{
"Introduction": {
"Background": {
"text": "The principalities of Wallachia and Moldavia - for centuries under the suzerainty of the Turkish Ottoman Empire - secured their autonomy in 1856. They were de facto linked in 1859 and formally united in 1862 under the new name of Romania. The country gained recognition of its independence in 1878. It joined the Allied Powers in World War I and acquired new territories - most notably Transylvania - following the conflict. In 1940, Romania allied with the Axis powers and participated in the 1941 German invasion of the USSR. Three years later, overrun by the Soviets, Romania signed an armistice. The post-war Soviet occupation led to the formation of a communist \"people's republic\" in 1947 and the abdication of the king. The decades-long rule of dictator Nicolae CEAUSESCU, who took power in 1965, and his Securitate police state became increasingly oppressive and draconian through the 1980s. CEAUSESCU was overthrown and executed in late 1989. Former communists dominated the government until 1996 when they were swept from power. Romania joined NATO in 2004 and the EU in 2007."
"text": "The principalities of Wallachia and Moldavia -- for centuries under the control of the Turkish Ottoman Empire -- secured their autonomy through the Treaty of Paris in 1856. They were de facto linked in 1859 and formally united in 1862 under the new name of Romania. The country joined the Allied Powers in World War I and subsequently acquired new territories -- most notably Transylvania -- that more than doubled its size. In 1940, Romania allied with the Axis powers and participated in the 1941 German invasion of the USSR. Three years later, overrun by the Soviets, Romania signed an armistice. The post-war Soviet occupation led to the formation of a communist \"people's republic\" in 1947 and the abdication of the king. The decades-long rule of dictator Nicolae CEAUSESCU, who took power in 1965, and his Securitate police state became increasingly oppressive and draconian through the 1980s. CEAUSESCU was overthrown and executed in late 1989. Former communists dominated the government until 1996 when they were swept from power. Romania joined NATO in 2004 and the EU in 2007."
}
},
"Geography": {
@ -1225,7 +1225,7 @@
"text": "approximately 75,000 active-duty military personnel (58,000 Land Forces; 7,000 Naval Forces; 10,000 Air Force) (2023)"
},
"Military equipment inventories and acquisitions": {
"text": "the military's inventory is comprised mostly of Soviet-era and older domestically produced weapons systems, although in recent years it has launched an effort to acquire more Western-origin equipment from European countries and the US, including aircraft and armored vehicles (2023)"
"text": "the military's inventory includes a considerable amount of Soviet-era and older domestically produced weapons systems, although in recent years it has launched an effort to acquire more Western-origin equipment from European countries and the US, including aircraft and armored vehicles (2023)"
},
"Military service age and obligation": {
"text": "18 years of age for voluntary service for men and women; all military inductees contract for an initial 5-year term of service, with subsequent successive 3-year terms until age 36; conscription ended in 2006 (2023)"
@ -1234,7 +1234,7 @@
"text": "up to 120 Poland (NATO) (2023)"
},
"Military - note": {
"text": "the Romanian Armed Forces are responsible for territorial defense, fulfilling Romania’s commitments to European security, and contributing to multinational peacekeeping operations; the military has a variety of concerns, including cyber attacks and terrorism, but its primary focus is Russian aggression against neighboring Ukraine and its activities in the Black Sea and Romania’s other eastern neighbor, Moldova<br><br>Romania joined NATO in 2004, and the Alliance forms a key pillar of the country’s defense policy; it hosts a NATO multinational divisional headquarters (Multinational Division Southeast) and a French-led ground force battlegroup as part of NATO's Enhanced Forward Presence initiative in the southeastern part of the Alliance, which came about in response to Russia’s 2022 invasion of Ukraine; NATO allies have also sent detachments of fighters to augment the Romanian Air Force since 2014 because of aggressive Russian activity in the Black Sea region; the Romanian military trains regularly with NATO and its member states and participates in NATO- and EU-led multinational missions in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Kosovo, and Poland<br><br>the military is an all-volunteer force equipped largely with Soviet-era or other aging weapons systems, although since joining NATO it has embarked on an effort to acquire more modern, NATO-compatible weapons systems, such as armored vehicles, combat aircraft, and naval vessels; the main combat formations of the Land Forces are two combined arms infantry divisions, each comprised of three or four mechanized and mountain infantry brigades, plus artillery, reconnaissance, and other combat support forces; the Army also has a tactical missile brigade; the military’s special operations forces were consolidated into a special operations command in 2018<br><br>the Romanian Navy operates on the Black Sea and the Danube River; the Black Sea fleet command has three frigates and seven corvettes organized into flotillas and divisions, as well as divisions of mine warfare vessels, naval missiles, and coastal defense; the Danube River flotilla operates gunboats and has a marine infantry regiment <br><br>the Air Force had approximately 400 Soviet-made combat aircraft when Romania was a member of the Warsaw Pact, but by the 2020s the number was down to a few dozen that were being replaced by secondhand US-origin F-16 fighter aircraft acquired from NATO partners; in 2023, Romania retired the last of its Soviet-era fighters and signed a contract to acquire about 30 additional F-16s from Norway (2023)"
"text": "the Romanian Armed Forces are responsible for territorial defense, fulfilling Romania’s commitments to European security, and contributing to multinational peacekeeping operations; the military has a variety of concerns, including cyber attacks and terrorism, but its primary focus is Russian aggression against neighboring Ukraine and Russia's activities in the Black Sea and Romania’s other eastern neighbor, Moldova<br><br>Romania joined NATO in 2004, and the Alliance forms a key pillar of the country’s defense policy; it hosts a NATO multinational divisional headquarters (Multinational Division Southeast) and a French-led ground force battlegroup as part of NATO's Enhanced Forward Presence initiative in the southeastern part of the Alliance, which came about in response to Russia’s 2022 invasion of Ukraine; NATO allies have also sent detachments of fighters to augment the Romanian Air Force since 2014 because of aggressive Russian activity in the Black Sea region; the Romanian military trains regularly with NATO and its member states and participates in NATO- and EU-led multinational missions in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Kosovo, and Poland<br><br>the military is an all-volunteer force equipped largely with Soviet-era or other aging weapons systems, although since joining NATO it has embarked on an effort to acquire more modern, NATO-compatible weapons systems, such as armored vehicles, combat aircraft, and naval vessels; the main combat formations of the Land Forces are two combined arms infantry divisions, each comprised of three or four mechanized and mountain infantry brigades, plus artillery, reconnaissance, and other combat support forces; the Army also has a tactical missile brigade; the military’s special operations forces were consolidated into a special operations command in 2018<br><br>the Romanian Navy operates on the Black Sea and the Danube River; the Black Sea fleet command has a small force of frigates and corvettes organized into flotillas and divisions, as well as divisions of mine warfare vessels, naval missiles, and coastal defense; the Danube River flotilla operates gunboats and has a marine infantry regiment <br><br>the Air Force had approximately 400 Soviet-made combat aircraft when Romania was a member of the Warsaw Pact, but by the 2020s the number was down to a few dozen that were being replaced by secondhand US-origin F-16 fighter aircraft acquired from NATO partners; in 2023, Romania retired the last of its Soviet-era fighters and signed a contract to acquire about 30 additional F-16s from Norway (2023)"
}
},
"Space": {
@ -1258,12 +1258,12 @@
},
"Refugees and internally displaced persons": {
"refugees (country of origin)": {
"text": "85,710 (Ukraine) (as of 29 January 2024)"
"text": "78,745 (Ukraine) (as of 19 February 2024)"
},
"stateless persons": {
"text": "297 (2022)"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> 15,377 estimated refugee and migrant arrivals (January 2015-November 2023)"
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> 16,027 estimated refugee and migrant arrivals (January 2015-February 2024)"
},
"Illicit drugs": {
"text": "<p>a source country for cannabis</p>"

16
europe/si.json
View file

@ -1176,34 +1176,34 @@
"text": "Slovenian Armed Forces (Slovenska Vojska, SV): structured as a combined force with air, land, maritime, special operations, combat support, and combat service support elements<br><br>Ministry of Interior: National Police (2024)"
},
"Military expenditures": {
"Military Expenditures 2024": {
"text": "1.3% of GDP (2024 est.)"
},
"Military Expenditures 2023": {
"text": "1.4% of GDP (2023 est.)"
},
"Military Expenditures 2022": {
"text": "1.3% of GDP (2022 est.)"
"text": "1.3% of GDP (2022)"
},
"Military Expenditures 2021": {
"text": "1.2% of GDP (2021)"
},
"Military Expenditures 2020": {
"text": "1% of GDP (2020)"
},
"Military Expenditures 2019": {
"text": "1.1% of GDP (2019)"
}
},
"Military and security service personnel strengths": {
"text": "approximately 6,000 active-duty troops (2023)"
},
"Military equipment inventories and acquisitions": {
"text": "the military's inventory is a mix of Soviet-era and smaller quantities of more modern, mostly Western equipment; in recent years, it has imported limited amounts of equipment from a few European countries and the US (2023)"
"text": "the military's inventory is a mix of Soviet-era and smaller quantities of more modern, mostly Western equipment; in recent years, Slovenia has begun a modernization program and imported growing amounts of European and US equipment&nbsp; (2023)"
},
"Military service age and obligation": {
"text": "18-30 years of age for voluntary military service for men and women; must be a citizen of the Republic of Slovenia; recruits sign up for 3-, 5-, or 10-year service contracts; conscription abolished in 2003 (2023)",
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> as of 2023, women comprised about 16% of the military's full-time personnel"
},
"Military deployments": {
"text": "200 Kosovo (NATO); 100 Slovakia (NATO) (2023)",
"text": "100 Kosovo (NATO); 100 Slovakia (NATO) (2024)",
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> in response to Russia’s 2022 invasion of Ukraine, some NATO countries, including Slovenia, have sent additional troops and equipment to the battlegroups deployed in NATO territory in eastern Europe"
},
"Military - note": {
@ -1212,11 +1212,11 @@
},
"Transnational Issues": {
"Disputes - international": {
"text": "<p><em>Slovenia-Austria</em>: none identified</p> <p><em>Slovenia-Croatia</em>: since the breakup of Yugoslavia in the early 1990s, Croatia and Slovenia have each claimed sovereignty over Piran Bay and four villages, and Slovenia has objected to Croatia's claim of an exclusive economic zone in the Adriatic Sea; in 2009, however Croatia and Slovenia signed a binding international arbitration agreement to define their disputed land and maritime borders, which led Slovenia to lift its objections to Croatia joining the EU; in June 2017, the Permanent Court of Arbitration issued a ruling on the border, but Croatia had withdrawn from the proceedings in 2015 and refused to implement it; as a member state that forms part of the EU's external border, Slovenia has implemented the strict Schengen border rules to curb illegal migration and commerce through southeastern Europe while encouraging close cross-border ties with Croatia</p> <p><em>Slovenia-Hungary</em>: none identified</p> <p><em>Slovenia-Italy</em>: none identified</p>"
"text": "<p><em>Slovenia-Austria</em>: none identified</p> <p><em>Slovenia-Croatia</em>: since the breakup of Yugoslavia in the early 1990s, Croatia and Slovenia have each claimed sovereignty over Piran Bay and four villages, and Slovenia has objected to Croatia's claim of an exclusive economic zone in the Adriatic Sea; in 2009, however Croatia and Slovenia signed a binding international arbitration agreement to define their disputed land and maritime borders, which led Slovenia to lift its objections to Croatia joining the EU; in June 2017, the Permanent Court of Arbitration issued a ruling on the border, but Croatia had withdrawn from the proceedings in 2015 and refused to implement it; Croatia joined the Schengen Area in January 2023, resulting in all of Slovenia’s borders being within the border-free Schengen Area</p> <p><em>Slovenia-Hungary</em>: none identified</p> <p><em>Slovenia-Italy</em>: none identified</p>"
},
"Refugees and internally displaced persons": {
"refugees (country of origin)": {
"text": "10,635 (Ukraine) (as of 19 December 2023)"
"text": "10,865 (Ukraine) (as of 2 February 2024)"
},
"stateless persons": {
"text": "10 (2020)"

2
europe/sm.json
View file

@ -856,7 +856,7 @@
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> the captains regent oversees the Gendarmerie and National Guard when they are performing duties related to public order and security; the Ministry of Foreign Affairs exercises control over such administrative functions as personnel and equipment, and the courts exercise control over the Gendarmerie when it acts as judicial police"
},
"Military service age and obligation": {
"text": "18 is the legal minimum age for voluntary military service; no conscription; government has the authority to call up all San Marino citizens from 16-60 years of age to serve in the military (2023)"
"text": "18 is the legal minimum age for voluntary military service; no conscription; government has the authority to call up all San Marino citizens from 16-60 years of age to serve in the military (2024)"
},
"Military - note": {
"text": "defense is the responsibility of Italy"

8
europe/sp.json
View file

@ -1233,7 +1233,7 @@
"text": "the military's inventory is comprised of domestically produced and imported Western weapons systems; in recent years, leading suppliers have included France, Germany, and the US; Spain's defense industry manufactures land, air, and sea weapons systems and is integrated within the European defense-industrial sector (2023)"
},
"Military service age and obligation": {
"text": "18 years of age for voluntary military service for men and women; 24-36 month initial obligation; women allowed to serve in all branches, including combat units; no conscription (abolished 2001), but the Spanish Government retains the right to mobilize citizens 19-25 years of age in a national emergency; 18-58 for the voluntary reserves (2023)",
"text": "18 years of age for voluntary military service for men and women; 24-36 month initial obligation; women allowed to serve in all branches, including combat units; no conscription (abolished 2001), but the Spanish Government retains the right to mobilize citizens 19-25 years of age in a national emergency; 18-58 for the voluntary reserves (2024)",
"note": "<strong>note 1:</strong> as of 2023, women comprised about 13% of the military's full-time personnel<br><br><strong>note 2:</strong> the military recruits foreign nationals with residency in Spain from countries of its former empire, including Argentina, Costa Rica, Bolivia, Colombia, Chile, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Equatorial Guinea, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Uruguay, and Venezuela"
},
"Military deployments": {
@ -1268,15 +1268,15 @@
},
"Refugees and internally displaced persons": {
"refugees (country of origin)": {
"text": "14,994 (Syria) (mid-year 2022); 438,400 (Venezuela) (economic and political crisis; includes Venezuelans who have claimed asylum, are recognized as refugees, or have received alternative legal stay) (2022); 199,155 (Ukraine) (as of 31 December 2023)"
"text": "14,994 (Syria) (mid-year 2022); 438,400 (Venezuela) (economic and political crisis; includes Venezuelans who have claimed asylum, are recognized as refugees, or have received alternative legal stay) (2022); 192,405 (Ukraine) (as of 31 January 2024)"
},
"stateless persons": {
"text": "6,489 (2022)"
},
"note": "<strong>note: </strong>325,212 estimated refugee and migrant arrivals, including Canary Islands (January 2015-November 2023)"
"note": "<strong>note: </strong>349,140 estimated refugee and migrant arrivals, including Canary Islands (January 2015-February 2024)"
},
"Illicit drugs": {
"text": "<p>a primary European transit point for cocaine from South America and for hashish from Morocco; cocaine is shipped in raw or liquid form with mixed cargo to avoid detection or altered to escape detection Spanish chemists reconstitute it and distribute to Europe; minor domestic drug production; synthetic drugs, including ketamine, new psychoactive substances (NPS), and MDMA transit from Spain to the United States</p>"
"text": "<p>a European transit point for cocaine from South America and for hashish from Morocco; cocaine is shipped in raw or liquid form with mixed cargo to avoid detection or altered to escape detection after which chemists within Spain extract and reconstitute any altered form of cocaine, preparing it for distribution within Europe;  minor domestic drug production; occasionally synthetic drugs, including ketamine, new psychoactive substances (NPS), and MDMA transit through Spain to the United States</p>"
}
}
}

2
europe/sv.json
View file

@ -432,7 +432,7 @@
"text": "no regular military forces"
},
"Military - note": {
"text": "Svalbard is a territory of Norway, demilitarized by treaty on 9 February 1920; Norwegian military activity is limited to fisheries surveillance by the Norwegian Coast Guard (2023)"
"text": "Svalbard is a territory of Norway, demilitarized by treaty on 9 February 1920; Norwegian military activity is limited to fisheries surveillance by the Norwegian Coast Guard (2024)"
}
},
"Transnational Issues": {

2
europe/sw.json
View file

@ -1253,7 +1253,7 @@
},
"Refugees and internally displaced persons": {
"refugees (country of origin)": {
"text": "113,213 (Syria), 26,857 (Afghanistan), 25,849 (Eritrea), 10,464 (Iraq), 9,315 (Somalia), 7,146 (Iran) (mid-year 2022); 41,825 (Ukraine) (as of 28 December 2023)"
"text": "113,213 (Syria), 26,857 (Afghanistan), 25,849 (Eritrea), 10,464 (Iraq), 9,315 (Somalia), 7,146 (Iran) (mid-year 2022); 42,040 (Ukraine) (as of 25 January 2024)"
},
"stateless persons": {
"text": "46,515 (2022); note - the majority of stateless people are from the Middle East and Somalia"

6
europe/sz.json
View file

@ -1211,7 +1211,7 @@
}
},
"Military and security service personnel strengths": {
"text": "approximately 100,000, including cadre/professionals, conscripts, and militia; the Swiss Armed Forces consist of a small core of cadre/professional personnel along with a mix of militia and 18-20,000 conscripts brought in each year for training (2022)"
"text": "approximately 100,000, including cadre/professionals, conscripts, and militia; the Swiss Armed Forces consist of a small core of cadre/professional personnel along with a mix of militia and 18-20,000 conscripts brought in each year for training (2023)"
},
"Military equipment inventories and acquisitions": {
"text": "the military's inventory includes a mix of domestically produced and imported weapons systems; in recent years, the US has been the leading supplier of military armaments to Switzerland; the Swiss defense industry produces a range of military land vehicles (2023)"
@ -1221,7 +1221,7 @@
"note": "<strong>note: </strong>conscientious objectors can choose 390 days of community service instead of military service; as of 2023, women comprised about 1% of the active Swiss military"
},
"Military deployments": {
"text": "up to 165 Kosovo (NATO/KFOR) (2023)"
"text": "up to 195 Kosovo (NATO/KFOR) (2023)"
},
"Military - note": {
"text": "the Swiss military is responsible for territorial defense, limited support to international disaster response and peacekeeping, and providing support to civil authorities when their resources are not sufficient to ward off threats to internal security or provide sufficient relief during disasters; Switzerland has long maintained a policy of military neutrality but does periodically participate in EU, NATO, Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE), and UN military and peacekeeping operations; however, Swiss units will only participate in operations under the mandate of the UN or OSCE; Switzerland joined NATO’s Partnership for Peace program in 1996; it contributed to the NATO-led Kosovo force (KFOR) in 1999 and, as of 2024, continued doing so with up to 195 personnel<br><br>the military is comprised of conscripts, militia, and a small professional component; it is led by the Chief of the Armed Forces with an Armed Forces Staff and consists of a Joint Operations Command (JOC), an Armed Forces Logistics Organization, an Armed Forces Command Support Organization, and a Training and Education Command; the JOC controls, among other subordinate commands, the Air Force, the Land Forces, four territorial divisions, the Military Police Command, and the Special Forces Command; the primary combat forces of the Army/Land Forces are three mechanized brigades, plus additional reserve brigades of armor, infantry, and mountain infantry forces; the four territorial divisions link the Army with the cantons; the Air Force is responsible for airspace protection (air sovereignty and air defense, including ground-based air defense), air transport, and airborne intelligence; it has about 50 US-origin multirole fighter aircraft (2024)"
@ -1248,7 +1248,7 @@
},
"Refugees and internally displaced persons": {
"refugees (country of origin)": {
"text": "14,726 (Eritrea), 11,441 (Afghanistan), 8,039 (Syria), (mid-year 2022); 66,480 (Ukraine) (as of 29 December 2023)"
"text": "14,726 (Eritrea), 11,441 (Afghanistan), 8,039 (Syria), (mid-year 2022); 66,025 (Ukraine) (as of 6 February 2024)"
},
"stateless persons": {
"text": "891 (2022)"

8
europe/uk.json
View file

@ -1204,7 +1204,7 @@
},
"Military and Security": {
"Military and security forces": {
"text": "United Kingdom Armed Forces (aka British Armed Forces, aka His Majesty's Armed Forces): British Army, Royal Navy (includes Royal Marines), Royal Air Force (2023)"
"text": "United Kingdom Armed Forces (aka British Armed Forces, aka His Majesty's Armed Forces): British Army, Royal Navy (includes Royal Marines), Royal Air Force (2024)"
},
"Military expenditures": {
"Military Expenditures 2023": {
@ -1224,14 +1224,14 @@
}
},
"Military and security service personnel strengths": {
"text": "approximately 150,000 regular forces (82,000 Army including the Gurkhas; 34,000 Navy including the Royal Marines; 34,000 Air Force) (2023)",
"text": "approximately 145,000 regular forces (80,000 Army including the Gurkhas; 33,000 Navy including the Royal Marines; 32,000 Air Force) (2023)",
"note": "<strong>note: </strong>the military also has approximately 40-45,000 reserves and other personnel on active duty"
},
"Military equipment inventories and acquisitions": {
"text": "the inventory of the British military is comprised of a mix of domestically produced and imported Western weapons systems; in recent years, the US has been the leading supplier of armaments to the UK; the UK defense industry is capable of producing a wide variety of air, land, and sea weapons systems and is one of the world's top weapons suppliers (2023)"
},
"Military service age and obligation": {
"text": "some variations by service, but generally 16-36 years of age for enlisted (with parental consent under 18) and 18-29 for officers; minimum length of service 4 years; women serve in all military services including combat roles; conscription abolished in 1963 (2023)",
"text": "some variations by service, but generally 16-36 years of age for enlisted (with parental consent under 18) and 18-29 for officers; minimum length of service 4 years; women serve in all military services including combat roles; conscription abolished in 1963 (2024)",
"note": "<strong>note 1:</strong> women made up over 11% of the military's full-time personnel in 2023<br><br><strong>note 2:</strong> the British military allows Commonwealth nationals who are current UK residents and have been in the country for at least 5 years to apply; it also accepts Irish citizens<br><br><strong>note 3:</strong> the British Army has continued the historic practice of recruiting Gurkhas from Nepal to serve in the Brigade of Gurkhas; the British began to recruit Nepalese citizens (Gurkhas) into the East India Company Army during the Anglo-Nepalese War (1814-1816); the Gurkhas subsequently were brought into the British Indian Army and by 1914, there were 10 Gurkha regiments, collectively known as the Gurkha Brigade; following the partition of India in 1947, an agreement between Nepal, India, and Great Britain allowed for the transfer of the 10 regiments from the British Indian Army to the separate British and Indian armies; four of the regiments were transferred to the British Army, where they have since served continuously as the Brigade of Gurkhas"
},
"Military deployments": {
@ -1266,7 +1266,7 @@
},
"Refugees and internally displaced persons": {
"refugees (country of origin)": {
"text": "21,904 (Iran), 15,615 (Eritrea), 11,371 (Sudan), 12,155 (Syria), 10,259 (Afghanistan), 8,009 (Pakistan), 7,699 (Iraq) (mid-year 2022); 250,360 (Ukraine) (as of 12 December 2023)"
"text": "21,904 (Iran), 15,615 (Eritrea), 11,371 (Sudan), 12,155 (Syria), 10,259 (Afghanistan), 8,009 (Pakistan), 7,699 (Iraq) (mid-year 2022); 253,160 (Ukraine) (as of 6 February 2024)"
},
"stateless persons": {
"text": "5,483 (2022)"

4
europe/up.json
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2
europe/vt.json
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@ -525,7 +525,7 @@
"note": "<strong>note: </strong>the Swiss Guard Corps has protected the Pope and his residence since 1506"
},
"Military service age and obligation": {
"text": "Pontifical Swiss Guard Corps: 19-30 years of age for voluntary military service; no conscription; must be a single Roman Catholic male with Swiss citizenship who has completed basic training with the Swiss military and can obtain a certificate of good conduct; qualified candidates must apply to serve; the service contract is between 2 and 25 years (2023)"
"text": "Pontifical Swiss Guard Corps: 19-30 years of age for voluntary military service; no conscription; must be a single Roman Catholic male with Swiss citizenship who has completed basic training with the Swiss military and can obtain a certificate of good conduct; qualified candidates must apply to serve; the service contract is between 2 and 25 years (2024)"
},
"Military - note": {
"text": "defense is the responsibility of Italy"