since 2003, ad hoc armed militia groups and the Sudanese military have driven hundreds of thousands of Darfur residents into Chad; Chad wishes to be a helpful mediator in resolving the Darfur conflict, and in 2010 established a joint border monitoring force with Sudan, which has helped to reduce cross-border banditry and violence; only Nigeria and Cameroon have heeded the Lake Chad Commission's admonition to ratify the delimitation treaty, which also includes the Chad-Niger and Niger-Nigeria boundaries
" + "text": "over 100,000 refugees have fled the 2023 conflict in Sudan to Chad, adding to the 600,000 mostly Sudanese refugees already in Chad after fleeing previous conflicts, especially in the Darfur region; Chad and Sudan share the same ethnic groups along both sides of their common 1,400-km-long border; in 2010, relations with Sudan were normalized, and the two countries established a joint border monitoring force, which has helped to reduce cross-border banditry and violence; only Nigeria and Cameroon have heeded the Lake Chad Commission's admonition to ratify the delimitation treaty, which also includes the Chad-Niger and Niger-Nigeria boundaries
" }, "Refugees and internally displaced persons": { "refugees (country of origin)": { - "text": "418,187 (Sudan) (includes refugees since 15 April 2023), 128,312 (Central African Republic), 26,692 (Cameroon), 21,087 (Nigeria) (2023)" + "text": "418,187 (Sudan) (includes refugees since 15 April 2023), 128,619 (Central African Republic), 26,692 (Cameroon), 21,178 (Nigeria) (2023)" }, "IDPs": { "text": "215,918 (majority are in the east) (2023)" diff --git a/africa/cg.json b/africa/cg.json index 5048a763..c6576440 100644 --- a/africa/cg.json +++ b/africa/cg.json @@ -469,7 +469,7 @@ }, "Air pollutants": { "particulate matter emissions": { - "text": "37.62 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.)" + "text": "31.58 micrograms per cubic meter (2019 est.)" }, "carbon dioxide emissions": { "text": "2.02 megatons (2016 est.)" @@ -1291,7 +1291,7 @@ }, "Transnational Issues": { "Disputes - international": { - "text": "heads of the Great Lakes states and UN pledged in 2004 to abate tribal, rebel, and militia fighting in the region, including northeast Congo
Democratic Republic of Congo(DRC)-Republic of the Congo: the location of the boundary in the broad Congo River is indefinite except in the Pool Malebo/Stanley Pool area
Democratic Republic of Congo(DRC)-Uganda: Uganda rejects the DRC claim to Margherita Peak in the Rwenzori mountains and considers it a boundary divide; there is tension and violence on Lake Albert over prospective oil reserves at the mouth of the Semliki River
Democratic Republic of Congo(DRC)-Zambia: boundary commission continues discussions over Congolese-administered triangle of land on the right bank of the Lunkinda River claimed by Zambia near the DRC village of Pweto
Democratic Republic of Congo(DRC)-Angola: DRC accuses Angola of shifting monuments
heads of the Great Lakes states and UN pledged in 2004 to abate tribal, rebel, and militia fighting in the region, including northeast Congo
Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC)-Republic of the Congo: the location of the boundary in the broad Congo River is indefinite except in the Pool Malebo/Stanley Pool area
Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC)-Uganda: Uganda rejects the DRC claim to Margherita Peak in the Rwenzori mountains and considers it a boundary divide; there is tension and violence on Lake Albert over prospective oil reserves at the mouth of the Semliki River; the Ugandan-origin Allied Democratic Forces (ADF; aka Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham in the DRC) operates on both sides of the border
Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC)-Zambia: boundary commission continues discussions over Congolese-administered triangle of land on the right bank of the Lunkinda River claimed by Zambia near the DRC village of Pweto
Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC)-Angola: DRC has accused Angola of shifting monuments
Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC)-Rwanda: the DRC has accused Rwanda of backing the armed separatist group March 23 Movement (aka M23 or Congolese Revolutionary Army)
Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC)-Burundi: multiple armed groups originating from Burundi operate in the DRC
Joint Border Commission with Nigeria reviewed 2002 ICJ ruling on the entire boundary and bilaterally resolved differences, including June 2006 Greentree Agreement that immediately ceded sovereignty of the Bakassi Peninsula to Cameroon with a full phase-out of Nigerian control and patriation of residents in 2008; Cameroon and Nigeria agreed on maritime delimitation in March 2008; sovereignty dispute between Equatorial Guinea and Cameroon over an island at the mouth of the Ntem River; only Nigeria and Cameroon have heeded the Lake Chad Commission's admonition to ratify the delimitation treaty, which also includes the Chad-Niger and Niger-Nigeria boundaries
" + "text": "the Joint Border Commission with Nigeria reviewed 2002 ICJ ruling on the entire boundary and bilaterally resolved differences, including June 2006 Greentree Agreement that immediately ceded sovereignty of the Bakassi Peninsula to Cameroon with a full phase-out of Nigerian control and patriation of residents in 2008; Cameroon and Nigeria agreed on maritime delimitation in March 2008; sovereignty dispute between Equatorial Guinea and Cameroon over an island at the mouth of the Ntem River; only Nigeria and Cameroon have heeded the Lake Chad Commission's admonition to ratify the delimitation treaty, which also includes the Chad-Niger and Niger-Nigeria boundaries
" }, "Refugees and internally displaced persons": { "refugees (country of origin)": { diff --git a/africa/cn.json b/africa/cn.json index 70877119..829c37d7 100644 --- a/africa/cn.json +++ b/africa/cn.json @@ -407,7 +407,7 @@ }, "Air pollutants": { "particulate matter emissions": { - "text": "18.6 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.)" + "text": "14.37 micrograms per cubic meter (2019 est.)" }, "carbon dioxide emissions": { "text": "0.2 megatons (2016 est.)" diff --git a/africa/ct.json b/africa/ct.json index 802cb607..92aba178 100644 --- a/africa/ct.json +++ b/africa/ct.json @@ -442,7 +442,7 @@ }, "Air pollutants": { "particulate matter emissions": { - "text": "49.5 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.)" + "text": "27.2 micrograms per cubic meter (2019 est.)" }, "carbon dioxide emissions": { "text": "0.3 megatons (2016 est.)" @@ -586,7 +586,7 @@ "text": "last held in December 2020 through July 2021 (next to be held 31 December 2025); note - on 27 December 2020, the day of first round elections, voting in many electoral areas was disrupted by armed groups; on 13 February 2021, President TOUADERA announced that new first round elections would be held on 27 February for those areas controlled by armed groups and the second round on 14 March; ultimately, two additional rounds were held on 23 May and 25 July 2021 in areas that continued to suffer from election security problems" }, "election results": { - "text": "December 2020 to July 2021 election: percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - UNDP 16, URCA 11, RDC 8, MLPC 10, KNK 7, other 28, independent 60; composition as of March 2022 - men 122, women 18, percent of women 12.9%" + "text": "December 2020 to July 2021 election: percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - MCU 63, MOUNI 9, URCA 7, MLPC 7, RDC 5, KNK 3, PATRIE 3, CDE 2, RDD 2, MDD 2, PGD 2, PAD 2, CANE 2, other 11, independents 20; composition as of March 2022 - men 122, women 18, percent of women 12.9%" } }, "Judicial branch": { @@ -601,7 +601,7 @@ } }, "Political parties and leaders": { - "text": "African Party for Radical Transformation and Integration of States or PATRIE [Crepin MBOLI-GOUMBA]none
" + "text": "none identified
" }, "Refugees and internally displaced persons": { "stateless persons": { diff --git a/africa/dj.json b/africa/dj.json index 90efbe73..7c400bc5 100644 --- a/africa/dj.json +++ b/africa/dj.json @@ -432,7 +432,7 @@ }, "Air pollutants": { "particulate matter emissions": { - "text": "40.38 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.)" + "text": "19.98 micrograms per cubic meter (2019 est.)" }, "carbon dioxide emissions": { "text": "0.62 megatons (2016 est.)" @@ -1174,7 +1174,7 @@ "text": "Djibouti's military forces are largely focused on border, coastal, and internal security duties, including counterterrorism; China, France, Italy, Japan, and the US maintain bases in Djibouti for regional military missions, including counter-terrorism, counter-piracy, crisis response, and security assistance (note – France has multiple bases and hosts troop contingents from Germany and Spain); the EU and NATO also maintain a presence to support multinational naval counter-piracy operations and maritime training efforts (2023)" }, "Maritime threats": { - "text": "the International Maritime Bureau’s (IMB) Piracy Reporting Center (PRC) reported no piracy attacks for the Horn of Africa in 2022; while there were no recorded incidents, the IMB PRC warned that Somali pirates continued to possess the capacity to carry out attacks in the Somali basin and wider Indian Ocean; in particular, the report warned that, \"Masters and crew must remain vigilant and cautious when transiting these waters.\"; the presence of several naval task forces in the Gulf of Aden and additional anti-piracy measures on the part of ship operators, including the use of on-board armed security teams, contributed to the drop in incidents; the EU naval mission, Operation ATALANTA, continues its operations in the Gulf of Aden and Indian Ocean through 2024; naval units from China, India, Japan, Pakistan, South Korea, the US, and other countries also operate in conjunction with EU forces; China has established a base in Djibouti to support its deployed naval units in the Horn of Africa; the Maritime Administration of the US Department of Transportation has issued a Maritime Advisory (2023-003 - Persian Gulf, Strait of Hormuz, Gulf of Oman, Arabian Sea, Gulf of Aden, Bab al Mandeb Strait, Red Sea, and Somali Basin-Threats to Commercial Vessels) effective 23 February 2023, which states in part that \"Regional conflict, military activity, and political tensions pose threats to commercial vessels operating in the above listed geographic areas\"" + "text": "the International Maritime Bureau’s (IMB) Piracy Reporting Center (PRC) reported no piracy attacks for the Horn of Africa in 2022; while there were no recorded incidents, the IMB PRC warned that Somali pirates continued to possess the capacity to carry out attacks in the Somali basin and wider Indian Ocean; in particular, the report warned that, \"Masters and crew must remain vigilant and cautious when transiting these waters.\"; the presence of several naval task forces in the Gulf of Aden and additional anti-piracy measures on the part of ship operators, including the use of on-board armed security teams, contributed to the drop in incidents; the Maritime Administration of the US Department of Transportation has issued a Maritime Advisory (2023-003 - Persian Gulf, Strait of Hormuz, Gulf of Oman, Arabian Sea, Gulf of Aden, Bab al Mandeb Strait, Red Sea, and Somali Basin-Threats to Commercial Vessels) effective 23 February 2023, which states in part that \"Regional conflict, military activity, and political tensions pose threats to commercial vessels operating in the above listed geographic areas\"" } }, "Terrorism": { diff --git a/africa/ek.json b/africa/ek.json index 8fff98be..5fa2a733 100644 --- a/africa/ek.json +++ b/africa/ek.json @@ -405,7 +405,7 @@ }, "Air pollutants": { "particulate matter emissions": { - "text": "45.9 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.)" + "text": "25.67 micrograms per cubic meter (2019 est.)" }, "carbon dioxide emissions": { "text": "5.65 megatons (2016 est.)" diff --git a/africa/er.json b/africa/er.json index 1717fabb..97ed5594 100644 --- a/africa/er.json +++ b/africa/er.json @@ -421,7 +421,7 @@ }, "Air pollutants": { "particulate matter emissions": { - "text": "42.4 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.)" + "text": "22.74 micrograms per cubic meter (2019 est.)" }, "carbon dioxide emissions": { "text": "0.71 megatons (2016 est.)" diff --git a/africa/et.json b/africa/et.json index 80f73a6a..13882880 100644 --- a/africa/et.json +++ b/africa/et.json @@ -472,7 +472,7 @@ }, "Air pollutants": { "particulate matter emissions": { - "text": "34.36 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.)" + "text": "21.8 micrograms per cubic meter (2019 est.)" }, "carbon dioxide emissions": { "text": "14.87 megatons (2016 est.)" diff --git a/africa/li.json b/africa/li.json index 20030618..06820090 100644 --- a/africa/li.json +++ b/africa/li.json @@ -446,7 +446,7 @@ }, "Air pollutants": { "particulate matter emissions": { - "text": "17.19 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.)" + "text": "35.8 micrograms per cubic meter (2019 est.)" }, "carbon dioxide emissions": { "text": "1.39 megatons (2016 est.)" diff --git a/africa/lt.json b/africa/lt.json index 27486ff5..e5a4e1b0 100644 --- a/africa/lt.json +++ b/africa/lt.json @@ -440,7 +440,7 @@ }, "Air pollutants": { "particulate matter emissions": { - "text": "27.78 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.)" + "text": "17.6 micrograms per cubic meter (2019 est.)" }, "carbon dioxide emissions": { "text": "2.51 megatons (2016 est.)" diff --git a/africa/ng.json b/africa/ng.json index 5771c138..9f3c40f9 100644 --- a/africa/ng.json +++ b/africa/ng.json @@ -453,7 +453,7 @@ }, "Air pollutants": { "particulate matter emissions": { - "text": "70.8 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.)" + "text": "50.15 micrograms per cubic meter (2019 est.)" }, "carbon dioxide emissions": { "text": "2.02 megatons (2016 est.)" diff --git a/africa/sh.json b/africa/sh.json index f2e6c702..f36016bc 100644 --- a/africa/sh.json +++ b/africa/sh.json @@ -1,7 +1,7 @@ { "Introduction": { "Background": { - "text": "Saint Helena is a British Overseas Territory consisting of Saint Helena and Ascension Islands, and the island group of Tristan da Cunha.
Saint Helena: Uninhabited when first discovered by the Portuguese in 1502, Saint Helena was garrisoned by the British during the 17th century. It acquired fame as the place of Napoleon BONAPARTE's exile from 1815 until his death in 1821, but its importance as a port of call declined after the opening of the Suez Canal in 1869. During the Anglo-Boer War in South Africa, several thousand Boer prisoners were confined on the island between 1900 and 1903.
Saint Helena is one of the most remote populated places in the world. The British Government committed to building an airport on Saint Helena in 2005. After more than a decade of delays and construction, a commercial air service to South Africa via Namibia was inaugurated in October of 2017. The weekly service to Saint Helena from Johannesburg via Windhoek in Namibia takes just over six hours (including the refueling stop in Windhoek) and replaces the mail ship that had made a five-day journey to the island every three weeks.
Ascension Island: This barren and uninhabited island was discovered and named by the Portuguese in 1503. The British garrisoned the island in 1815 to prevent a rescue of NAPOLEON from Saint Helena. It served as a provisioning station for the Royal Navy's West Africa Squadron on anti-slavery patrol. The island remained under Admiralty control until 1922, when it became a dependency of Saint Helena. During World War II, the UK permitted the US to construct an airfield on Ascension in support of transatlantic flights to Africa and anti-submarine operations in the South Atlantic. In the 1960s the island became an important space tracking station for the US. In 1982, Ascension was an essential staging area for British forces during the Falklands War. It remains a critical refueling point in the air-bridge from the UK to the South Atlantic.
The island hosts one of four dedicated ground antennas that assist in the operation of the Global Positioning System (GPS) navigation system (the others are on Diego Garcia (British Indian Ocean Territory), Kwajalein (Marshall Islands), and at Cape Canaveral, Florida (US)). NASA and the US Air Force also operate a Meter-Class Autonomous Telescope (MCAT) on Ascension as part of the deep space surveillance system for tracking orbital debris, which can be a hazard to spacecraft and astronauts.
Tristan da Cunha: The island group consists of Tristan da Cunha, Nightingale, Inaccessible, and Gough Islands. Tristan da Cunha, named after its Portuguese discoverer (1506), was garrisoned by the British in 1816 to prevent any attempt to rescue NAPOLEON from Saint Helena. Gough and Inaccessible Islands have been designated World Heritage Sites. South Africa leases a site for a meteorological station on Gough Island.
" + "text": "Saint Helena is a British Overseas Territory consisting of Saint Helena and Ascension Islands, and the island group of Tristan da Cunha.
Saint Helena: Uninhabited when first discovered by the Portuguese in 1502, Saint Helena was garrisoned by the British during the 17th century. It acquired fame as the place of Napoleon BONAPARTE's exile from 1815 until his death in 1821, but its importance as a port of call declined after the opening of the Suez Canal in 1869. During the Anglo-Boer War in South Africa, several thousand Boer prisoners were confined on the island between 1900 and 1903.
Saint Helena is one of the most remotely populated places in the world. The British Government committed to building an airport on Saint Helena in 2005. After more than a decade of delays and construction, a commercial air service to South Africa via Namibia was inaugurated in October of 2017. The weekly service to Saint Helena from Johannesburg via Windhoek in Namibia takes just over six hours (including the refueling stop in Windhoek) and replaces the mail ship that had made a five-day journey to the island every three weeks.
Ascension Island: This barren and uninhabited island was discovered and named by the Portuguese in 1503. The British garrisoned the island in 1815 to prevent a rescue of NAPOLEON from Saint Helena. It served as a provisioning station for the Royal Navy's West Africa Squadron on anti-slavery patrol. The island remained under Admiralty control until 1922, when it became a dependency of Saint Helena. During World War II, the UK permitted the US to construct an airfield on Ascension in support of transatlantic flights to Africa and anti-submarine operations in the South Atlantic. In the 1960s the island became an important space tracking station for the US. In 1982, Ascension was an essential staging area for British forces during the Falklands War. It remains a critical refueling point in the air-bridge from the UK to the South Atlantic.
The island hosts one of four dedicated ground antennas that assist in the operation of the Global Positioning System (GPS) navigation system (the others are on Diego Garcia (British Indian Ocean Territory), Kwajalein (Marshall Islands), and at Cape Canaveral, Florida (US)). NASA and the US Air Force also operate a Meter-Class Autonomous Telescope (MCAT) on Ascension as part of the deep space surveillance system for tracking orbital debris, which can be a hazard to spacecraft and astronauts.
Tristan da Cunha: The island group consists of Tristan da Cunha, Nightingale, Inaccessible, and Gough Islands. Tristan da Cunha, named after its Portuguese discoverer (1506), was garrisoned by the British in 1816 to prevent any attempt to rescue NAPOLEON from Saint Helena. Gough and Inaccessible Islands have been designated World Heritage Sites. South Africa leases a site for a meteorological station on Gough Island.
" } }, "Geography": { diff --git a/africa/so.json b/africa/so.json index a612f790..819df090 100644 --- a/africa/so.json +++ b/africa/so.json @@ -423,7 +423,7 @@ }, "Air pollutants": { "particulate matter emissions": { - "text": "29.51 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.)" + "text": "14.28 micrograms per cubic meter (2019 est.)" }, "carbon dioxide emissions": { "text": "0.65 megatons (2016 est.)" @@ -1125,7 +1125,7 @@ "text": "the Somali National Army (SNA) and supporting security and militia forces are actively conducting operations against the al-Shabaab terrorist group (see Appendix T); al-Shabaab controls large parts of southern and central Somaliathe International Maritime Bureau’s (IMB) Piracy Reporting Center (PRC) reported no piracy attacks for the Horn of Africa in 2022; while there were no recorded incidents, the IMB PRC warned that Somali pirates continued to possess the capacity to carry out attacks in the Somali basin and wider Indian Ocean; the presence of several naval task forces in the Gulf of Aden and additional anti-piracy measures on the part of ship operators, including the use of on-board armed security teams, contributed to the drop in incidents; the EU naval mission, Operation ATALANTA, continues its operations in the Gulf of Aden and Indian Ocean through 2024; naval units from China, India, Japan, Pakistan, South Korea, the US, and other countries also operate in conjunction with EU forces; China has established a base in Djibouti to support its deployed naval units in the Horn of Africa; the Maritime Administration of the US Department of Transportation has issued a Maritime Advisory (2023-003 - Persian Gulf, Strait of Hormuz, Gulf of Oman, Arabian Sea, Gulf of Aden, Bab al Mandeb Strait, Red Sea, and Somali Basin-Threats to Commercial Vessels) effective 23 February 2023, which states in part that \"Regional conflict, military activity, and political tensions pose threats to commercial vessels operating in the above listed geographic areas\"
" + "text": "the International Maritime Bureau’s (IMB) Piracy Reporting Center (PRC) reported no piracy attacks for the Horn of Africa in 2022; while there were no recorded incidents, the IMB PRC warned that Somali pirates continued to possess the capacity to carry out attacks in the Somali basin and wider Indian Ocean; the presence of several naval task forces in the Gulf of Aden and additional anti-piracy measures on the part of ship operators, including the use of on-board armed security teams, contributed to the drop in incidents; the Maritime Administration of the US Department of Transportation has issued a Maritime Advisory (2023-003 - Persian Gulf, Strait of Hormuz, Gulf of Oman, Arabian Sea, Gulf of Aden, Bab al Mandeb Strait, Red Sea, and Somali Basin-Threats to Commercial Vessels) effective 23 February 2023, which states in part that \"Regional conflict, military activity, and political tensions pose threats to commercial vessels operating in the above listed geographic areas\"
" } }, "Terrorism": { diff --git a/africa/uv.json b/africa/uv.json index 618597f6..b4cb5813 100644 --- a/africa/uv.json +++ b/africa/uv.json @@ -445,7 +445,7 @@ }, "Air pollutants": { "particulate matter emissions": { - "text": "36.78 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.)" + "text": "40.74 micrograms per cubic meter (2019 est.)" }, "carbon dioxide emissions": { "text": "3.42 megatons (2016 est.)" @@ -578,7 +578,7 @@ "text": "president directly elected by absolute majority popular vote in 2 rounds if needed for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term); last held on 22 November 2020 (next to be held by July 2024); prime minister appointed by the president with consent of the National Assembly" }, "election results": { - "text": "Chief Mgwagwa GAMEDZE appointed acting prime minister (since 28 September 2023)
" + "text": "
Prime Minister Ambrose Mandvulo Dlamini (since 3 November 2023)
" }, "cabinet": { "text": "Cabinet recommended by the prime minister, confirmed by the monarch; at least one-half of the cabinet membership must be appointed from among elected members of the House of Assembly" diff --git a/australia-oceania/as.json b/australia-oceania/as.json index 49b969f0..eb57ff94 100644 --- a/australia-oceania/as.json +++ b/australia-oceania/as.json @@ -438,7 +438,7 @@ }, "Air pollutants": { "particulate matter emissions": { - "text": "7.19 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.)" + "text": "8.93 micrograms per cubic meter (2019 est.)" }, "carbon dioxide emissions": { "text": "375.91 megatons (2016 est.)" @@ -1298,7 +1298,7 @@ }, "Transnational Issues": { "Disputes - international": { - "text": "
Australia-Indonesia (Maritime Boundary): All borders between Indonesia and Australia have been agreed upon bilaterally, but a 1997 treaty that would settle the last of their maritime and EEZ boundary has yet to be ratified by Indonesia's legislature. Indonesian groups challenge Australia's claim to Ashmore Reef. Australia closed parts of the Ashmore and Cartier reserve to Indonesian traditional fishing.
Australia-Timor-Leste (Maritime Boundary): In 2007, Australia and Timor-Leste agreed to a 50-year development zone and revenue sharing arrangement and deferred a maritime boundary.
Australia-Indonesia (Maritime Boundary): All borders between Indonesia and Australia have been agreed upon bilaterally, but a 1997 treaty that would settle the last of their maritime and EEZ boundary has yet to be ratified by Indonesia's legislature. Indonesian groups challenge Australia's claim to Ashmore Reef. Australia closed parts of the Ashmore and Cartier reserve to Indonesian traditional fishing.
Barbados-Venezuela (Maritime Boundary): Barbados joins other Caribbean states and the United Kingdom to counter Venezuela's claim that Aves Island, a large sandbar with some vegetation, sustains human habitation or economic life, the criteria under the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), Article 121, which would permit Venezuela to extend its EEZ/continental shelf over a large portion of the eastern Caribbean Sea. The dispute hampers hydrocarbon prospecting and creation of exploration blocks.
Barbados-Trinidad and Tobago (Maritime Boundary): Barbados and Trinidad and Tobago abide by the April 2006 Permanent Court of Arbitration decision delimiting a maritime boundary and limiting catches of flying fish in Trinidad and Tobago's exclusive economic zone.
Barbados-Venezuela (Maritime Boundary): Barbados joins other Caribbean states and the United Kingdom to counter Venezuela's claim that Aves Island, a large sandbar with some vegetation, sustains human habitation or economic life, the criteria under the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), Article 121, which would permit Venezuela to extend its EEZ/continental shelf over a large portion of the eastern Caribbean Sea; the dispute hampers hydrocarbon prospecting and creation of exploration blocks
Barbados-Trinidad and Tobago (Maritime Boundary): Barbados and Trinidad and Tobago abide by the April 2006 Permanent Court of Arbitration decision delimiting a maritime boundary and limiting catches of flying fish in Trinidad and Tobago's exclusive economic zone
a transit point for cocaine and marijuana destined for North America, Europe, and elsewhere in the Caribbean; some local demand for cocaine and some use of synthetic drugs
" diff --git a/central-america-n-caribbean/bf.json b/central-america-n-caribbean/bf.json index 1f44a931..389768a5 100644 --- a/central-america-n-caribbean/bf.json +++ b/central-america-n-caribbean/bf.json @@ -365,7 +365,7 @@ }, "Air pollutants": { "particulate matter emissions": { - "text": "17.56 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.)" + "text": "5.2 micrograms per cubic meter (2019 est.)" }, "carbon dioxide emissions": { "text": "1.79 megatons (2016 est.)" diff --git a/central-america-n-caribbean/cs.json b/central-america-n-caribbean/cs.json index 16240efc..3162466e 100644 --- a/central-america-n-caribbean/cs.json +++ b/central-america-n-caribbean/cs.json @@ -442,7 +442,7 @@ }, "Air pollutants": { "particulate matter emissions": { - "text": "15.85 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.)" + "text": "14.7 micrograms per cubic meter (2019 est.)" }, "carbon dioxide emissions": { "text": "8.02 megatons (2016 est.)" diff --git a/central-america-n-caribbean/do.json b/central-america-n-caribbean/do.json index 4be1c510..50f8bba8 100644 --- a/central-america-n-caribbean/do.json +++ b/central-america-n-caribbean/do.json @@ -340,7 +340,7 @@ }, "Air pollutants": { "particulate matter emissions": { - "text": "18.17 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.)" + "text": "8.22 micrograms per cubic meter (2019 est.)" }, "carbon dioxide emissions": { "text": "0.18 megatons (2016 est.)" diff --git a/central-america-n-caribbean/dr.json b/central-america-n-caribbean/dr.json index c49b123a..d93989ce 100644 --- a/central-america-n-caribbean/dr.json +++ b/central-america-n-caribbean/dr.json @@ -452,7 +452,7 @@ }, "Air pollutants": { "particulate matter emissions": { - "text": "12.95 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.)" + "text": "7.59 micrograms per cubic meter (2019 est.)" }, "carbon dioxide emissions": { "text": "25.26 megatons (2016 est.)" diff --git a/central-america-n-caribbean/ha.json b/central-america-n-caribbean/ha.json index c9c8cb63..4c52526d 100644 --- a/central-america-n-caribbean/ha.json +++ b/central-america-n-caribbean/ha.json @@ -443,7 +443,7 @@ }, "Air pollutants": { "particulate matter emissions": { - "text": "14.63 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.)" + "text": "9.69 micrograms per cubic meter (2019 est.)" }, "carbon dioxide emissions": { "text": "2.98 megatons (2016 est.)" diff --git a/central-america-n-caribbean/nu.json b/central-america-n-caribbean/nu.json index 9f3d5d00..ba29ca0d 100644 --- a/central-america-n-caribbean/nu.json +++ b/central-america-n-caribbean/nu.json @@ -417,7 +417,7 @@ }, "Air pollutants": { "particulate matter emissions": { - "text": "16.87 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.)" + "text": "16 micrograms per cubic meter (2019 est.)" }, "carbon dioxide emissions": { "text": "5.59 megatons (2016 est.)" diff --git a/central-america-n-caribbean/sc.json b/central-america-n-caribbean/sc.json index 7d6d5a23..7cf6ecfe 100644 --- a/central-america-n-caribbean/sc.json +++ b/central-america-n-caribbean/sc.json @@ -383,7 +383,7 @@ }, "Air pollutants": { "particulate matter emissions": { - "text": "12.31 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.)" + "text": "8.05 micrograms per cubic meter (2019 est.)" }, "carbon dioxide emissions": { "text": "0.24 megatons (2016 est.)" diff --git a/central-america-n-caribbean/st.json b/central-america-n-caribbean/st.json index e4040197..d8caf887 100644 --- a/central-america-n-caribbean/st.json +++ b/central-america-n-caribbean/st.json @@ -394,7 +394,7 @@ }, "Air pollutants": { "particulate matter emissions": { - "text": "21.22 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.)" + "text": "8.98 micrograms per cubic meter (2019 est.)" }, "carbon dioxide emissions": { "text": "0.41 megatons (2016 est.)" diff --git a/central-asia/kz.json b/central-asia/kz.json index 8b92e6e0..a5d20cc7 100644 --- a/central-asia/kz.json +++ b/central-asia/kz.json @@ -432,7 +432,7 @@ }, "Air pollutants": { "particulate matter emissions": { - "text": "11.32 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.)" + "text": "26.5 micrograms per cubic meter (2019 est.)" }, "carbon dioxide emissions": { "text": "247.21 megatons (2016 est.)" diff --git a/central-asia/rs.json b/central-asia/rs.json index 6a4d9c43..5f89d28e 100644 --- a/central-asia/rs.json +++ b/central-asia/rs.json @@ -464,7 +464,7 @@ }, "Air pollutants": { "particulate matter emissions": { - "text": "13.75 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.)" + "text": "8.88 micrograms per cubic meter (2019 est.)" }, "carbon dioxide emissions": { "text": "1,732.03 megatons (2016 est.)" diff --git a/east-n-southeast-asia/cb.json b/east-n-southeast-asia/cb.json index e3757cc0..25ae27fb 100644 --- a/east-n-southeast-asia/cb.json +++ b/east-n-southeast-asia/cb.json @@ -443,7 +443,7 @@ }, "Air pollutants": { "particulate matter emissions": { - "text": "23.98 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.)" + "text": "17.8 micrograms per cubic meter (2019 est.)" }, "carbon dioxide emissions": { "text": "9.92 megatons (2016 est.)" @@ -599,7 +599,7 @@ } }, "Political parties and leaders": { - "text": "Candlelight Party or CP (the latest incarnation of the Sam Rainsy Party or SRP, which joined with the Human Rights Party or HRP to form the Cambodia National Rescue Party or CNRP in 2012; the CNRP was dissolved in 2017)Cambodia-Laos: Cambodia is concerned that Laos' extensive upstream dam construction will affect Cambodian waters downstream
Cambodia-Thailand: Cambodia and Thailand have agreed to maintain peace along the border regardless of the decision of the International Court of Justice (ICJ) over territorial dispute near Cambodia's Preah Vihear Temple; the ICJ decision of 11 November 2013 determined that Cambodia had sovereignty over the whole territory of the promontory of Preah Vihear; the border disputes do not involve large amounts of territory, and most of the issues were settled by the Nov. 11, 2013 ICJ ruling
Cambodia-Vietnam: issues include casinos built in Cambodia near the border (gambling and prostitution); narcotics (criminals, crime, and abuse); trafficking of women and children, petrol smuggling into Cambodia from Vietnam, illegal logging, and illegal migration; a positive development is the special economic Zone in Bavet, Svay Rieng Province, Cambodia that is being developed by the Manhattan (Svay Rieng) International Group of Taiwan
" + "text": "Cambodia-Laos: Cambodia is concerned that Laos' extensive upstream dam construction will affect Cambodian waters downstream
Cambodia-Thailand: Cambodia and Thailand have agreed to maintain peace along the border regardless of the decision of the International Court of Justice (ICJ) over territorial dispute near Cambodia's Preah Vihear Temple; the ICJ decision of 11 November 2013 determined that Cambodia had sovereignty over the whole territory of the promontory of Preah Vihear; the border disputes do not involve large amounts of territory, and most of the issues were settled by the Nov. 11, 2013 ICJ ruling
Cambodia-Vietnam: issues include casinos built in Cambodia near the border (gambling and prostitution); narcotics (criminals, crime, and abuse); trafficking of women and children, petrol smuggling into Cambodia from Vietnam, illegal logging, and illegal migration
" }, "Refugees and internally displaced persons": { "stateless persons": { diff --git a/east-n-southeast-asia/ch.json b/east-n-southeast-asia/ch.json index 0ac11464..7cab9fd6 100644 --- a/east-n-southeast-asia/ch.json +++ b/east-n-southeast-asia/ch.json @@ -472,7 +472,7 @@ }, "Air pollutants": { "particulate matter emissions": { - "text": "49.16 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.)" + "text": "38.15 micrograms per cubic meter (2019 est.)" }, "carbon dioxide emissions": { "text": "9,893.04 megatons (2016 est.)" @@ -1346,7 +1346,7 @@ }, "Transnational Issues": { "Disputes - international": { - "text": "China and India continue their security and foreign policy dialogue started in 2005 related to a number of boundary disputes across the 2,000 mile shared border; India does not recognize Pakistan's 1964 ceding to China of the Aksai Chin, a territory designated as part of the princely state of Kashmir by the British Survey of India in 1865; China claims most of the Indian state Arunachal Pradesh to the base of the Himalayas, but the US recognizes the state of Arunachal Pradesh as Indian territory; Bhutan and China continue negotiations to establish a common boundary alignment to resolve territorial disputes arising from substantial cartographic discrepancies, the most contentious of which lie in Bhutan's west along China's Chumbi salient; Chinese maps show an international boundary symbol (the so-called “nine-dash line”) off the coasts of the littoral states of the South China Sea, where China has interrupted Vietnamese hydrocarbon exploration; China asserts sovereignty over Scarborough Reef along with the Philippines and Taiwan, and over the Spratly Islands together with Malaysia, the Philippines, Taiwan, Vietnam, and Brunei; the 2002 Declaration on the Conduct of Parties in the South China Sea eased tensions in the Spratlys, and in 2017 China and ASEAN began confidential negotiations for an updated Code of Conduct for the South China Sea designed not to settle territorial disputes but establish rules and norms in the region; this still is not the legally binding code of conduct sought by some parties; Vietnam and China continue to expand construction of facilities in the Spratlys and in early 2018 China began deploying advanced military systems to disputed Spratly outposts; China occupies some of the Paracel Islands also claimed by Vietnam and Taiwan; the Japanese-administered Senkaku Islands are also claimed by China and Taiwan; certain islands in the Yalu and Tumen Rivers are in dispute with North Korea; North Korea and China seek to stem illegal migration to China by North Koreans, fleeing privation and oppression; China and Russia have demarcated the once disputed islands at the Amur and Ussuri confluence and in the Argun River in accordance with their 2004 Agreement; China and Tajikistan have begun demarcating the revised boundary agreed to in the delimitation of 2002; the decade-long demarcation of the China-Vietnam land boundary was completed in 2009; citing environmental, cultural, and social concerns, China has reconsidered construction of 13 dams on the Salween River, but energy-starved Burma, with backing from Thailand, continues to consider building five hydro-electric dams downstream despite regional and international protests
" + "text": "China-India: continue their security and foreign policy dialogue started in 2005 related to a number of boundary disputes across the 2,000 mile shared border; India does not recognize Pakistan's 1964 ceding to China of the Aksai Chin, a territory designated as part of the princely state of Kashmir by the British Survey of India in 1865; China claims most of the Indian state Arunachal Pradesh to the base of the Himalayas, but the US recognizes the state of Arunachal Pradesh as Indian territory
China-Bhutan: continue negotiations to establish a common boundary alignment to resolve territorial disputes arising from substantial cartographic discrepancies, the most contentious of which lie in Bhutan's west along China's Chumbi salient
China-North Korea: certain islands in the Yalu and Tumen Rivers are in dispute with North Korea; both countries seek to stem illegal migration to China by North Koreans fleeing privation and oppression
China-Russia: have demarcated the once disputed islands at the Amur and Ussuri confluence and in the Argun River in accordance with their 2004 Agreement
China-Tajikistan: have begun demarcating the revised boundary agreed to in the delimitation of 2002
Southeast Asia: the decade-long demarcation of the China-Vietnam land boundary was completed in 2009; citing environmental, cultural, and social concerns, China has reconsidered construction of 13 dams on the Salween River, but energy-starved Burma, with backing from Thailand, continues to consider building five hydro-electric dams downstream despite regional and international protests
Maritime: Chinese maps show an international boundary symbol (the so-called “nine-dash line”) off the coasts of the littoral states of the South China Sea, where China has interrupted Vietnamese hydrocarbon exploration; China asserts sovereignty over Scarborough Reef along with the Philippines and Taiwan, and over the Spratly Islands together with Malaysia, the Philippines, Taiwan, Vietnam, and Brunei; the 2002 Declaration on the Conduct of Parties in the South China Sea eased tensions in the Spratlys, and in 2017 China and ASEAN began confidential negotiations for an updated Code of Conduct for the South China Sea designed not to settle territorial disputes but establish rules and norms in the region; this still is not the legally binding code of conduct sought by some parties; both China and Vietnam continue to expand construction of facilities in the Spratlys, and in early 2018 China began deploying advanced military systems to disputed Spratly outposts; China occupies some of the Paracel Islands also claimed by Vietnam and Taiwan; the Japanese-administered Senkaku Islands are also claimed by China and Taiwan
hostilities in 1974 divided the island into two de facto autonomous entities, the internationally recognized Cypriot Government and a Turkish-Cypriot community (north Cyprus); the 1,000-strong UN Peacekeeping Force in Cyprus (UNFICYP) has served in Cyprus since 1964 and maintains the buffer zone between north and south; on 1 May 2004, Cyprus entered the EU still divided, with the EU's body of legislation and standards (acquis communitaire) suspended in the north; Turkey protests Cypriot Government creating hydrocarbon blocks and maritime boundary with Lebanon in March 2007
" + "text": "hostilities in 1974 divided the island into two de facto autonomous entities, the internationally recognized Cypriot Government and a Turkish-Cypriot community (north Cyprus); the 1,000-strong UN Peacekeeping Force in Cyprus (UNFICYP) has served in Cyprus since 1964 and maintains the buffer zone between north and south; on 1 May 2004, Cyprus entered the EU still divided, with the EU's body of legislation and standards (acquis communitaire) suspended in the north; has had maritime/economic exclusion zone disputes with Turkey, particularly over energy exploration
" }, "Refugees and internally displaced persons": { "refugees (country of origin)": { - "text": "10,869 (Syria) (mid-year 2022); 19,125 (Ukraine) (as of 24 September 2023)" + "text": "10,869 (Syria) (mid-year 2022); 19,910 (Ukraine) (as of 16 October 2023)" }, "IDPs": { "text": "246,000 (both Turkish and Greek Cypriots; many displaced since 1974) (2022)" diff --git a/europe/ei.json b/europe/ei.json index 9c3595f2..826f57c8 100644 --- a/europe/ei.json +++ b/europe/ei.json @@ -411,7 +411,7 @@ }, "Air pollutants": { "particulate matter emissions": { - "text": "8.26 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.)" + "text": "8.2 micrograms per cubic meter (2019 est.)" }, "carbon dioxide emissions": { "text": "37.71 megatons (2016 est.)" @@ -1215,7 +1215,7 @@ }, "Refugees and internally displaced persons": { "refugees (country of origin)": { - "text": "97,505 (Ukraine) (as of 15 October 2023)" + "text": "97,05 (Ukraine) (as of 29 October 2023)" }, "stateless persons": { "text": "7 (2022)" diff --git a/europe/en.json b/europe/en.json index b0760130..4ede7eb8 100644 --- a/europe/en.json +++ b/europe/en.json @@ -428,7 +428,7 @@ }, "Air pollutants": { "particulate matter emissions": { - "text": "6.74 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.)" + "text": "6.35 micrograms per cubic meter (2019 est.)" }, "carbon dioxide emissions": { "text": "16.59 megatons (2016 est.)" @@ -1227,7 +1227,7 @@ }, "Refugees and internally displaced persons": { "refugees (country of origin)": { - "text": "50,450 (Ukraine) (as of 1 October 2023)" + "text": "50,450 (Ukraine) (as of 29 October 2023)" }, "stateless persons": { "text": "70,604 (2022); note - following independence in 1991, automatic citizenship was restricted to those who were Estonian citizens prior to the 1940 Soviet occupation and their descendants; thousands of ethnic Russians remained stateless when forced to choose between passing Estonian language and citizenship tests or applying for Russian citizenship; one reason for demurring on Estonian citizenship was to retain the right of visa-free travel to Russia; stateless residents can vote in local elections but not general elections; stateless parents who have been lawful residents of Estonia for at least five years can apply for citizenship for their children before they turn 15 years old" diff --git a/europe/hr.json b/europe/hr.json index bcc9fd84..53280e70 100644 --- a/europe/hr.json +++ b/europe/hr.json @@ -434,7 +434,7 @@ }, "Air pollutants": { "particulate matter emissions": { - "text": "17.03 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.)" + "text": "15.29 micrograms per cubic meter (2019 est.)" }, "carbon dioxide emissions": { "text": "17.49 megatons (2016 est.)" @@ -1247,7 +1247,7 @@ }, "Refugees and internally displaced persons": { "refugees (country of origin)": { - "text": "23,570 (Ukraine) (as of 6 October 2023)" + "text": "23,710 (Ukraine) (as of 20 October 2023)" }, "stateless persons": { "text": "2,889 (2022)" diff --git a/europe/hu.json b/europe/hu.json index 95cc9dfe..2ac96ef3 100644 --- a/europe/hu.json +++ b/europe/hu.json @@ -431,7 +431,7 @@ }, "Air pollutants": { "particulate matter emissions": { - "text": "15.62 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.)" + "text": "14.24 micrograms per cubic meter (2019 est.)" }, "carbon dioxide emissions": { "text": "45.54 megatons (2016 est.)" @@ -1286,7 +1286,7 @@ }, "Refugees and internally displaced persons": { "refugees (country of origin)": { - "text": "53,375 (Ukraine) (as of 8 October 2023)" + "text": "53,375 (Ukraine) (as of 15 October 2023)" }, "stateless persons": { "text": "130 (2022)" diff --git a/europe/lh.json b/europe/lh.json index 6ffb06db..185a5ebb 100644 --- a/europe/lh.json +++ b/europe/lh.json @@ -434,7 +434,7 @@ }, "Air pollutants": { "particulate matter emissions": { - "text": "11.49 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.)" + "text": "10.37 micrograms per cubic meter (2019 est.)" }, "carbon dioxide emissions": { "text": "12.96 megatons (2016 est.)" @@ -1265,7 +1265,7 @@ }, "Refugees and internally displaced persons": { "refugees (country of origin)": { - "text": "49,970 (Ukraine) (as of 29 September 2023)" + "text": "50,690 (Ukraine) (as of 27 October 2023)" }, "stateless persons": { "text": "2,720 (2022)" diff --git a/europe/lu.json b/europe/lu.json index 46c4a0bb..618ad64b 100644 --- a/europe/lu.json +++ b/europe/lu.json @@ -410,7 +410,7 @@ }, "Air pollutants": { "particulate matter emissions": { - "text": "10.21 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.)" + "text": "8.89 micrograms per cubic meter (2019 est.)" }, "carbon dioxide emissions": { "text": "8.99 megatons (2016 est.)" diff --git a/europe/ri.json b/europe/ri.json index aa19522a..b22d68a7 100644 --- a/europe/ri.json +++ b/europe/ri.json @@ -446,7 +446,7 @@ }, "Air pollutants": { "particulate matter emissions": { - "text": "24.27 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.)" + "text": "21.74 micrograms per cubic meter (2019 est.)" }, "carbon dioxide emissions": { "text": "45.22 megatons (2016 est.)" @@ -580,7 +580,7 @@ "text": "Cabinet elected by the National Assembly" }, "elections/appointments": { - "text": "president directly elected by absolute majority popular vote in 2 rounds if needed for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 3 April 2022 (next to be held in April 2027); prime minister elected by the National Assembly; note - in October 2020 President VUCIC called for early elections" + "text": "president directly elected by absolute majority popular vote in 2 rounds if needed for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 3 April 2022 (next to be held on 17 December 2023); prime minister elected by the National Assembly; note - on 1 November 2023 President VUCIC dissolved parliament and called for snap elections on 17 December 2023" }, "election results": { "text": "a source country for cannabis
" diff --git a/europe/si.json b/europe/si.json index 06b092b6..bc9ba8c8 100644 --- a/europe/si.json +++ b/europe/si.json @@ -416,7 +416,7 @@ }, "Air pollutants": { "particulate matter emissions": { - "text": "15.81 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.)" + "text": "14.08 micrograms per cubic meter (2019 est.)" }, "carbon dioxide emissions": { "text": "12.63 megatons (2016 est.)" @@ -1241,7 +1241,7 @@ }, "Refugees and internally displaced persons": { "refugees (country of origin)": { - "text": "10,290 (Ukraine) (as of 2 October 2023)" + "text": "10,315 (Ukraine) (as of 24 October 2023)" }, "stateless persons": { "text": "10 (2020)" diff --git a/europe/sm.json b/europe/sm.json index 0d1bfd2a..50e62484 100644 --- a/europe/sm.json +++ b/europe/sm.json @@ -365,7 +365,7 @@ }, "Air pollutants": { "particulate matter emissions": { - "text": "13.45 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.)" + "text": "9.85 micrograms per cubic meter (2019 est.)" }, "methane emissions": { "text": "0.02 megatons (2020 est.)" diff --git a/europe/sp.json b/europe/sp.json index 43de6f79..70f28fee 100644 --- a/europe/sp.json +++ b/europe/sp.json @@ -431,7 +431,7 @@ }, "Air pollutants": { "particulate matter emissions": { - "text": "9.48 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.)" + "text": "9.34 micrograms per cubic meter (2019 est.)" }, "carbon dioxide emissions": { "text": "244 megatons (2016 est.)" @@ -1296,12 +1296,12 @@ }, "Refugees and internally displaced persons": { "refugees (country of origin)": { - "text": "14,994 (Syria) (mid-year 2022); 438,400 (Venezuela) (economic and political crisis; includes Venezuelans who have claimed asylum, are recognized as refugees, or have received alternative legal stay) (2022); 185,875 (Ukraine) (as of 8 October 2023)" + "text": "14,994 (Syria) (mid-year 2022); 438,400 (Venezuela) (economic and political crisis; includes Venezuelans who have claimed asylum, are recognized as refugees, or have received alternative legal stay) (2022); 185,875 (Ukraine) (as of 29 October 2023)" }, "stateless persons": { "text": "6,489 (2022)" }, - "note": "note: 319,982 estimated refugee and migrant arrivals, including Canary Islands (January 2015-October 2023)" + "note": "note: 322,763 estimated refugee and migrant arrivals, including Canary Islands (January 2015-October 2023)" }, "Illicit drugs": { "text": "a primary European transit point for cocaine from South America and for hashish from Morocco; cocaine is shipped in raw or liquid form with mixed cargo to avoid detection or altered to escape detection Spanish chemists reconstitute it and distribute to Europe; minor domestic drug production; synthetic drugs, including ketamine, new psychoactive substances (NPS), and MDMA transit from Spain to the United States
" diff --git a/europe/sw.json b/europe/sw.json index eecdf7b9..a839d0f2 100644 --- a/europe/sw.json +++ b/europe/sw.json @@ -431,7 +431,7 @@ }, "Air pollutants": { "particulate matter emissions": { - "text": "5.89 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.)" + "text": "5.96 micrograms per cubic meter (2019 est.)" }, "carbon dioxide emissions": { "text": "43.25 megatons (2016 est.)" @@ -1283,7 +1283,7 @@ }, "Refugees and internally displaced persons": { "refugees (country of origin)": { - "text": "113,213 (Syria), 26,857 (Afghanistan), 25,849 (Eritrea), 10,464 (Iraq), 9,315 (Somalia), 7,146 (Iran) (mid-year 2022); 41,315 (Ukraine) (as of 5 October 2023)" + "text": "113,213 (Syria), 26,857 (Afghanistan), 25,849 (Eritrea), 10,464 (Iraq), 9,315 (Somalia), 7,146 (Iran) (mid-year 2022); 41,420 (Ukraine) (as of 26 October 2023)" }, "stateless persons": { "text": "46,515 (2022); note - the majority of stateless people are from the Middle East and Somalia" diff --git a/europe/sz.json b/europe/sz.json index 282936f3..e0eeddfa 100644 --- a/europe/sz.json +++ b/europe/sz.json @@ -423,7 +423,7 @@ }, "Air pollutants": { "particulate matter emissions": { - "text": "10.21 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.)" + "text": "8.97 micrograms per cubic meter (2019 est.)" }, "carbon dioxide emissions": { "text": "34.48 megatons (2016 est.)" diff --git a/europe/uk.json b/europe/uk.json index 1e45792c..61ba974f 100644 --- a/europe/uk.json +++ b/europe/uk.json @@ -427,7 +427,7 @@ }, "Air pollutants": { "particulate matter emissions": { - "text": "10.53 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.)" + "text": "9.52 micrograms per cubic meter (2019 est.)" }, "carbon dioxide emissions": { "text": "379.02 megatons (2016 est.)" diff --git a/europe/up.json b/europe/up.json index 00e17753..c2ce09b8 100644 --- a/europe/up.json +++ b/europe/up.json @@ -1,7 +1,7 @@ { "Introduction": { "Background": { - "text": "Ukraine was the center of the first eastern Slavic state, Kyivan Rus, which during the 10th and 11th centuries was the largest and most powerful state in Europe. Weakened by internecine quarrels and Mongol invasions, Kyivan Rus was incorporated into the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and eventually into the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. The cultural and religious legacy of Kyivan Rus laid the foundation for Ukrainian nationalism through subsequent centuries. A new Ukrainian state, the Cossack Hetmanate, was established during the mid-17th century after an uprising against the Poles. Despite continuous Muscovite pressure, the Hetmanate managed to remain autonomous for well over 100 years. During the latter part of the 18th century, most Ukrainian ethnographic territory was absorbed by the Russian Empire. Following the collapse of czarist Russia in 1917, Ukraine achieved a short-lived period of independence (1917-20) but was reconquered and endured a brutal Soviet rule that engineered two forced famines (1921-22 and 1932-33) in which over 8 million died. In World War II, German and Soviet armies were responsible for 7 to 8 million more deaths. Although Ukraine overwhelmingly voted for independence in 1991 around the time of the dissolution of the USSR, democracy and prosperity remained elusive as the legacy of state control, patronage politics, and endemic corruption stalled efforts at economic reform, privatization, and civil liberties.
A peaceful mass protest referred to as the \"Orange Revolution\" in the closing months of 2004 and early 2005 forced the authorities to overturn a rigged presidential election and to allow a new internationally monitored vote that swept into power a reformist slate under Viktor YUSHCHENKO. Subsequent internal squabbles in the YUSHCHENKO camp allowed his rival Viktor YANUKOVYCH to stage a comeback in legislative (Rada) elections, become prime minister in August 2006, and be elected president in February 2010. In October 2012, Ukraine held Rada elections, widely criticized by Western observers as flawed due to use of government resources to favor ruling party candidates, interference with media access, and harassment of opposition candidates. President YANUKOVYCH's backtracking on a trade and cooperation agreement with the EU in November 2013 - in favor of closer economic ties with Russia - and subsequent use of force against students, civil society activists, and other civilians in favor of the agreement and fed up with blatant corruption led to a three-month protest occupation of Kyiv's central square. The government's use of violence to break up the protest camp in February 2014 led to all out pitched battles, scores of deaths, international condemnation, a failed political deal, and the president's abrupt departure for Russia. New elections in the spring allowed pro-West president Petro POROSHENKO to assume office in June 2014; he was succeeded by Volodymyr ZELENSKY in May 2019.
Shortly after YANUKOVYCH's departure in late February 2014, Russian President PUTIN ordered the invasion of Ukraine's Crimean Peninsula falsely claiming the action was to protect ethnic Russians living there. Two weeks later, a \"referendum\" was held regarding the integration of Crimea into the Russian Federation. The \"referendum\" was condemned as illegitimate by the Ukrainian Government, the EU, the US, and the UN General Assembly (UNGA). In response to Russia's illegal annexation of Crimea, 100 members of the UN passed UNGA resolution 68/262, rejecting the \"referendum\" as baseless and invalid and confirming the sovereignty, political independence, unity, and territorial integrity of Ukraine. In mid-2014, Russia began supplying proxies in two of Ukraine's eastern provinces with manpower, funding, and materiel beginning an armed conflict with the Ukrainian Government. Representatives from Ukraine, Russia, and the unrecognized Russian proxy republics signed the Minsk Protocol and Memorandum in September 2014 with the aim of ending the conflict. However, this agreement failed to stop the fighting or find a political solution. In a renewed attempt to alleviate ongoing clashes, leaders of Ukraine, Russia, France, and Germany negotiated a follow-on Package of Measures in February 2015 to implement the Minsk agreements, but this effort failed as well. By early 2022, more than 14,000 civilians were killed or wounded as a result of the Russian intervention in eastern Ukraine.
On 24 February 2022, Russia escalated its conflict with Ukraine by launching a full-scale invasion of the country on several fronts in what has become the largest conventional military attack on a sovereign state in Europe since World War II. The invasion has received near universal international condemnation, and many countries have imposed sanctions on Russia and supplied humanitarian and military aid to Ukraine. Russia made substantial gains in the early weeks of the invasion but underestimated Ukrainian resolve and combat capabilities. By the end of 2022, Ukrainian forces had regained all territories in the north and northeast and made some advances in the east and south. Nonetheless, Russia in late September 2022 unilaterally declared its annexation of four Ukrainian oblasts - Donetsk, Kherson, Luhansk, and Zaporizhzhia - even though none was fully under Russian control. The annexations remain unrecognized by the international community.
The invasion has also created Europe's largest refugee crisis since World War II. As of 22 October 2023, there were 6.2 million Ukrainian refugees recorded globally, and 5.09 million people were internally displaced as of June 2023. Nearly 27,800 civilian casualties had been reported, as of 8 October 2023. The invasion of Ukraine remains one of the two largest displacement crises worldwide (the other is the conflict in Syria).
The Ukrainian people continue to fiercely resist Russia’s full-scale invasion, which has targeted civilian and critical infrastructure - including energy - to try to break the Ukrainian will. President ZELENSKYY has focused on the civic identity of Ukrainians, regardless of ethnic or linguistic background, to unite the country behind the goals of ending the war by regaining as much territory as possible and advancing Ukraine’s candidacy for membership in the European Union (EU). Support for joining the EU and NATO has grown significantly, overcoming the historical, and sometimes artificial, divide between eastern and western Ukraine.
Ukraine was the center of the first eastern Slavic state, Kyivan Rus, which during the 10th and 11th centuries was the largest and most powerful state in Europe. Weakened by internecine quarrels and Mongol invasions, Kyivan Rus was incorporated into the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and eventually into the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. The cultural and religious legacy of Kyivan Rus laid the foundation for Ukrainian nationalism through subsequent centuries. A new Ukrainian state, the Cossack Hetmanate, was established during the mid-17th century after an uprising against the Poles. Despite continuous Muscovite pressure, the Hetmanate managed to remain autonomous for well over 100 years. During the latter part of the 18th century, most Ukrainian ethnographic territory was absorbed by the Russian Empire. Following the collapse of czarist Russia in 1917, Ukraine achieved a short-lived period of independence (1917-20) but was reconquered and endured a brutal Soviet rule that engineered two forced famines (1921-22 and 1932-33) in which over 8 million died. In World War II, German and Soviet armies were responsible for 7 to 8 million more deaths. Although Ukraine overwhelmingly voted for independence in 1991 around the time of the dissolution of the USSR, democracy and prosperity remained elusive as the legacy of state control, patronage politics, and endemic corruption stalled efforts at economic reform, privatization, and civil liberties.
A peaceful mass protest referred to as the \"Orange Revolution\" in the closing months of 2004 and early 2005 forced the authorities to overturn a rigged presidential election and to allow a new internationally monitored vote that swept into power a reformist slate under Viktor YUSHCHENKO. Subsequent internal squabbles in the YUSHCHENKO camp allowed his rival Viktor YANUKOVYCH to stage a comeback in legislative (Rada) elections, become prime minister in August 2006, and be elected president in February 2010. In October 2012, Ukraine held Rada elections, widely criticized by Western observers as flawed due to use of government resources to favor ruling party candidates, interference with media access, and harassment of opposition candidates. President YANUKOVYCH's backtracking on a trade and cooperation agreement with the EU in November 2013 - in favor of closer economic ties with Russia - and subsequent use of force against students, civil society activists, and other civilians in favor of the agreement and fed up with blatant corruption led to a three-month protest occupation of Kyiv's central square. The government's use of violence to break up the protest camp in February 2014 led to all out pitched battles, scores of deaths, international condemnation, a failed political deal, and the president's abrupt departure for Russia. New elections in the spring allowed pro-West president Petro POROSHENKO to assume office in June 2014; he was succeeded by Volodymyr ZELENSKY in May 2019.
Shortly after YANUKOVYCH's departure in late February 2014, Russian President PUTIN ordered the invasion of Ukraine's Crimean Peninsula falsely claiming the action was to protect ethnic Russians living there. Two weeks later, a \"referendum\" was held regarding the integration of Crimea into the Russian Federation. The \"referendum\" was condemned as illegitimate by the Ukrainian Government, the EU, the US, and the UN General Assembly (UNGA). In response to Russia's illegal annexation of Crimea, 100 members of the UN passed UNGA resolution 68/262, rejecting the \"referendum\" as baseless and invalid and confirming the sovereignty, political independence, unity, and territorial integrity of Ukraine. In mid-2014, Russia began supplying proxies in two of Ukraine's eastern provinces with manpower, funding, and materiel beginning an armed conflict with the Ukrainian Government. Representatives from Ukraine, Russia, and the unrecognized Russian proxy republics signed the Minsk Protocol and Memorandum in September 2014 with the aim of ending the conflict. However, this agreement failed to stop the fighting or find a political solution. In a renewed attempt to alleviate ongoing clashes, leaders of Ukraine, Russia, France, and Germany negotiated a follow-on Package of Measures in February 2015 to implement the Minsk agreements, but this effort failed as well. By early 2022, more than 14,000 civilians were killed or wounded as a result of the Russian intervention in eastern Ukraine.
On 24 February 2022, Russia escalated its conflict with Ukraine by launching a full-scale invasion of the country on several fronts in what has become the largest conventional military attack on a sovereign state in Europe since World War II. The invasion has received near universal international condemnation, and many countries have imposed sanctions on Russia and supplied humanitarian and military aid to Ukraine. Russia made substantial gains in the early weeks of the invasion but underestimated Ukrainian resolve and combat capabilities. By the end of 2022, Ukrainian forces had regained all territories in the north and northeast and made some advances in the east and south. Nonetheless, Russia in late September 2022 unilaterally declared its annexation of four Ukrainian oblasts - Donetsk, Kherson, Luhansk, and Zaporizhzhia - even though none was fully under Russian control. The annexations remain unrecognized by the international community.
The invasion has also created Europe's largest refugee crisis since World War II. As of 29 October 2023, there were 6.2 million Ukrainian refugees recorded globally, and 3.67 million people were internally displaced as of September 2023. Nearly 27,800 civilian casualties had been reported, as of 8 October 2023. The invasion of Ukraine remains one of the two largest displacement crises worldwide (the other is the conflict in Syria).
The Ukrainian people continue to fiercely resist Russia’s full-scale invasion, which has targeted civilian and critical infrastructure - including energy - to try to break the Ukrainian will. President ZELENSKYY has focused on the civic identity of Ukrainians, regardless of ethnic or linguistic background, to unite the country behind the goals of ending the war by regaining as much territory as possible and advancing Ukraine’s candidacy for membership in the European Union (EU). Support for joining the EU and NATO has grown significantly, overcoming the historical, and sometimes artificial, divide between eastern and western Ukraine.
1,461,700 (Russian-sponsored separatist violence in Crimea and eastern Ukraine) (2021); 5.08 million (2023) (since Russian invasion that started in February 2022); note – the more recent invasion total may reflect some double counting, since it is impossible to determine how many of the recent IDPs may also include IDPs from the earlier Russian-sponsored violence in Crimea and eastern Ukraine
" + "text": "1,461,700 (Russian-sponsored separatist violence in Crimea and eastern Ukraine) (2021); 3.67 million (2023) (since Russian invasion that started in February 2022); note – the more recent invasion total may reflect some double counting, since it is impossible to determine how many of the recent IDPs may also include IDPs from the earlier Russian-sponsored violence in Crimea and eastern Ukraine
" }, "stateless persons": { "text": "36,459 (2022); note - citizens of the former USSR who were permanently resident in Ukraine were granted citizenship upon Ukraine's independence in 1991, but some missed this window of opportunity; people arriving after 1991, Crimean Tatars, ethnic Koreans, people with expired Soviet passports, and people with no documents have difficulty acquiring Ukrainian citizenship; following the fall of the Soviet Union in 1989, thousands of Crimean Tatars and their descendants deported from Ukraine under the STALIN regime returned to their homeland, some being stateless and others holding the citizenship of Uzbekistan or other former Soviet republics; a 1998 bilateral agreement between Ukraine and Uzbekistan simplified the process of renouncing Uzbek citizenship and obtaining Ukrainian citizenship" diff --git a/middle-east/ae.json b/middle-east/ae.json index 76339fe7..21263cc1 100644 --- a/middle-east/ae.json +++ b/middle-east/ae.json @@ -414,7 +414,7 @@ }, "Air pollutants": { "particulate matter emissions": { - "text": "39.44 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.)" + "text": "41.75 micrograms per cubic meter (2019 est.)" }, "carbon dioxide emissions": { "text": "206.32 megatons (2016 est.)" @@ -532,10 +532,10 @@ }, "Executive branch": { "chief of state": { - "text": "President MUHAMMAD BIN ZAYID Al-Nuhayyan (since 14 May 2022); Co-Vice President MUHAMMAD BIN RASHID Al-Maktum (since 5 January 2006); Co-Vice President MANSUR bin Zayid Al-Nuhayyan (since 29 March 2023); Crown Prince KHALID bin Muhammad Al-Nuhayyan, the eldest son of the monarch, born 14 November 1982; note - MUHAMMAD BIN ZAYID Al-Nuhayyan elected president by the Federal Supreme Council following the death of President KHALIFA bin Zayid Al-Nuhayyan on 13 May 2022" + "text": "President MUHAMMAD BIN ZAYID Al Nuhayyan (since 14 May 2022); Co-Vice President MUHAMMAD BIN RASHID Al Maktum (since 5 January 2006); Co-Vice President MANSUR bin Zayid Al Nuhayyan (since 29 March 2023); Crown Prince KHALID bin Muhammad Al Nuhayyan, the eldest son of the monarch, born 14 November 1982; note - MUHAMMAD BIN ZAYID Al Nuhayyan elected president by the Federal Supreme Council following the death of President KHALIFA bin Zayid Al nNuhayyan on 13 May 2022" }, "head of government": { - "text": "Prime Minister and Co-Vice President MUHAMMAD BIN RASHID Al-Maktum (since 5 January 2006); Deputy Prime Ministers SAIF bin Zayid Al-Nuhayyan, MANSUR bin Zayid Al-Nuhayyan (both since 11 May 2009), and MAKTUM bin Muhammad bin Rashid Al-Maktum (since 25 September 2021)" + "text": "Prime Minister and Co-Vice President MUHAMMAD BIN RASHID Al Maktum (since 5 January 2006); Deputy Prime Ministers SAIF bin Zayid Al Nuhayyan, MANSUR bin Zayid Al Nuhayyan (both since 11 May 2009), and MAKTUM bin Muhammad bin Rashid Al Maktum (since 25 September 2021)" }, "cabinet": { "text": "Council of Ministers announced by the prime minister and approved by the president" @@ -578,7 +578,7 @@ }, "Diplomatic representation in the US": { "chief of mission": { - "text": "Ambassador Yousef Al Otaiba (since 28 July 2008)" + "text": "Ambassador Yousif Mana Saeed Ahmed AL OTAIBA (since 28 July 2008)" }, "chancery": { "text": "3522 International Court NW, Suite 400, Washington, DC 20008" @@ -843,6 +843,9 @@ } }, "Exports": { + "Exports 2020": { + "text": "$335.238 billion (2020 est.)" + }, "Exports 2017": { "text": "$308.5 billion (2017 est.)" }, @@ -851,12 +854,15 @@ } }, "Exports - partners": { - "text": "India 11%, Japan 10%, Saudi Arabia 7%, Switzerland 6%, China 6%, Iraq 6% (2019)" + "text": "India 14%, Japan 8%, China 8%, Saudi Arabia 8%, Iraq 5% (2021)" }, "Exports - commodities": { - "text": "crude petroleum, refined petroleum, gold, jewelry, broadcasting equipment (2019)" + "text": "crude petroleum, refined petroleum, gold, broadcasting equipment, diamonds, natural gas, jewelry, aluminum (2021)" }, "Imports": { + "Imports 2020": { + "text": "$246.886 billion (2020 est.)" + }, "Imports 2017": { "text": "$229.2 billion (2017 est.)" }, @@ -865,10 +871,10 @@ } }, "Imports - partners": { - "text": "China 15%, India 12%, United States 7% (2019)" + "text": "China 17%, India 9%, United States 6%, Saudi Arabia 5%, Germany 3% (2021)" }, "Imports - commodities": { - "text": "gold, broadcasting equipment, jewelry, refined petroleum, diamonds (2019)" + "text": "gold, broadcasting equipment, refined petroleum, diamonds, cars, jewelry, computers (2021)" }, "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": { "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2021": { diff --git a/middle-east/aj.json b/middle-east/aj.json index 76899f36..21a4853b 100644 --- a/middle-east/aj.json +++ b/middle-east/aj.json @@ -428,7 +428,7 @@ }, "Air pollutants": { "particulate matter emissions": { - "text": "18.2 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.)" + "text": "24.64 micrograms per cubic meter (2019 est.)" }, "carbon dioxide emissions": { "text": "37.62 megatons (2016 est.)" @@ -1240,7 +1240,7 @@ }, "Transnational Issues": { "Disputes - international": { - "text": "Armenia-Azerbaijan: tensions existed for years over the break-away Nagorno-Karabakh region and the Armenian military occupation of surrounding lands in Azerbaijan; Azerbaijan seized part of the enclave during six weeks of fighting in 2020 and the remainder in a short conflict in September 2023; in October 2023, Baku and Yerevan began preliminary discussions on a peace treaty, the demarcation of borders, and full normalization of relations; nevertheless, concerns persist in Armenia that Azerbaijan could invade in order to force the establishment of a transit corridor to the exclave of Naxicvan (Nakhichevan)
Azerbaijan-Georgia: a joint boundary commission agrees on most of the alignment, leaving only small areas at certain crossing points in dispute; consequently, the two states have yet to agree on a delimitation or demarcation of their common boundary; one area of contention is where the international boundary should run through the 6th-13th Century David-Gareja monastery complex
Azerbaijan-Iran: none identified
Azerbaijan-Russia: Russia has complained of cross-border smuggling
Azerbaijan-Turkey: none identified; as of 2023, Turkey and Armenia were discussing normalizing relations
Caspian Sea (Maritime Boundary): Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, and Russia ratified the Caspian seabed delimitation treaties based on equidistance, while Iran continues to insist on a one-fifth slice of the sea; bilateral talks continue with Turkmenistan on dividing the seabed and contested oilfields in the middle of the Caspian
local border forces struggle to control the illegal transit of goods and people across the porous, undemarcated Armenian, Azerbaijani, and Georgian borders
Armenia-Azerbaijan: tensions existed for years over the break-away Nagorno-Karabakh region and the Armenian military occupation of surrounding lands in Azerbaijan; Azerbaijan seized part of the enclave during six weeks of fighting in 2020 and the remainder in a short conflict in September 2023; in October 2023, Baku and Yerevan began preliminary discussions on a peace treaty, the demarcation of borders, and full normalization of relations; nevertheless, concerns persist in Armenia that Azerbaijan could invade in order to force the establishment of a transit corridor to the exclave of Naxicvan (Nakhichevan)
Azerbaijan-Georgia: a joint boundary commission agrees on most of the alignment, leaving only small areas at certain crossing points in dispute; consequently, the two states have yet to agree on a delimitation or demarcation of their common boundary; one area of contention is where the international boundary should run through the 6th-13th Century David-Gareja monastery complex
Azerbaijan-Iran: in recent years, tensions between Azerbajian and Iran have risen in part because of warming ties between Azerbaijan and Israel, and Baku's claims that Tehran has backed Armenia over the disputed Nagorno-Karabakh enclave
Azerbaijan-Russia: Russia has complained of cross-border smuggling
Azerbaijan-Turkey: none identified; as of 2023, Turkey and Armenia were discussing normalizing relations
Caspian Sea (Maritime Boundary): Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, and Russia ratified the Caspian seabed delimitation treaties based on equidistance, while Iran continues to insist on a one-fifth slice of the sea; bilateral talks continue with Turkmenistan on dividing the seabed and contested oilfields in the middle of the Caspian
local border forces struggle to control the illegal transit of goods and people across the porous, undemarcated Armenian, Azerbaijani, and Georgian borders
local border forces struggle to control the illegal transit of goods and people across the porous, undemarcated Armenian, Azerbaijani, and Georgian borders
Armenia-Azerbaijan: tensions existed for years over the break-away Nagorno-Karabakh region and the Armenian military occupation of surrounding lands in Azerbaijan; Azerbaijan seized part of the enclave during six weeks of fighting in 2020 and the remainder in a short conflict in September 2023; in October 2023, Baku and Yerevan began preliminary discussions on a peace treaty, the demarcation of borders, and full normalization of relations; nevertheless, concerns persist in Armenia that Azerbaijan could invade in order to force the establishment of a transit corridor to the exclave of Naxicvan (Nakhichevan)
Armenia-Georgia: Georgians restrict Armenian access into Samtse-Javakheti ethnic Armenian areas; Armenia has made no claims to the region
Armenia-Iran: none identified
Armenia-Turkey: in 2009, Swiss mediators facilitated an accord reestablishing diplomatic ties between Armenia and Turkey, but neither side has ratified the agreement and the rapprochement effort has faltered, in part due to resistance from Azerbaijan; the border has been closed since 1993, and no diplomatic relations established after Armenian independence; in 2022, Turkey and Armenia have agreed to move forward with efforts to normalize relations; Turkish authorities have complained that blasting from quarries in Armenia might be damaging the ruins of Ani, an ancient city on the high ridge overlooking the Arpaçay valley on the opposite shore
local border forces struggle to control the illegal transit of goods and people across the porous, undemarcated Armenian, Azerbaijani, and Georgian borders
Armenia-Azerbaijan: tensions existed for years over the break-away Nagorno-Karabakh region and the Armenian military occupation of surrounding lands in Azerbaijan; Azerbaijan seized part of the enclave during six weeks of fighting in 2020 and the remainder in a short conflict in September 2023; in October 2023, Baku and Yerevan began preliminary discussions on a peace treaty, the demarcation of borders, and full normalization of relations; nevertheless, concerns persist in Armenia that Azerbaijan could invade in order to force the establishment of a transit corridor to the exclave of Naxicvan (Nakhichevan)
Armenia-Georgia: Georgians restrict Armenian access into Samtse-Javakheti ethnic Armenian areas; Armenia has made no claims to the region
Armenia-Iran: none identified
Armenia-Turkey: as of 2023, Turkey and Armenia were discussing normalizing relations
Contraband smuggling, human trafficking, and illegal narcotic trafficking are problems in the porous areas of its border regions with all of its neighbors (Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Paraguay, and Peru).
Bolivia-Chile: Despite tariff-free access to ports in southern Peru and northern Chile, Bolivia persists with its long-standing claims to regain sovereign access to the Pacific Ocean.
Bolivia-Peru: Despite tariff-free access to ports in southern Peru and northern Chile, Bolivia persists with its long-standing claims to regain sovereign access to the Pacific Ocean. Smuggling of archaeological artifacts from Peru to Bolivia, illegal timber and narcotics smuggling, human trafficking, and falsified documents are current issues.
Bolivia-Brazil: The Roboré Accord of March 29, 1958 placed the long-disputed Isla Suárez/Ilha de Guajará-Mirim, a fluvial island on the Río Mamoré, between the two towns of Guajará-Mirim (Brazil) and Guayaramerin (Bolivia), under Bolivian administration but did not resolve the sovereignty dispute
Bolivia-Argentina: Contraband smuggling, human trafficking, and illegal narcotic trafficking are problems in the porous areas of the border.
Bolivia-Paraguay: On April 27, 2009, the president of Argentina hosted the presidents of Bolivia and Paraguay together with representatives of the fiver other guarantor states -- Brazil, Chile, Peru, the United States, and Uruguay -- to the signing for the Final Record of the Boundary Commission in execution of the 1938 Peace Treaty between Bolivia and Paraguay.
contraband smuggling, human trafficking, and illegal narcotic trafficking are problems in the porous areas of its border regions with all of its neighbors (Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Paraguay, and Peru)
Bolivia-Chile: despite tariff-free access to ports in southern Peru and northern Chile, Bolivia persists with its long-standing claims to regain sovereign access to the Pacific Ocean
Bolivia-Peru: despite tariff-free access to ports in southern Peru and northern Chile, Bolivia persists with its long-standing claims to regain sovereign access to the Pacific Ocean; smuggling of archaeological artifacts from Peru to Bolivia, illegal timber and narcotics smuggling, human trafficking, and falsified documents are current issues
Bolivia-Brazil: the Roboré Accord of March 29, 1958 placed the long-disputed Isla Suárez/Ilha de Guajará-Mirim, a fluvial island on the Río Mamoré, between the two towns of Guajará-Mirim (Brazil) and Guayaramerin (Bolivia), under Bolivian administration but did not resolve the sovereignty dispute
Bolivia-Argentina: contraband smuggling, human trafficking, and illegal narcotic trafficking are problems in the porous areas of the border
Bolivia-Paraguay: on April 27, 2009, the president of Argentina hosted the presidents of Bolivia and Paraguay together with representatives of the five other guarantor states -- Brazil, Chile, Peru, the US, and Uruguay -- to the signing for the Final Record of the Boundary Commission in execution of the 1938 Peace Treaty between Bolivia and Paraguay
Brazil-Bolivia: The Roboré Accord of March 29, 1958 placed the long-disputed Isla Suárez/Ilha de Guajará-Mirim, a fluvial island on the Río Mamoré, between the two towns of Guajará-Mirim (Brazil) and Guayaramerin (Bolivia), under Bolivian administration but did not resolve the sovereignty dispute
Brazil-Colombia: Contraband smuggling (narcotics and arms), illegal migration, trafficking in animals, plants, lumber, illegal exploitation of mineral resources, Colombian (FARC) insurgent incursions in the area remain problematic issues.
Brazil-Uruguay: The uncontested boundary dispute between Brazil and Uruguay over over Arroyo de la Invernada triangle and sovereignty over Isla Brasilera leaves the tripoint with Argentina in question. Smuggling of firearms and narcotics continues to be an issue along the Uruguay-Brazil border.
Brazil-Venezuela: Colombian-organized illegal narcotics and paramilitary activities penetrate Brazil's border region with Venezuela.
Brazil-Bolivia: the Roboré Accord of March 29, 1958 placed the long-disputed Isla Suárez/Ilha de Guajará-Mirim, a fluvial island on the Río Mamoré, between the two towns of Guajará-Mirim (Brazil) and Guayaramerin (Bolivia), under Bolivian administration but did not resolve the sovereignty dispute
Brazil-Colombia: contraband smuggling (narcotics and arms), illegal migration, trafficking in animals, plants, lumber, illegal exploitation of mineral resources, and incursions by Colombian insurgent/narco-terrorists groups in the area remain problematic issues
Brazil-Uruguay: the uncontested boundary dispute between Brazil and Uruguay over Arroyo de la Invernada triangle and sovereignty over Isla Brasilera leaves the tripoint with Argentina in question; smuggling of firearms and narcotics continues to be an issue along the Uruguay-Brazil border
Brazil-Venezuela: Colombian-organized illegal narcotics and paramilitary activities penetrate Brazil's border region with Venezuela
Chile and Peru rebuff Bolivia's reactivated claim to restore the Atacama corridor, ceded to Chile in 1884, but Chile has offered instead unrestricted but not sovereign maritime access through Chile to Bolivian natural gas; Chile rejects Peru's unilateral legislation to change its latitudinal maritime boundary with Chile to an equidistance line with a southwestern axis favoring Peru; in October 2007, Peru took its maritime complaint with Chile to the ICJ; territorial claim in Antarctica (Chilean Antarctic Territory) partially overlaps Argentine and British claims; the joint boundary commission, established by Chile and Argentina in 2001, has yet to map and demarcate the delimited boundary in the inhospitable Andean Southern Ice Field (Campo de Hielo Sur)
" + "text": "Chile and Peru rebuff Bolivia's reactivated claim to restore the Atacama corridor, ceded to Chile in 1884, but Chile has offered instead unrestricted but not sovereign maritime access through Chile to Bolivian natural gas; Chile rejects Peru's unilateral legislation to change its latitudinal maritime boundary with Chile to an equidistance line with a southwestern axis favoring Peru; in October 2007, Peru took its maritime complaint with Chile to the ICJ; territorial claim in Antarctica (Chilean Antarctic Territory) partially overlaps Argentine and British claims; the joint boundary commission, established by Chile and Argentina in 2001, has yet to map and demarcate the delimited boundary in the inhospitable Southern Patagonian Ice Field (Campo de Hielo Sur)
" }, "Refugees and internally displaced persons": { "refugees (country of origin)": { diff --git a/south-america/ns.json b/south-america/ns.json index 3fdf25c7..61e6f05b 100644 --- a/south-america/ns.json +++ b/south-america/ns.json @@ -422,7 +422,7 @@ }, "Air pollutants": { "particulate matter emissions": { - "text": "23.6 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.)" + "text": "12.17 micrograms per cubic meter (2019 est.)" }, "carbon dioxide emissions": { "text": "1.74 megatons (2016 est.)" diff --git a/south-asia/bg.json b/south-asia/bg.json index 92670a23..7b1c8b87 100644 --- a/south-asia/bg.json +++ b/south-asia/bg.json @@ -460,7 +460,7 @@ }, "Air pollutants": { "particulate matter emissions": { - "text": "58.33 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.)" + "text": "45.99 micrograms per cubic meter (2019 est.)" }, "carbon dioxide emissions": { "text": "84.25 megatons (2016 est.)" @@ -1327,11 +1327,11 @@ }, "Transnational Issues": { "Disputes - international": { - "text": "Bangladesh-Burma: Burmese border authorities are constructing a 200 km (124 mi) wire fence designed to deter illegal cross-border transit and tensions from the military build-up along border.
Bangladesh-India: Bangladesh referred its maritime boundary claims with Burma and India to the International Tribunal on the Law of the Sea; Indian Prime Minister Singh's September 2011 visit to Bangladesh resulted in the signing of a Protocol to the 1974 Land Boundary Agreement between India and Bangladesh, which had called for the settlement of longstanding boundary disputes over un-demarcated areas and the exchange of territorial enclaves, but which had never been implemented.
Bangladesh-Burma: the border area has historically been an area of conflict and instability; militants, particularly ethnic armed groups (EAGs) from Burma, continue to operate in the border region and conduct illegal crossings, and both countries maintain considerable numbers of security personnel along the border; Burmese military forces actively conduct operations against EAGs; in 2022, Burmese artillery struck Bangladesh territory several times during military operations against Arakan Army rebels inside Rakhine; as of 2017, Burmese border authorities had constructed about 130 miles of border fencing and had planned to fence off the remainder of the border
Bangladesh-India: Bangladesh referred its maritime boundary claims with Burma and India to the International Tribunal on the Law of the Sea; Indian Prime Minister Singh's September 2011 visit to Bangladesh resulted in the signing of a Protocol to the 1974 Land Boundary Agreement between India and Bangladesh, which had called for the settlement of longstanding boundary disputes over un-demarcated areas and the exchange of territorial enclaves, but which had never been implemented
Mauritius and Seychelles claim the Chagos Islands; negotiations between 1971 and 1982 resulted in the establishment of a trust fund by the British Government as compensation for the displaced islanders, known as Chagossians, who were evicted between 1967-73; in 2001, the former inhabitants of the archipelago were granted UK citizenship and the right of return; in 2006 and 2007, British court rulings invalidated the immigration policies contained in the 2004 BIOT Constitution Order that had excluded the islanders from the archipelago; in 2008, a House of Lords' decision overturned lower court rulings, once again denying the right of return to Chagossians; in addition, the UK created the world's largest marine protection area around the Chagos islands prohibiting the extraction of any natural resources therein
" + "text": "Mauritius and Seychelles claim the Chagos Islands; negotiations between 1971 and 1982 resulted in the establishment of a trust fund by the British Government as compensation for the displaced islanders, known as Chagossians, who were evicted between 1967-73; in 2001, the former inhabitants of the archipelago were granted UK citizenship and the right of return; in 2006 and 2007, British court rulings invalidated the immigration policies contained in the 2004 British Indian Ocean Territory Constitution Order that had excluded the islanders from the archipelago; in 2008, a House of Lords' decision overturned lower court rulings, once again denying the right of return to Chagossians; in addition, the UK created the world's largest marine protection area around the Chagos islands prohibiting the extraction of any natural resources therein
" } } } \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/south-asia/mv.json b/south-asia/mv.json index 709bb7eb..f5dee0eb 100644 --- a/south-asia/mv.json +++ b/south-asia/mv.json @@ -424,7 +424,7 @@ }, "Air pollutants": { "particulate matter emissions": { - "text": "7.63 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.)" + "text": "13 micrograms per cubic meter (2019 est.)" }, "carbon dioxide emissions": { "text": "1.44 megatons (2016 est.)" diff --git a/world/xx.json b/world/xx.json index 67377c05..8dc61124 100644 --- a/world/xx.json +++ b/world/xx.json @@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ "text": "148.94 million sq km" }, "water": { - "text": "361.9 million sq km" + "text": "361,899,999 sq km" }, "note": "note: 70.9% of the world's surface is water, 29.1% is land" }, @@ -154,13 +154,13 @@ }, "Median age": { "total": { - "text": "31 years" + "text": "31 years (2020)" }, "male": { "text": "30.3 years" }, "female": { - "text": "31.8 years (2020 est.)" + "text": "31.8 years" } }, "Population growth rate": { @@ -212,24 +212,24 @@ }, "Infant mortality rate": { "total": { - "text": "30.8 deaths/1,000 live births" + "text": "30.8 deaths/1,000 live births (2020 est.)" }, "male": { "text": "32.8 deaths/1,000 live births" }, "female": { - "text": "28.6 deaths/1,000 live births (2020 est.)" + "text": "28.6 deaths/1,000 live births" } }, "Life expectancy at birth": { "total population": { - "text": "70.5 years" + "text": "70.5 years (2020)" }, "male": { "text": "68.4 years" }, "female": { - "text": "72.6 years (2020 est.)" + "text": "72.6 years" } }, "Total fertility rate": { @@ -332,13 +332,13 @@ }, "Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24)": { "total": { - "text": "17.9%" + "text": "17.9% (2021 est.)" }, "male": { "text": "17.3%" }, "female": { - "text": "19.7% (2021 est.)" + "text": "19.7%" } } }, @@ -579,13 +579,13 @@ }, "Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24)": { "total": { - "text": "17.9%" + "text": "17.9% (2021 est.)" }, "male": { "text": "17.3%" }, "female": { - "text": "19.7% (2021 est.)" + "text": "19.7%" } }, "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income": { @@ -810,10 +810,10 @@ }, "Merchant marine": { "total": { - "text": "101,158" + "text": "101,158 (2022)" }, "by type": { - "text": "bulk carrier 12,707, container ship 5,583, general cargo 19,647, oil tanker 11,396, other 51,825 (2022)" + "text": "bulk carrier 12,707, container ship 5,583, general cargo 19,647, oil tanker 11,396, other 51,825" } }, "Ports and terminals": { @@ -850,7 +850,7 @@ "text": "there are over 85,000 personnel, including military, police, and civilians from 121 countries deployed on UN peacekeeping missions worldwide (2023)" }, "Maritime threats": { - "text": "the International Maritime Bureau’s Piracy Reporting Centre (PRC) received 115 reported incidents of piracy and armed robbery against ships in 2022 compared with 132 reports in 2021; the 2022 figures are broken down as 107 vessels boarded, five attempted attacks, two vessels hijacked, and one fired upon; though the downward trend in reported incidents is welcomed, the risk to crew remains with 41 crew taken hostage, six assaulted and threatened, and two kidnapped; the continued and much-needed reduction is attributed to an overall decrease of piratical activity within the Gulf of Guinea region – down from 35 incidents in 2021 to 19 in 2022; in 2022, incidents in these waters were reported at up to 260 nm from the coast; though crew kidnappings decreased from 57 in 2021 to two in 2022, during the duration of the hijackings 29 crew were kept hostage