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6
europe/au.json
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@ -613,7 +613,7 @@
},
"Diplomatic representation from the US": {
"chief of mission": {
"text": "Ambassador (vacant), Mario MESQUITA (since 12 July 2021)"
"text": "Ambassador Victoria Reggie KENNEDY (since 12 January 2022)"
},
"embassy": {
"text": "Boltzmanngasse 16, 1090, Vienna"
@ -1008,7 +1008,7 @@
},
"Telecommunication systems": {
"general assessment": {
"text": "mature telecom market benefitting from effective competition; government and regulator are focused on improving telecom infrastructure; program to provide a national gigabit service by 2030 based on 5G networks; fixed-line broadband market is dominated by DSL sector, while cable broadband enjoys steady share of connections; fiber penetration remains low pending build out network infrastructure; EU-funded projects develop infrastructure to enable an 'Internet of Services; Vienna is a smart city; importer of broadcasting equipment from Vietnam and China (2020)"
"text": "mature telecom market, dominated by Telekom Austria, Magenta Telekom (formed from the merger of T-Mobile Austria and the cableco UPC Austria), and 3 Austria; the mobile market benefits from a growing number of MVNOs; the telcos as well as the government and regulator have been focused on delivering improved telecom infrastructure; the government has a program to provide a national gigabit service by 2030, delivered by private enterprise though with some state funding; this is based on fibrer networks supported by 5G, with the MNOs able to expand the reach of their 5G services following auctions held in March 2019 and September 2020; the fixed-line broadband market is still dominated by the DSL sector, while the cable broadband sector has held a steady share of connections in recent years; the fiber sector was slow to develop, and although fiber remains low there are plans to build out the network infrastructure; by February 2021, A1 Telekom’s fibre network reached more than 2.3 million premises; Magenta Telekom continues to invest in DOCSIS3.1 technology, and by mid-2021 about a third of premises (some 1.4 million) nationally could access the company’s gigabit service.  (2021)"
},
"domestic": {
"text": "developed and efficient; 42 per 100 fixed-line for households, 174 per 100 for companies; roughly 119 per 100 mobile-cellular; broadband: 138 per 100 on smartphones; roughly 29 per 100 fixed broadband and 107 per 100 mobile broadband (2020)"
@ -1190,7 +1190,7 @@
},
"Refugees and internally displaced persons": {
"refugees (country of origin)": {
"text": "57,887 (Syria), 41,037 (Afghanistan), 9,661 (Iraq), 8,212 (Somalia), 7,046 (Iran), 7,003 (Russia) (mid-year 2021); 70,153 (Ukraine) (as of 7 June 2022)"
"text": "57,887 (Syria), 41,037 (Afghanistan), 9,661 (Iraq), 8,212 (Somalia), 7,046 (Iran), 7,003 (Russia) (mid-year 2021); 71,422 (Ukraine) (as of 14 June 2022)"
},
"stateless persons": {
"text": "3,229 (mid-year 2021)"

4
europe/be.json
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@ -996,7 +996,7 @@
},
"Telecommunication systems": {
"general assessment": {
"text": "Belgium has a highly developed, technologically advanced telecom system; LTE is nearly universal; ongoing investment in 5G with services to dozens of cities and towns; competition between the DSL and cable platforms with investment in fiber networks; 5G; operators accelerating fiber roll-out program; Brussels Airport collaborating with operator to deploy 5G and IoT solutions; international connections through satellite and submarine cables; importer of broadcast equipment from EU neighbors (2020)"
"text": "Belgium’s mobile market is served by the three network operators Proximus, Orange Belgium and BASE, and by a good number of MVNOs; mobile networks have been upgraded to support growing mobile data use among subscribers, with near-comprehensive LTE coverage; operators have also trialed 5G in preparation for launching services; the auction of 5G-suitable spectrum has been delayed to the beginning of 2022, while the onerous restrictions on radiation have meant that some 5G trials have been suspended; there is effective competition in Belgium between the DSL and cable platforms, while in recent years government support has also encouraged investment in fiber networks; Telenet, supported by its parent Liberty Global, has extended the reach of services based on the DOCSIS3.1 standard, while Proximus also has extensive fibre/VDSL and FttP deployments and is currently investing in €3 billion 'Fibre for Belgium' program through to 2027; in a bid to encourage investment in under served areas, the regulator in 2018 amended the conditions by which market players grant wholesale access to copper and fiber infrastructure; in May 2019 it opened a further consultation on cost models for access to the networks of cablecos and those of Proximus’s fibre infrastructure.  (2021)"
},
"domestic": {
"text": "about 31 per 100 fixed-line and 99 per 100 mobile-cellular; nationwide mobile-cellular telephone system; extensive cable network; limited microwave radio relay network (2020)"
@ -1180,7 +1180,7 @@
},
"Refugees and internally displaced persons": {
"refugees (country of origin)": {
"text": "18,493 (Syria), 5,094 (Iraq) (2020); 45,882 (Ukraine) (as of 6 June 2022)"
"text": "18,493 (Syria), 5,094 (Iraq) (2020); 47,477 (Ukraine) (as of 14 June 2022)"
},
"stateless persons": {
"text": "1,159 (mid-year 2021)"

8
europe/bk.json
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@ -611,7 +611,7 @@
},
"Diplomatic representation from the US": {
"chief of mission": {
"text": "Ambassador Eric NELSON (since 19 February 2019)"
"text": "Ambassador Michael J. MURPHY (since 23 February 2022)"
},
"embassy": {
"text": "1 Robert C. Frasure Street, 71000 Sarajevo"
@ -1005,7 +1005,7 @@
},
"Telecommunication systems": {
"general assessment": {
"text": "<p>Bosnia-Herzegovina aims for national LTE coverage through integration with European Union (EU); roaming agreements with EU and Balkan neighbors; fixed-line broadband is underdeveloped, investments in mobile upgrades facilitate broadband connectivity to a greater extent than in Europe; DSL and cable are the main platforms for fixed-line connectivity while fiber broadband has a small market presence; operators support broadband in rural areas where fixed-line infrastructure is insufficient; LTE services under test licenses; 5G awaits market maturity; importer of broadcasting equipment from China</p> (2021)"
"text": "the telecom market has been liberalized and a regulatory framework created based on the EU&rsquo;s regulatory framework for communications; although Bosnia-Herzegovina remains an EU candidate country, in July 2017 it applied amended mobile roaming charges to fit in with changes introduced across the Union; further roaming agreements were made in 2019 with other western Balkan countries; the largest operator BH Telecom is the dominant provider, while Telekom Srpske operates in Republika Srpska and HT Mostar is active in Herzegovina;&nbsp; these three incumbent operators control 99% of the market; all three are subject to specific obligations designed to improve competition; the fixed-line broadband network is comparatively underdeveloped, with the result that investments made in mobile upgrades by BH Telecom and Telekom Srpske are facilitating broadband connectivity in the country to a greater extent than is common elsewhere in Europe; internet services are available through the incumbents and a number of alternative operators; DSL and cable are the main platforms for fixed-line connectivity, while fiber broadband as yet has only a small market presence; the three MNOs, each affiliated with one of the incumbent fixed-line operators, provide national coverage with 3G, though LTE coverage is only about 89%; their upgraded networks are helping to support broadband in rural areas where fixed-line infrastructure is insufficient; mobile data and mobile broadband offers will provide future revenue growth given the limited potential of mobile voice services; the MNOs tested LTE services under trial licenses from 2013, commercial launches were delayed until the award of spectrum in early 2019; the regulator stipulated that licenses must provide national coverage within five years; trials of 5G technology have been undertaken, though there are no plans to launch services commercially in the short term, given that the MNOs can continue to exploit the capacity of their existing LTE networks. (2021)"
},
"domestic": {
"text": "fixed-line teledensity roughly 22 per 100 persons and mobile-cellular subscribership stands at 107 telephones per 100 persons (2020)"
@ -1173,12 +1173,12 @@
"text": "5,112 (Croatia) (2020)"
},
"IDPs": {
"text": "99,000 (Bosnian Croats, Serbs, and Bosniaks displaced by inter-ethnic violence, human rights violations, and armed conflict during the 1992-95 war) (2020)"
"text": "92,000 (Bosnian Croats, Serbs, and Bosniaks displaced by inter-ethnic violence, human rights violations, and armed conflict during the 1992-95 war) (2021)"
},
"stateless persons": {
"text": "149 (mid-year 2021)"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> 91,361 estimated refugee and migrant arrivals (January 2015-May 2022)"
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> 92,443 estimated refugee and migrant arrivals (January 2015-June 2022)"
},
"Trafficking in persons": {
"current situation": {

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europe/bo.json
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@ -624,7 +624,7 @@
},
"Diplomatic representation from the US": {
"chief of mission": {
"text": "Ambassador Julie Fisher (since 23 December 2020); Charge d'Affaires Ruben HARUTUNIAN (since May 2021)"
"text": "Ambassador Julie Fisher (since 23 December 2020)"
},
"embassy": {
"text": "46 Starovilenskaya Street, Minsk 220002"
@ -1019,7 +1019,7 @@
},
"Telecommunication systems": {
"general assessment": {
"text": "government owns and administers backbone network and much of telecom market with no independent regulator; government and telecom regulator are concluding three major programs aimed at developing the telecom sector and digital economy to enable 5G services and extension of fiber infrastructure; growing applications for smart cities; developing mobile broadband and data services to rural areas; commercial LTE services extended to 80% of the population; operators provide standalone 5G service and NB-IoT services; international connection through fiber optic and terrestrial link, nascent satellite system; importer of broadcasting equipment from China (2020)"
"text": "the government of Belarus has successfully promoted the migration to an all-IP platform as part of a wider effort towards a digital transformation for the economy; the state-supported infrastructure operator beCloud has built an extensive fiber network which reaches all but the smallest settlements in the country; Belarus has the second highest fiber subscription rate in Europe, behind only Iceland; LTE coverage is almost universal, while considerable progress has also been made in developing 5G services. (2021)"
},
"domestic": {
"text": "fixed-line teledensity is improving although rural areas continue to be underserved, approximately 47 per 100 fixed-line; mobile-cellular teledensity now roughly 124 telephones per 100 persons (2020)"
@ -1027,7 +1027,7 @@
"international": {
"text": "country code - 375; Belarus is landlocked and therefore a member of the Trans-European Line (TEL), Trans-Asia-Europe (TAE) fiber-optic line, and has access to the Trans-Siberia Line (TSL); 3 fiber-optic segments provide connectivity to Latvia, Poland, Russia, and Ukraine; worldwide service is available to Belarus through this infrastructure; additional analog lines to Russia; Intelsat, Eutelsat, and Intersputnik earth stations; almost 31,000 base stations in service in 2019 (2020)"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> the COVID-19 pandemic continues to have a significant impact on production and supply chains globally; since 2020, some aspects of the telecom sector have experienced downturn, particularly in mobile device production; many network operators delayed upgrades to infrastructure; progress towards 5G implementation was postponed or slowed in some countries; consumer spending on telecom services and devices was affected by large-scale job losses and the consequent restriction on disposable incomes; the crucial nature of telecom services as a tool for work and school from home became evident, and received some support from governments"
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> the Coronavirus pandemic is having a significant impact on production and supply chains globally. During the coming year, the telecoms sector to various degrees is likely to experience a downturn in mobile device production, while it may also be difficult for network operators to manage workflows when maintaining and upgrading existing infrastructure."
},
"Broadcast media": {
"text": "7 state-controlled national TV channels; Polish and Russian TV broadcasts are available in some areas; state-run Belarusian Radio operates 5 national networks and an external service; Russian and Polish radio broadcasts are available (2019)"
@ -1192,7 +1192,7 @@
},
"Refugees and internally displaced persons": {
"refugees (country of origin)": {
"text": "16,654 (border crossings from Ukraine as of 13 June 2022)"
"text": "16,655 (border crossings from Ukraine as of 15 June 2022)"
},
"stateless persons": {
"text": "6,104 (mid-year 2021)"

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europe/bu.json
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@ -1020,7 +1020,7 @@
},
"Telecommunication systems": {
"general assessment": {
"text": "<p>Bulgaria’s telecoms sector benefited from adaptation of EU regulatory measures and privatization; population is moving to fiber over DSL for broadband connection; investment towards rural areas; migration from fixed-line voice to mobile and VoIP; private networks pursuing upgrades and development of services based on 5G; broadband market in Bulgaria enjoys cross-platform competition; operators deploy NB-IoT platform in several cities and released smart platform for utilities; government launched e-learning platform to help students continue their studies during lockdown (2021)</p> (2020)"
"text": "<p>Bulgaria’s telecom market was for some years affected by the difficult macroeconomic climate, as well as by relatively high unemployment and a shrinking population; these factors continue to slow investments in the sector, though revenue growth has returned since 2019; there still remains pressure on revenue growth, with consumers migrating from fixed-line voice telephony to mobile and VoIP alternatives, while the volume of SMS and MMS traffic has been affected by the growing use of alternative OTT messaging services; the mature mobile market has effective competition between A1 Bulgaria, Yettel (branded as Telenor Bulgaria before March 2022, the Telenor Group’s local unit that had been sold to the PPF Group in August 2018), and the incumbent telco Vivacom; competition intensified following the implementation of a streamlined mobile number portability process; customer preference for bundled services has put pressure on pricing and encouraged operators to offer generous voice and data packages; Vivacom was sold to United Group in April 2020, following European Commission approval; the company is investing in network upgrades and its development of services based on 5G have stimulated other market players to invest in their own service provision; A1 Bulgaria and Vivacom both launched commercial 5G services in 2020, and by the end of 2022 about 70% of the population is expected to be covered by 5G; the broadband market in Bulgaria enjoys excellent cross-platform competition; the share of the market held by DSL has fallen steadily as a result of customers being migrated to fiber networks, particularly those operated by the incumbent telco Vivacom; by early 2021 about 65% of fixed-line broadband subscribers were on fiber infrastructure; Bulgaria joins the U.S. State Department’s Clean Network initiative in a bid to protect its 5G communications networks</p> (2022)"
},
"domestic": {
"text": "fixed-line over 12 per 100 persons, mobile-cellular teledensity, fostered by multiple service providers, is over 114 telephones per 100 persons (2020)"
@ -1197,7 +1197,7 @@
},
"Refugees and internally displaced persons": {
"refugees (country of origin)": {
"text": "19,014 (Syria) (mid-year 2021); 78,291 (Ukraine) (as of 7 June 2022)"
"text": "19,014 (Syria) (mid-year 2021); 79,196 (Ukraine) (as of 14 June 2022)"
},
"stateless persons": {
"text": "1,143 (mid-year 2021)"

6
europe/cy.json
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@ -1020,7 +1020,7 @@
},
"Telecommunication systems": {
"general assessment": {
"text": "despite the growth of Cyprus's telecom sector, the market is dominated by its state-owned operator; one of the highest broadband penetration rates in the region; DSL remains the dominant access platform as broadband is restricted to a few towns; fixed-line and mobile cable infrastructure available for more than half of premises; fiber infrastructure in development; improved regulations provide confidence for investment in network infrastructure and competing services; operator expanded FttP services and initiated cable connection to France and Egypt; operator signed vendor agreement with international investor, Huawei, to develop 5G; operators extended LTE services and upgraded transmission capacity on TE-North Cable System (2020)"
"text": "Cyprus has suffered from the effects of the pandemic, which essentially closed down the tourism sector during 2020 and into 2021; the incumbent telco Cyta reported strong revenue growth in 2020, largely due to greater use of broadband and mobile services, though investment fell as a result of pandemic-related delays in completing planned projects; the mobile market is served by four mobile network operators, including Cablenet which initially offered services as an MVNO before becoming an MNO in its own right; Cyta has offered mobile services under the Cytamobile-Vodafone brand since 2004 following a partner agreement with Vodafone Group, while Epic was acquired by Monaco Telecom in mid-2018; in mid-2021 Monaco agreed to sell its entire passive infrastructure in Cyprus; the number of mobile subscribers fell in 2020, largely the result of subscribers scaling back on multiple SIM cards as an economic measure; the broadband market continues to develop steadily, providing the country with one of the highest broadband subscription rates in the region; DSL remains the dominant access platform, accounting for about two-thirds of fixed broadband connections; Cablenet is engaged in investment projects which will see its network pass about 80% of premises, compared to 50% as of early 2021; fiber infrastructure in Cyprus is minimal, in common with other markets in the region there are efforts underway (supported by the government and regulator) to extend an FttP service to about 200,000 premises; the number of DSL subscribers is set to fall steadily in coming years as customers are migrated to the fiber platform; regulator concludes multi-spectrum auction for 5G, issues licenses; Epic signs vendor agreement with Huawei to develop 5G (2021)"
},
"domestic": {
"text": "fixed-line about 35 per 100 and about 139 per 100 for mobile-cellular teledensity; open-wire, fiber-optic cable, and microwave radio relay (2020)"
@ -1185,10 +1185,10 @@
},
"Refugees and internally displaced persons": {
"refugees (country of origin)": {
"text": "9,820 (Syria) (mid-year 2021); 12,500 (Ukraine) (as of 6 June 2022)"
"text": "9,820 (Syria) (mid-year 2021); 13,000 (Ukraine) (as of 14 June 2022)"
},
"IDPs": {
"text": "228,000 (both Turkish and Greek Cypriots; many displaced since 1974) (2020)"
"text": "242,000 (both Turkish and Greek Cypriots; many displaced since 1974) (2021)"
},
"stateless persons": {
"text": "66 (mid-year 2021)"

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europe/da.json
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@ -995,7 +995,7 @@
},
"Telecommunication systems": {
"general assessment": {
"text": "Denmark has one of the highest broadband penetration rates globally, with near universal availability of superfast connections; progressive regulator encouraged upgrades to cable and DSL infrastructure; fast growing fiber networks with aim for nation-wide build-out; comprehensive LTE with 90% coverage of 5G; operator expands NB-IoT across its LTE network; survey underway for cable connecting Denmark to Norway; upgrades to submarine cable connection to North America; importer of broadcasting equipment from EU neighbors (2020)"
"text": "Denmark has one of the highest broadband subscription rates globally, with a near universal availability of super fast connections; extensive cable and DSL infrastructure has been supported by a progressive regulatory regime which has encouraged operator access to both copper and fiber networks; fiber networks have a fast-growing footprint, while a number of community and metropolitan schemes have supplemented TDC&rsquo;s own commitments to build out fiber nationally; a number of wholesale fiber schemes have also added to the wider availability of fiber broadband; the reach of LTE infrastructure is comprehensive, while the MNOs by mid-2021 have also provided about 90% population coverage with 5G; services based on 5G were initially launched using trial 3.5GHz licenses; the multi-spectrum auction held in April 2021 has enabled them to improve the resilience and capacity of 5G; all MNOs are engaged in closing down their 3G networks and re purposing spectrum for LTE and 5G use (2021)"
},
"domestic": {
"text": "fixed-line roughly 16 per 100 and about 123 per 100 for mobile-cellular subscriptions (2020)"
@ -1180,7 +1180,7 @@
},
"Refugees and internally displaced persons": {
"refugees (country of origin)": {
"text": "19,833 (Syria), 5,634 (Eritrea) (mid-year 2021); 29,191 (Ukraine) (as of 22 May 2022)"
"text": "19,833 (Syria), 5,634 (Eritrea) (mid-year 2021); 30,286 (Ukraine) (as of 9 June 2022)"
},
"stateless persons": {
"text": "11,608 (mid-year 2021)"

2
europe/ee.json
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@ -395,7 +395,7 @@
},
"Diplomatic representation from the US": {
"chief of mission": {
"text": "Ambassador (Vacant); Charge D' Affaires Kelly Adams-Smith (since 1 July 2021)"
"text": "Ambassador&nbsp; Mark GITENSTEIN (since 24 January 2022)"
},
"embassy": {
"text": "Zinnerstraat - 13 - Rue Zinner, B-1000 Brussels"

6
europe/ei.json
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@ -983,7 +983,7 @@
},
"Telecommunication systems": {
"general assessment": {
"text": "infrastructure projects are underway, including the national plan to deliver fiber-based service of at least 150Mb/s nationally by the end of 2022; operators invested in fiber-based networks to deliver a 1Gb/s service to most premises, and on 5G to cover more than half of population; operator test of satellite broadband; Dublin is a smart city (2020)"
"text": "Ireland&rsquo;s telecom market has rebounded from a long period in which fiscal constraints inhibited investment in the sector; significant infrastructure projects are underway, including the NBN which aims to deliver a fiber-based service of at least 150Mb/s nationally by the end of 2022; the renewed optimism has been seen in company investment in extending fiber-based networks providing 1Gb/s services; the incumbent telco eir is investing &euro;1 billion in infrastructure, part of which is earmarked for its Ireland&rsquo;s Fiber Network which will deliver a 1Gb/s service to 85% of premises; the mobile market is dominated by Vodafone Ireland and 3 Ireland, followed by eir; there is room for a small number of MVNOs, the largest of which is Tesco Mobile, though stiff competition and the deployment of low-cost sub-brands by the MNOs has made the MVNO model a difficult proposition and a few players have been forced to exit the market; the mobile sector is preparing for a multi-frequency availibility later in 2021 which will greatly increase the amount of frequencies available, and provide a boost for 5G services; the MNOs are rapidly expanding the reach of 5G, with eir alone covering about 57% of the population by March 2021; Vodafone launches a commercial NB-IoT service, extend 5G services to more cities (2021)"
},
"domestic": {
"text": "increasing levels of broadband access particularly in urban areas; fixed-line 34 per 100 and mobile-cellular 106 per 100 subscriptions; digital system using cable and microwave radio relay (2020)"
@ -1167,11 +1167,11 @@
},
"Transnational Issues": {
"Disputes - international": {
"text": "<p>Ireland, Iceland, and the UK dispute Denmark's claim that the Faroe Islands' continental shelf extends beyond 200 nm</p>"
"text": "<p><em>Ireland-Denmark</em>: Ireland, Iceland, and the UK dispute Denmark's claim that the Faroe Islands' continental shelf extends beyond 200 nm; Iceland, Norway, and the Faroe Islands signed an agreement in 2019 extending the Faroe Islands’ northern continental shelf area</p>"
},
"Refugees and internally displaced persons": {
"refugees (country of origin)": {
"text": "34,842 (Ukraine) (as of 2 June 2022)"
"text": "35,675 (Ukraine) (as of 13 June 2022)"
},
"stateless persons": {
"text": "107 (mid-year 2021)"

4
europe/en.json
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@ -1016,7 +1016,7 @@
},
"Telecommunication systems": {
"general assessment": {
"text": "greatly improved telecom service through a range of regulatory measures, competition, and foreign investment, leading to high-quality voice, data, and Internet services; one of the most advanced mobile markets and highest broadband penetration rates in Europe; government commits 20 million euro to rural broadband program; operators supporting LTE infrastructure and launch of smart services; 5G services in major cities; government provides Internet to schools and libraries (2020)"
"text": "the competitive telecom market continues to progress with a range of regulatory measures which have enabled alternative operators to chip away at the fixed-line market share of the incumbent telco Telia Estonia; fixed-line infrastructure upgrades have been focused on fiber, and the legacy DSL network has gradually been replaced; the MNOs Telia, Elisa and Tele2 have comprehensive LTE infrastructure in place; limited commercial 5G deployments have been made though an expansion of service availability awaits the delayed auction of spectrum in the 3.5GHz band, which is expected to be held later in 2021.&nbsp; (2021)"
},
"domestic": {
"text": "just under 23 per 100 for fixed-line subscribership and approximately 145 per 100 for mobile-cellular; substantial fiber-optic cable systems carry telephone, TV, and radio traffic in the digital mode; Internet services are widely available; schools and libraries are connected to the Internet, a large percentage of the population files income tax returns online, and online voting - in local and parliamentary elections - has climbed steadily since first being introduced in 2005; a large percent of Estonian households have broadband access (2020)"
@ -1184,7 +1184,7 @@
},
"Refugees and internally displaced persons": {
"refugees (country of origin)": {
"text": "39,802 (Ukraine) (as of 25 May 2022)"
"text": "42,257 (Ukraine) (as of 14 June 2022)"
},
"stateless persons": {
"text": "71,873 (mid-year 2021); note - following independence in 1991, automatic citizenship was restricted to those who were Estonian citizens prior to the 1940 Soviet occupation and their descendants; thousands of ethnic Russians remained stateless when forced to choose between passing Estonian language and citizenship tests or applying for Russian citizenship; one reason for demurring on Estonian citizenship was to retain the right of visa-free travel to Russia; stateless residents can vote in local elections but not general elections; stateless parents who have been lawful residents of Estonia for at least five years can apply for citizenship for their children before they turn 15 years old"

4
europe/ez.json
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@ -1008,7 +1008,7 @@
},
"Telecommunication systems": {
"general assessment": {
"text": "Czechia has a sophisticated telecom market with a developed telephone and Internet service attracting European investment; mobile sector showing steady growth through regulatory support for competition; licensees expanding reach of 5G and LTE networks; mobile penetration among the highest in the EU; operators extended fiber to an additional 143 rural zones in 2020 and commit to extending fiber to one million premises by 2027; its top import is broadcasting equipment from China (2020)"
"text": "the telecom market has attracted investment from among the key regional telcos, including Deutsche Telekom, Telef&oacute;nica, and Vodafone, as also investors such as PPF Group; O2 Czech Republic remains the dominant telco in all segments, though there is effective competition, particularly in the mobile sector; telcos in the Czech Republic have become multi-service providers, offering a full range of fixed and mobile services; O2 CR has struggled to improve revenue growth in recent years, and in response it has transitioned itself to face market challenges; among the changes was its reorganization into separate business divisions and the spinning off of CETIN as a separate unit to manage the fixed and mobile networks while also operating as a national wholesale network provider; CETIN&rsquo;s owner, PPF Group, in early 2021 considered an IPO for CETIN; the mobile sector is concentrated among the three MNOs, despite the regulator having made efforts to facilitate the entry of a new market player by providing spectrum at the multi-band auction held in November 2020; the auction has enabled the licensees to expand the reach of their 5G networks; this process has also been assisted by them closing down 3G networks and refarming spectrum for 5G and LTE use.&nbsp; (2021)"
},
"domestic": {
"text": "roughly 12 fixed-telephone subscriptions per 100 inhabitants and mobile telephone usage of about 121 per 100 inhabitants (2020)"
@ -1178,7 +1178,7 @@
},
"Refugees and internally displaced persons": {
"refugees (country of origin)": {
"text": "366,632 (Ukraine) (as of 7 June 2022)"
"text": "373,965 (Ukraine) (as of 14 June 2022)"
},
"stateless persons": {
"text": "1,498 (mid-year 2021)"

6
europe/fi.json
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@ -613,7 +613,7 @@
},
"Diplomatic representation from the US": {
"chief of mission": {
"text": "Ambassador (vacant); Charge d'Affaires Ian CAMPBELL (since 14 January 2021)"
"text": "Ambassador Douglas HICKEY (since 11 May 2022)"
},
"embassy": {
"text": "Itainen Puistotie 14 B, 00140 Helsinki"
@ -1009,7 +1009,7 @@
},
"Telecommunication systems": {
"general assessment": {
"text": "Finland&rsquo;s telecom market is among most progressive in Europe through favorable regulatory action and competitive technological innovation; orientation towards high technology, research, and development with high investment in information and communication sectors; large proportion of population on 5G and most on LTE; high broadband and mobile penetration; fixed-voice density falling; government provided universal 5Mb/s broadband (2020)"
"text": "Finland&rsquo;s telecom market is among the more progressive in Europe, with operators having been at the forefront in deploying technologies and with the regulator being among the first to auction spectrum for 5G use; these efforts have been supported by the government which is working towards its target of providing a broadband service of at least 100Mb/s by 2025; 5G services were available to more than 40% of the population by early 2021, and take-up among subscribers has been strong although most will remain with LTE in the short term; the country enjoys one of the highest broadband and mobile subscription rates in the region, with customers able to make use of the latest iterations of technologies including DOCSIS3.1, LTE-A, 5G, and GPON fiber infrastructure; Finland has emerged as one of the pioneers in 5G; the auction of spectrum in the 700MHz and 3.5GHh bands has enabled network operators to extend the availability of LTE services nationally and to prepare for 5G services; Spectrum in the 2.5GHz band was auctioned in mid-2020 and has since enabled the MNOs to widen their 5G footprint considerably; the incumbent telco Telia remains the dominant player in the DSL sector, but there is an ongoing shift away from DSL to fiber and mobile networks. (2021)"
},
"domestic": {
"text": "fixed-line 4 per 100 subscriptions and nearly 129 per 100 mobile-cellular (2020)"
@ -1184,7 +1184,7 @@
},
"Refugees and internally displaced persons": {
"refugees (country of origin)": {
"text": "9,053 (Iraq) (mid-year 2021); 26,196 (Ukraine) (as of 25 May 2022)"
"text": "9,053 (Iraq) (mid-year 2021); 26,629 (Ukraine) (as of 9 June 2022)"
},
"stateless persons": {
"text": "3,416 (mid-year 2021)"

10
europe/fr.json
View file

@ -603,10 +603,10 @@
"text": "bicameral Parliament or Parlement consists of:<br>Senate or Senat (348 seats - 328 for metropolitan France and overseas departments and regions of Guadeloupe, Martinique, French Guiana, Reunion, and Mayotte, 2 for New Caledonia, 2 for French Polynesia, 1 for Saint-Pierre and Miquelon, 1 for Saint-Barthelemy, 1 for Saint-Martin, 1 for Wallis and Futuna, and 12 for French nationals abroad; members indirectly elected by departmental electoral colleges using absolute majority vote in 2 rounds if needed for departments with 1-3 members, and proportional representation vote in departments with 4 or more members; members serve 6-year terms with one-half of the membership renewed every 3 years)<br>National Assembly or Assemblee Nationale (577 seats - 556 for metropolitan France, 10 for overseas departments, and 11 for citizens abroad; members directly elected by absolute majority vote in 2 rounds if needed to serve 5-year terms)"
},
"elections": {
"text": "<br>Senate - last held on 24 and 27 September 2020 (next to be held in September 2023)<br>National Assembly - last held on 11 and 18 June 2017 (next to be held in June 2022)"
"text": "<br>Senate - last held on 24 and 27 September 2020 (next to be held in September 2023)<br>National Assembly - last held on 12 and 19 June 2022 (next to be held in June 2027)"
},
"election results": {
"text": "<br>Senate - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by political caucus (party or group of parties)  - NA; composition - men 226, women 122, percent of women 35.1%<br>National Assembly - percent of vote by party first round - LREM 28.2%, LR 15.8%. FN 13.2%, FI 11%, PS 7.4%, other 24.4%; percent of vote by party second round - LREM 43.1%, LR 22.2%, FN 8.8%, MoDEM 6.1%, PS 5.7%. FI 4.9%, other 9.2%; seats by political caucus (party or group of parties) - LREM 306, LR 104, MoDEM 46, UDI/Agir 29, PS 29, UDI 18, FI 17, Liberties and Territories 16, PCF 16, other 14; composition - men 349, women 228, percent of women 39.5%; note - total Parliament percent of women 37.8%"
"text": "<br>Senate - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by political caucus (party or group of parties)  - NA; composition - men 226, women 122, percent of women 35.1%<br>National Assembly - percent of vote by party/coalition in the first round - ENS 25.8%, NUPES 25.7%, RN 18.7%, UDC 11.3%, other 18.5%; seats by party/coalition in the first round - NUPES 4, ENS 1; percent of vote in the second round - ENS 38.6%, NUPES 31.6%, RN 17.3%, UDC 7.3%, other 5.2%, seats by party/coalition in the second round - ENS 244, NUPES 127, RN 89, UDC 64, other 48"
}
},
"Judicial branch": {
@ -622,7 +622,7 @@
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> in April 2021, the French Government submitted a bill on judicial reform to Parliament"
},
"Political parties and leaders": {
"text": "Citizen and Republican Movement or MRC [Jean-Luc LAURENT]<br>Debout la France or DLF [Nicolas DUPONT-AIGNAN]<br>Democratic Movement or MoDem [Francois BAYROU]<br>Europe Ecology - the Greens or EELV [Julien BAYOU]<br>French Communist Party or PCF [Fabien ROUSSEL]<br>Horizons [Edouard PHILIPPE]<br>La France Insoumise or FI [Jean-Luc MELENCHON]<br>La Republique en Marche! or LREM [Stanislas GUERINI]<br>Movement of Progressives or MDP  Robert HUE]<br>National Rally or RN [Marine LE PEN] (formerly National Front or FN)<br>New Democrats [Aurelien TACHE, Emilie CARIOU] (formerly Ecology Democracy Solidarity or EDS)<br>Radical Party of the Left or PRG [Guillaume LACROIX]<br>Reconquete [Eric ZEMMOUR]<br>Resistons! [Jean LASSALLE]<br>Socialist Party or PS [Olivier FAURE]<br>The Patriots or LP [Florian PHILIPPOT]<br>The Republicans or LR [Christian JACOB]<br>Union of Democrats and Independents or UDI [Jean-Christophe LAGARDE]"
"text": "Citizen and Republican Movement or MRC [Jean-Luc LAURENT]<br>Debout la France or DLF [Nicolas DUPONT-AIGNAN]<br>Democratic Movement or MoDem [Francois BAYROU]<br>Ecologist Pole or PE<br>Europe Ecology - the Greens or EELV [Julien BAYOU]<br>French Communist Party or PCF [Fabien ROUSSEL]<br>Horizons [Edouard PHILIPPE]<br>La France Insoumise or FI [Jean-Luc MELENCHON]<br>La Republique en Marche! or LREM [Stanislas GUERINI]<br>Movement of Progressives or MDP  [Robert HUE]<br>National Rally or RN [Marine LE PEN] (formerly National Front or FN)<br>New Democrats [Aurelien TACHE, Emilie CARIOU] (formerly Ecology Democracy Solidarity or EDS)<br>New Ecologic and Social People's Union or NUPES [collective leadership] (electoral coalition including FI, PE, PS, PCF)<br>Radical Party of the Left or PRV [Guillaume LACROIX]<br>Reconquete [Eric ZEMMOUR]<br>Resistons! [Jean LASSALLE]<br>Socialist Party or PS [Olivier FAURE]<br>The Patriots or LP [Florian PHILIPPOT]<br>The Republicans or LR [Christian JACOB]<br>Together or ENS [Richard Ferrand] (electoral coalition including LREM, MoDem, Horizons, PRV)<br>Union of Democrats and Independents or UDI [Jean-Christophe LAGARDE]<br>Union of Right and Center or UDC [Christian JACOB] (electoral coalition including LR, UDI)"
},
"International organization participation": {
"text": "ADB (nonregional member), AfDB (nonregional member), Arctic Council (observer), Australia Group, BDEAC, BIS, BSEC (observer), CBSS (observer), CE, CERN, EAPC, EBRD, ECB, EIB, EITI (implementing country), EMU, ESA, EU, FAO, FATF, FZ, G-5, G-7, G-8, G-10, G-20, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IGAD (partners), IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, InOC, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, MINURSO, MINUSMA, MINUSTAH, MONUSCO, NATO, NEA, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, OIF, OPCW, OSCE, Pacific Alliance (observer), Paris Club, PCA, PIF (partner), Schengen Convention, SELEC (observer), SPC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIFIL, Union Latina, UNMIL, UNOCI, UNRWA, UN Security Council (permanent), UNTSO, UNWTO, UPU, Wassenaar Arrangement, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC"
@ -1052,7 +1052,7 @@
},
"Telecommunication systems": {
"general assessment": {
"text": "one of the largest mobile phone markets in Europe; LTE has universal coverage with extensive 5G; one of the largest broadband subscriber bases in Europe; regional government and telecom companies have invested in higher bandwidth with fiber infrastructure improvements, an investment of more than 20 billion euros; operator investment in developing markets, and on the greater use of artificial intelligence and data; satellite broadband connectivity across France; Paris adopted smart city technology; importer of broadcast equipment from China (2020)"
"text": "France's telecom market is one of the largest in Europe; telecom revenue, at about &euro;30 billion annually, has declined in recent years and came under particular pressure during 2020 when a sequence of local and national lock downs, as well as restrictions on international travel, resulted in a sharp drop in revenue from roaming and device sales; this was partly offset by growth in data traffic and the migration of subscribers to faster fixed-line broadband packages, mostly based on fiber; the incumbent telco Orange Group is one of the world&rsquo;s major players, with interests in markets across Europe, the Middle East and Africa; the company has embarked on a new multi-year Engage 2025 plan which is focused on growth in the developing markets, and on the greater use of artificial intelligence and data; the mobile phone market, worth about &euro;13 billion annually, is dominated by Orange, SFR Group (owned by Altice Group), Bouygues Telecom, and Free Mobile (Iliad); there are many MVNOs in the market, though their share of subscribers fell at the end of 2020 when one of the largest of them was acquired by its host network operator; LTE networks provide near universal coverage, and carry about 95% of mobile data traffic; operators have launched 5G services, and these have been supported by the late-2020 auction of spectrum in the 3.5GHz range; France&rsquo;s fixed broadband market is increasingly focused on fiber, which accounted for 71% of all fixed lines at the beginning of 2021; growth in the fiber sector has been stimulated by households securing faster data packages during the pandemic; the number of DSL lines has fallen sharply as customers migrate to fiber infrastructure.&nbsp; (2021)"
},
"domestic": {
"text": "nearly 58 per 100 persons for fixed-line and over 111 per 100 for mobile-cellular subscriptions (2020)"
@ -1257,7 +1257,7 @@
},
"Refugees and internally displaced persons": {
"refugees (country of origin)": {
"text": "37,744 (Afghanistan), 23,980 (Sri Lanka), 23,510 (Syria), 21,070 (Sudan), 19,007 (Democratic Republic of the Congo), 16,995 (Russia), 15,090 (Guinea), 14,296 (Serbia and Kosovo), 13,180 (Turkey), 10,849 (Cambodia), 9,328 (Iraq) 8,519 (China), 8,338 (Cote d'Ivoire), 8,218 (Eritrea), 7,628 (Vietnam), 6,947 (Bangladesh), 6,649 (Somalia), 6,642 (Albania), 6,371 (Laos), 6,074 (Mauritania), 5,908 (Mali) (mid-year 2021); 43,300 (Ukraine) (as of 27 April 2022)"
"text": "37,744 (Afghanistan), 23,980 (Sri Lanka), 23,510 (Syria), 21,070 (Sudan), 19,007 (Democratic Republic of the Congo), 16,995 (Russia), 15,090 (Guinea), 14,296 (Serbia and Kosovo), 13,180 (Turkey), 10,849 (Cambodia), 9,328 (Iraq) 8,519 (China), 8,338 (Cote d'Ivoire), 8,218 (Eritrea), 7,628 (Vietnam), 6,947 (Bangladesh), 6,649 (Somalia), 6,642 (Albania), 6,371 (Laos), 6,074 (Mauritania), 5,908 (Mali) (mid-year 2021); 87,972 (Ukraine) (as of 13 June 2022)"
},
"stateless persons": {
"text": "2,094 (mid-year 2021)"

4
europe/gm.json
View file

@ -1028,7 +1028,7 @@
},
"Telecommunication systems": {
"general assessment": {
"text": "one of the world's most technologically advanced telecom systems with additional security measures; LTE universally available and 5G service to over 80% of population; mobile market is driven by data, with increased broadband subscribership; regulatory measures aimed at facilitating wholesale network access to provide fiber-based broadband services; government aims to provide smart technology solutions; over 60 cities use smart technology in urban development, many through joint initiative with private sector, utility companies, and universities; importer of broadcast equipment and computers from China (2020)"
"text": "with one of Europe&rsquo;s largest telecom markets, Germany hosts a number of significant networks which offer effective competition in the mobile and broadband sectors; Telekom Deutschland remains the dominant provider in the fixed-line segment, though there is increasing competition from networks including freenet, Vodafone Germany, and Telef&oacute;nica Germany, each of which is making use of regulatory measures aimed at facilitating wholesale network access to provide fiber-based broadband services; the German mobile market is driven by mobile data, with the number of mobile broadband subscribers having increased rapidly in recent years; with LTE now universally available, progress has recently been made in building out 5G networks; Telekom&rsquo;s 5G service provided about 80% population coverage by March 2021; this was expected to be increased to 90% coverage by the end of the year (2021)"
},
"domestic": {
"text": "extensive system of automatic telephone exchanges connected by modern networks of fiber-optic cable, coaxial cable, microwave radio relay, and a domestic satellite system; cellular telephone service is widely available, expanding rapidly, and includes roaming service to many foreign countries; approximately 46 per 100 for fixed-line and 128 per 100 for mobile-cellular (2020)"
@ -1226,7 +1226,7 @@
},
"Refugees and internally displaced persons": {
"refugees (country of origin)": {
"text": "616,325 (Syria), 152,677 (Afghanistan), 147,400 (Iraq), 62,152 (Eritrea), 45,704 (Iran), 34,465 (Turkey), 29,137 (Somalia), 9,329 (Russia), 9,323 (Nigeria), 8,600 (Pakistan), 7,503 (Serbia and Kosovo), 6,057 (Ethiopia) (mid-year 2021); 780,000 (Ukraine) (as of 2 June 2022)"
"text": "616,325 (Syria), 152,677 (Afghanistan), 147,400 (Iraq), 62,152 (Eritrea), 45,704 (Iran), 34,465 (Turkey), 29,137 (Somalia), 9,329 (Russia), 9,323 (Nigeria), 8,600 (Pakistan), 7,503 (Serbia and Kosovo), 6,057 (Ethiopia) (mid-year 2021); 780,000 (Ukraine) (as of 13 June 2022)"
},
"stateless persons": {
"text": "26,980 (mid-year 2021)"

4
europe/gr.json
View file

@ -1012,7 +1012,7 @@
},
"Telecommunication systems": {
"general assessment": {
"text": "telecom market is susceptible to country&rsquo;s volatile economy, but renewed confidence has been renewed through foreign and European Commission investment; increasing urban population with well-developed mobile market; growing adoption of IoT technology; steady development of broadband; investment in LTE and launch of 5G; government project for ultra-fast broadband, largely funded by European Commission with focus on underserved areas (2020)"
"text": "Greece&rsquo;s telecom market is susceptible to the country&rsquo;s volatile economy, and as a result revenue among the key networks has been variable; the incumbent telco OTE, supported by the organizational and financial clout of its parent Deutsche Telekom, reported a 16.6% fall in revenue for 2020, and the economic fallout of the pandemic continued to reduce revenue into 2021; broadband subscriptions in Greece are developing steadily despite the difficult economic conditions; the main networks are concentrating investment on fiber-based next generation networks, enabling them to reach the European broadband targets for 2025; their work is also supported by government ultra-fast broadband projects, largely funded by the EC and aimed at delivering a service of at least 100Mb/s to under served areas; Greece&rsquo;s well-developed mobile market is dominated by the three MNOs Wind Hellas, Vodafone Greece, and Cosmote; Networks continue to invest in LTE infrastructure and technologies to provide networks capable of meeting customer demand for data services; after extensive trials of 5G, the MNOs were able to launch commercial services in early 2021 following the December 2020 allocation of frequencies in a range of bands; the rapid rollout of 5G encouraged Cosmote to close down its 3G network (a process expected to be completed by the end of 2021) and reallocate for LTE and 5G. (2022)"
},
"domestic": {
"text": "microwave radio relay trunk system; extensive open-wire connections; submarine cable to offshore islands; nearly 46 per 100 subscribers for fixed-line and 110 per 100 for mobile-cellular (2020)"
@ -1205,7 +1205,7 @@
"stateless persons": {
"text": "5,552 (mid-year 2021)"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> 1,216,968 estimated refugee and migrant arrivals (January 2015-June 2022); as of the end of February 2022, Greece hosted an estimated 161,419 refugees and asylum seekers"
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> 1,217,600 estimated refugee and migrant arrivals (January 2015-June 2022); as of the end of February 2022, Greece hosted an estimated 161,419 refugees and asylum seekers"
},
"Illicit drugs": {
"text": "a gateway to Europe for traffickers smuggling cannabis products and heroin from the Middle East and Southwest Asia to the West and precursor chemicals to the East; some South American cocaine transits or is consumed in Greece; money laundering related to drug trafficking and organized crime"

6
europe/hr.json
View file

@ -1037,7 +1037,7 @@
},
"Telecommunication systems": {
"general assessment": {
"text": "Croatia&rsquo;s telecom market improved through partnership with the EU in 2013, opening a competitive market in mobile and broadband and conducive regulatory environment; one of the highest mobile penetration rates in the Balkans, covering most remote areas; local lines are digital; international operator investment provides relatively high broadband penetration; tests for 5G technologies in 2020 (2020)"
"text": "Croatia&rsquo;s telecom market is dominated by the incumbent telco Hrvatski Telekom and the local units of United Group and Telekom Austria, there is effective competition from a number of smaller operators; the regulator has helped promote competition via measures encouraging network access, as well as regional licensing; this has been seen most recently with two 5G licenses having been reserved for regional rather than national operations; the mobile market is served by three MNOs, supplemented by a number of MVNOs; the network operators have focused on improving ARPU by encouraging prepaid subscribers to migrate to postpaid plans, and on developing revenue from mobile data services; 5G services are widely available, though the sector will only show its full potential later in 2021 following the award of licenses in several bands; this will contribute towards the government&rsquo;s national broadband plan to 2027, which is tied to the EC&rsquo;s two allied projects aimed at providing gigabit connectivity by the end of 2025; the broadband sector benefits from effective competition between the DSL and cable platforms, while there are also numerous fiber deployments in urban areas; the number of FttP subscribers broached 134,000 in March 2021.&nbsp; (2021)"
},
"domestic": {
"text": "fixed-line teledensity has dropped somewhat to about 32 per 100 persons; mobile-cellular telephone subscriptions are about 107 per 100 (2020)"
@ -1213,12 +1213,12 @@
},
"Refugees and internally displaced persons": {
"refugees (country of origin)": {
"text": "13,759 (Ukraine) (as of 7 June 2022)"
"text": "14,259 (Ukraine) (as of 14 June 2022)"
},
"stateless persons": {
"text": "2,910 (mid-year 2021)"
},
"note": "<strong>note: </strong>741,049 estimated refugee and migrant arrivals (January 2015-April 2022)"
"note": "<strong>note: </strong>743,021 estimated refugee and migrant arrivals (January 2015-May 2022)"
},
"Illicit drugs": {
"text": "<p>drug trafficking groups are major players in the procurement and transportation of of large quantities of cocaine  destined for  European markets</p> <p> </p>"

6
europe/hu.json
View file

@ -1034,7 +1034,7 @@
},
"Telecommunication systems": {
"general assessment": {
"text": "Hungary benefits from a well-developed telecom infrastructure, with adoption of 5G and upgrade of fixed networks to 1Gb/s service; fixed-line subscribership fell as subscribers migrated to mobile for voice and data; effective infrastructure-based competition, with an extensive cable network competing against DSL and expanding fiber sector; high mobile penetration and highest fixed broadband penetration rate in Eastern Europe; government supports private partnership in smart agriculture applications; as part of EU, fully liberalized and open to investment; broadcasting equipment is one of the country&rsquo;s top five imports, plus mobile phones, from China (2020)"
"text": "Hungary benefits from having a developed telecom infrastructure, with a focus among operators to develop the 5G sector and upgrade fixed networks to provide a 1Gb/s service; services based on 5G have been supported by the January 2021 multi-spectrum auction for spectrum in the 900MHz and 1800MHz bands; Digi Mobile failed to secure spectrum, which prompted the operator&rsquo;s parent company to sell the unit to 4iG; the number of fixed-lines continues to fall as subscribers migrate to the mobile platform for voice and data services; operators have bundled packages to boost revenue and retain subscribers; this strategy encouraged Vodafone Group to acquire UPC Hungary in mid-2019; the broadband market has effective infrastructure-based competition, with an extensive cable network competing against DSL services and a vibrant and rapidly expanding fiber sector.; the regulator has also introduced a number of measures aimed at promoting market competition, which is pushing the drive for higher speed platforms and encouraging operators to invest in technology upgrades; Hungary now has the highest fixed broadband penetration rate in Eastern Europe; by the beginning of 2021, the incumbent telco Maygar Telekom provided a 1Gb/s service to about 2.5 million premises across the country; the number of superfast broadband connections (above 30Mb/s) accounted for 78% of all fixed broadband connections; Maygar Telekom is at the forefront of 5G developments, supported by the government, universities, other telcos and vendors forming the Hungarian 5G Coalition; by March 2021, Vodafone Hungary managed about 300 5G base stations in Budapest and its surrounds, as well as in a number of other cities. (2021)"
},
"domestic": {
"text": "competition among mobile-cellular service providers has led to a sharp increase in the use of mobile-cellular phones, and a decrease in the number of fixed-line connections, with just under 31 fixed per 100 persons and 107 mobile-cellular subscriptions per 100 (2020)"
@ -1042,7 +1042,7 @@
"international": {
"text": "country code - 36; Hungary has fiber-optic cable connections with all neighboring countries; the international switch is in Budapest; satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean and Indian Ocean regions), 1 Inmarsat, 1 (very small aperture terminal) VSAT system of ground terminals"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> the COVID-19 pandemic continues to have a significant impact on production and supply chains globally; since 2020, some aspects of the telecom sector have experienced downturn, particularly in mobile device production; many network operators delayed upgrades to infrastructure; progress towards 5G implementation was postponed or slowed in some countries; consumer spending on telecom services and devices was affected by large-scale job losses and the consequent restriction on disposable incomes; the crucial nature of telecom services as a tool for work and school from home became evident, and received some support from governments"
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> the Covid-19 pandemic continues to have a significant impact on the telecoms market. On the consumer side, spending on telecoms services and devices is under pressure from the financial effect of large-scale job losses and the consequent restriction on disposable incomes. However, the crucial nature of telecom services, both for general communication as well as a tool for home-working, has offset such pressures. In many markets the net effect has been a reduced (and sometimes negative) subscriber growth, which will continue into 2021. "
},
"Broadcast media": {
"text": "mixed system of state-supported public service broadcast media and private broadcasters; the 5 publicly owned TV channels and the 2 main privately owned TV stations are the major national broadcasters; a large number of special interest channels; highly developed market for satellite and cable TV services with about two-thirds of viewers utilizing their services; 4 state-supported public-service radio networks; a large number of local stations including commercial, public service, nonprofit, and community radio stations; digital transition completed at the end of 2013; government-linked businesses have greatly consolidated ownership in broadcast and print media (2019)"
@ -1214,7 +1214,7 @@
},
"Refugees and internally displaced persons": {
"refugees (country of origin)": {
"text": "764,216 (border crossings from Ukraine as of 13 June 2022)"
"text": "782,742 (border crossings from Ukraine as of 16 June 2022)"
},
"stateless persons": {
"text": "130 (mid-year 2021)"

2
europe/ic.json
View file

@ -979,7 +979,7 @@
},
"Telecommunication systems": {
"general assessment": {
"text": "small but most progressive telecom market in Europe; telecom infrastructure is modern and fully digitized, with satellite-earth stations, fiber-optic cables, and an extensive broadband network; near universal fixed broadband service of at least 100Mb/s by the end of 2021; operator aims for national 5G coverage by end of 2022; good competition among mobile and broadband markets; investment by operators and government in support of NGN, particularly in rural areas; submarine cable to Ireland; importer of broadcasting equipment from Vietnam and China (2020)"
"text": "Iceland has one of the smallest yet most progressive telecom markets in Europe; the country in 2020 became the top in Europe for fiber subscriptions; it aims to provide a fixed broadband service of at least 100Mb/s to 99.9% of the population by the end of 2021, an ambitious target by international standards and one which it is likely to achieve given the progress which operators have made in extending the reach of fiber networks; there is effective competition in the mobile and broadband markets, with a number of players having emerged to challenge the dominance of the two leading operators S&iacute;minn and S&yacute;n, which have interests across the telecom sectors; S&yacute;n was formerly Vodafone Iceland before being rebranded to reflect the company&rsquo;s move into broadband and broadcasting following its December 2017 acquisition of most of the telecoms and media interests of 365 Media; Nova has become the leading player in the mobile market and has quickly expanded its presence in the fixed-line segment, particularly in fiber; the telecom market has shown some resilience in recent years following the significant economic downturn a decade ago, supported by continuing investment in mobile and fixed-line broadband infrastructure by operators and well as by the government&rsquo;s Telecommunications Fund which is supporting Next Generation Access networks, particularly in rural areas; S&iacute;minn contracts Ericsson to build its 5G RAN, aiming for national 5G coverage by end-2022 (2021)"
},
"domestic": {
"text": "liberalization of the telecommunications sector beginning in the late 1990s has led to increased competition especially in the mobile services segment of the market; roughly 31 per 100 for fixed line and nearing 124 per 100 for mobile-cellular subscriptions (2020)"

2
europe/im.json
View file

@ -760,7 +760,7 @@
},
"Transnational Issues": {
"Disputes - international": {
"text": "<p>none</p>"
"text": "<p>none identified</p>"
}
}
}

8
europe/it.json
View file

@ -1028,7 +1028,7 @@
},
"Telecommunication systems": {
"general assessment": {
"text": "well-developed, fully automated telephone, and data services; among highest mobile penetration rates in Europe; benefitted from progressive government programs aimed at developing fiber in broadband sector; leading edge of development with 5G in six cities; fiber network reaches more than half of population; Milan developing smart city technology; importer of broadcasting equipment and computers from China (2020)"
"text": "Italy&rsquo;s large telecom market has one of the most progressive fiber sectors in Europe, with regulatory measures encouraging network sharing; the incumbent telco continues to invest in fiber, despite its recent financial difficulties, while the Open Fiber wholesale provider now has a number of retail contracts which have greatly broadened competition in the sector; plans to merge Open Fiber with TIM&rsquo;s fixed infrastructure are ongoing; regulatory measures have also been introduced to facilitate access to NGNs, and a number of deals have been brokered which enable the main telcos to provide bundled services to large numbers of the population; Italy&rsquo;s vibrant mobile market has one of the highest subscription rates in Europe, though the number of subscribers has fallen in recent years as customers respond to attractive off-net pricing which has reduced the financial benefit of having SIM cards from different providers; the market underwent considerable changes following the merger of Wind and 3 Italia (becoming Wind Tre), which resulted in a new entrant in the form of Iliad; in mid-2019 Fastweb was recognized as an MNO in its own right, having been an MVNO for some 11 years; the company has secured frequencies in the 3.5GHz and 26GHz bands and has a ten-year deal with Wind Tre providing it with national roaming as well as a partner with which to develop a 5G network; network companies were among the first in Europe to trial services based on 5G; the high cost also encouraged the regulator in early 2021 to consider extending the licenses by an additional six years.&nbsp; (2021)"
},
"domestic": {
"text": "high-capacity cable and microwave radio relay trunks; 32 per 100 for fixed-line and nearly 128 per 100 for mobile-cellular subscriptions (2020)"
@ -1217,16 +1217,16 @@
},
"Transnational Issues": {
"Disputes - international": {
"text": "<p>Italy's long coastline and developed economy entices tens of thousands of illegal immigrants from southeastern Europe and northern Africa</p>"
"text": "<p>Italy's long coastline and developed economy entices tens of thousands of illegal immigrants from southeastern Europe and northern Africa</p> <p><em>Italy-Austria-Switzerland</em>: borders are shifting because glacier peaks that had served as a natural boundary are melting</p>"
},
"Refugees and internally displaced persons": {
"refugees (country of origin)": {
"text": "19,441 (Nigeria), 15,337 (Pakistan), 12,962 (Afghanistan), 10,609 (Mali), 7,901 (Somalia), 5,845 (Gambia), 5,079 (Iraq) (mid-year 2021); 125,907 (Ukraine) (as of 31 May 2022)"
"text": "19,441 (Nigeria), 15,337 (Pakistan), 12,962 (Afghanistan), 10,609 (Mali), 7,901 (Somalia), 5,845 (Gambia), 5,079 (Iraq) (mid-year 2021); 129,623 (Ukraine) (as of 7 June 2022)"
},
"stateless persons": {
"text": "3,000 (mid-year 2021)"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> 610,671 estimated refugee and migrant arrivals (January 2015-June 2022)"
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> 615,626 estimated refugee and migrant arrivals (January 2015-June 2022)"
},
"Illicit drugs": {
"text": "important gateway for drug trafficking; organized crime groups allied with Colombian and Spanish groups trafficking cocaine to Europe"

2
europe/je.json
View file

@ -730,7 +730,7 @@
},
"Transnational Issues": {
"Disputes - international": {
"text": "<p>none</p>"
"text": "<p>none identified</p>"
}
}
}

2
europe/jn.json
View file

@ -246,7 +246,7 @@
},
"Transnational Issues": {
"Disputes - international": {
"text": "<p>none</p>"
"text": "<p>none identified</p>"
}
}
}

8
europe/kv.json
View file

@ -510,7 +510,7 @@
},
"Diplomatic representation from the US": {
"chief of mission": {
"text": "Ambassador Philip KOSNETT (since 3 December 2018)"
"text": "Ambassador Jeffrey M. HOVENIER (since 10 January 2022)"
},
"embassy": {
"text": "Arberia/Dragodan, Rr.&nbsp; 4 KORRIKU Nr. 25, Pristina"
@ -1012,13 +1012,13 @@
},
"Transnational Issues": {
"Disputes - international": {
"text": "<p>Serbia with several other states protest the US and other states' recognition of Kosovo's declaration of its status as a sovereign and independent state in February 2008; ethnic Serbian municipalities along Kosovo's northern border challenge final status of Kosovo-Serbia boundary; NATO-led Kosovo Force peacekeepers under UN Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo authority continue to ensure a safe and secure environment and freedom of movement for all Kosovo citizens; Kosovo and North Macedonia completed demarcation of their boundary in September 2008; Kosovo ratified the border demarcation agreement with Montenegro in March 2018, but the actual demarcation has not been completed</p>"
"text": "<p>NATO-led Kosovo Force peacekeepers under UN Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo authority continue to ensure a safe and secure environment and freedom of movement for all Kosovo citizens</p> <p><em>Kosovo-Albania</em>: none identified</p> <p><em>Kosovo-Montenegro</em>: their 2015 demarcation agreement was ratified by Montenegro in December 2015 and by Kosovo in March 2018, but the actual demarcation has not been completed; as of March 2021, Kosovo Prime Minister Albin KURTI said that after the new Montenegrin government is formed, he would broach the subject of reopening the agreement</p> <p>Kosovo-North Macedonia: Kosovo and North Macedonia completed demarcation of their boundary in September 2008; both countries ratified the demarcation documents on October 17, 2009, after high-level consultations resolved the disputed section of border around Debelde/Tanusevci</p> <p><em>Kosovo-Serbia</em>: Serbia with several other states protest the US’s and other countries’ recognition of Kosovo's declaration of its status as a sovereign and independent state in February 2008; ethnic Serbian municipalities along Kosovo's northern border challenge final status of Kosovo-Serbia boundary; Kosovo’s and Serbia’s temporary agreement on license plates expired on 21 April 2022; the two countries are meeting on 13 May to reach a permanent agreement</p> <p> </p>"
},
"Refugees and internally displaced persons": {
"IDPs": {
"text": "16,000 (primarily ethnic Serbs displaced during the 1998-1999 war fearing reprisals from the majority ethnic-Albanian population; a smaller number of ethnic Serbs, Roma, Ashkali, and Egyptians fled their homes in 2,004 as a result of violence) (2020)"
"text": "16,000 (primarily ethnic Serbs displaced during the 1998-1999 war fearing reprisals from the majority ethnic-Albanian population; a smaller number of ethnic Serbs, Roma, Ashkali, and Egyptians fled their homes in 2,004 as a result of violence) (2021)"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> 7,794 estimated refugee and migrant arrivals (January 2015-April 2022)"
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> 7,849 estimated refugee and migrant arrivals (January 2015-May 2022)"
}
}
}

6
europe/lg.json
View file

@ -1019,7 +1019,7 @@
},
"Telecommunication systems": {
"general assessment": {
"text": "recent efforts focused on bringing competition to the telecommunications sector; the number of fixed-line phones is decreasing as mobile-cellular telephone service expands; EU regulatory policies, and framework provide guidelines for growth; government adopted measures to build a national fiber broadband network, partially funded by European Commission; new competition in mobile markets with extensive LTE-A technologies and 5G service growth; developing sophisticated digital economy with e-commerce and e-government widely available; operator working on cable to Sakhalin in Russia&rsquo;s Far East (2020)"
"text": "the telecom market continues to benefit from investment and from regulatory measures aimed at developing 5G and fiber based infrastructure; there is effective competition in the mobile market, with extensive services based on LTE-A technologies to boost data speeds; operators such as Bit&eacute; Latvia and Tele2 Latvia have also begun transitioning their networks to support services and applications based on 5G, though with the existing capacity of LTE infrastructure a large scale 5G deployment is not expected until 2023; to facilitate this progress, the regulator in March 2021 approved an application from Tele2 Latvia and Bit&eacute; to share almost half of their spectrum assets; in the fixed-line broadband sector, the country is ranked second highest in Europe (after Iceland) for fiber coverage and take-up, closely followed by Lithuania; with this infrastructure in place, the country has also developed a sophisticated digital economy, with e-commerce and e-government services widely available.&nbsp; (2021)"
},
"domestic": {
"text": "fixed-line roughly 11 per 100 and mobile-cellular nearly 109 per 100 subscriptions (2020)"
@ -1188,11 +1188,11 @@
},
"Transnational Issues": {
"Disputes - international": {
"text": "<p>Russia demands better Latvian treatment of ethnic Russians in Latvia; boundary demarcated with Latvia and Lithuania; the Latvian parliament has not ratified its 1998 maritime boundary treaty with Lithuania, primarily due to concerns over oil exploration rights; as a member state that forms part of the EU's external border, Latvia has implemented the strict Schengen border rules with Russia</p>"
"text": "<p><em>Latvia-Belarus</em>: Belarus and Latvia signed joint demarcation map in September 2008</p> <p><em>Latvia-Estonia</em>: demarcation reportedly completed in 1998</p> <p><em>Latvia-Lithuania</em>: boundary demarcation was completed by the end of 1998; the Latvian parliament has not ratified its 1998 maritime boundary treaty with Lithuania, primarily due to concerns over oil exploration rights</p> <p><em>Latvia-Russia</em>: Russia demands better Latvian treatment of ethnic Russians in Latvia; in March 2007, Latvia and Russia signed a border treaty, which includes Latvia withdrawing claims to a district now in Russia that was part of Latvia before WWII; the permanent demarcation of the boundary between Latvia and Russia was completed and came into force in April 2018; as a member state that forms part of the EU's external border, Latvia has implemented the strict Schengen border rules with Russia</p>"
},
"Refugees and internally displaced persons": {
"refugees (country of origin)": {
"text": "23,382 (Ukraine) (as of 25 May 2022)"
"text": "31,561 (Ukraine) (as of 13 June 2022)"
},
"stateless persons": {
"text": "209,168 (mid-year 2021); note - individuals who were Latvian citizens prior to the 1940 Soviet occupation and their descendants were recognized as Latvian citizens when the country's independence was restored in 1991; citizens of the former Soviet Union residing in Latvia who have neither Latvian nor other citizenship are considered non-citizens (officially there is no statelessness in Latvia) and are entitled to non-citizen passports; children born after Latvian independence to stateless parents are entitled to Latvian citizenship upon their parents' request; non-citizens cannot vote or hold certain government jobs and are exempt from military service but can travel visa-free in the EU under the Schengen accord like Latvian citizens; non-citizens can obtain naturalization if they have been permanent residents of Latvia for at least five years, pass tests in Latvian language and history, and know the words of the Latvian national anthem"

8
europe/lh.json
View file

@ -1030,7 +1030,7 @@
},
"Telecommunication systems": {
"general assessment": {
"text": "Lithuania&rsquo;s small telecom market is among the most advanced in Europe, with universal access to LTE, extensive fiber footprint, and tests of 5G; operators focus on data speeds; improved international capability and better residential access; high SIM card penetration; increased demand for high-speed Internet for education, entertainment, and shopping during pandemic supporting growth in revenue through fiber lines; importer of broadcast equipment and video displays from neighboring EU countries (2020)"
"text": "Lithuania&rsquo;s small telecoms market is among the more advanced in Europe, particularly given the universal access to LTE infrastructure and the extensive fiber footprint; a number of alternative operators offer services although the incumbent Telia Lithuania remains the dominant player in the fixed-line and broadband sectors; in line with the country&rsquo;s Digital Agenda, the focus among telcos has been to invest in fiber, with an emphasis on delivering gigabyte data speeds; SIM card penetration is relatively high for the region and most subscribers are higher ARPU postpaid subscribers; network operators continue to market mobile broadband services, made possible from investments in LTE technologies; LTE services are available nationally, and although there have been some initial trials of 5G commercial services are not expected to be launched until mid to late 2021; the regulator has consulted on the release of spectrum for 5G in a range of bands, and the auction is tentatively scheduled for the first quarter of 2021; according to regulator data, the total revenue of the electronic communications sector in the third quarter of 2020 was the highest it has been since the fourth quarter of 2010; revenue growth in the mobile sector was driven mainly mobile internet services. (2021)"
},
"domestic": {
"text": "nearly 12 per 100 for fixed-line subscriptions; rapid expansion of mobile-cellular services has resulted in a steady decline in the number of fixed-line connections; mobile-cellular teledensity stands at about 174 per 100 persons (2020)"
@ -1038,7 +1038,7 @@
"international": {
"text": "country code - 370; landing points for the BCS East, BCS East-West Interlink and NordBalt connecting Lithuania to Sweden, and Latvia&nbsp;; further transmission by satellite; landline connections to Latvia and Poland (2019)"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> the COVID-19 pandemic continues to have a significant impact on production and supply chains globally; since 2020, some aspects of the telecom sector have experienced downturn, particularly in mobile device production; many network operators delayed upgrades to infrastructure; progress towards 5G implementation was postponed or slowed in some countries; consumer spending on telecom services and devices was affected by large-scale job losses and the consequent restriction on disposable incomes; the crucial nature of telecom services as a tool for work and school from home became evident, and received some support from governments"
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> the Covid-19 pandemic resulted in an increase in demand for high-speed internet access services, as citizens used the internet for education, work, entertainment and shopping; revenues for fixed internet services grew by 1.8% in the third quarter of 2020 compared to the same period in 2019; most of the revenue (76%) was generated from access services via fiber lines."
},
"Broadcast media": {
"text": "public broadcaster operates 3 channels with the third channel - a satellite channel - introduced in 2007; various privately owned commercial TV broadcasters operate national and multiple regional channels; many privately owned local TV stations; multi-channel cable and satellite TV services available; publicly owned broadcaster operates 3 radio networks; many privately owned commercial broadcasters, with repeater stations in various regions throughout the country"
@ -1205,11 +1205,11 @@
},
"Transnational Issues": {
"Disputes - international": {
"text": "<p>Lithuania and Russia committed to demarcating their boundary in 2006 in accordance with the land and maritime treaty ratified by Russia in May 2003 and by Lithuania in 1999; Lithuania operates a simplified transit regime for Russian nationals traveling from the Kaliningrad coastal exclave into Russia, while still conforming, as a EU member state having an external border with a non-EU member, to strict Schengen border rules; boundary demarcated with Latvia and Lithuania; as of January 2007, ground demarcation of the boundary with Belarus was complete and mapped with final ratification documents in preparation</p>"
"text": "<p><em>Lithuania-Belarus</em>: as of January 2007, ground demarcation of the boundary with Belarus was complete and mapped with final ratification documents in preparation</p> <p><em>Lithuania-Lativa</em>: boundary demarcated with Latvia was completed in 1998</p> <p><em>Lithuania-Russia</em>:<strong> </strong>Lithuania and Russia committed to demarcating their boundary in 2006 in accordance with the land and maritime treaty ratified by Russia in May 2003 and by Lithuania in 1999; Lithuania operates a simplified transit regime for Russian nationals traveling from the Kaliningrad coastal exclave into Russia, while still conforming, as a EU member state having an external border with a non-EU member, to strict Schengen border rules; in January 2018, demarcation of the Lithuania-Russia border was completed</p>"
},
"Refugees and internally displaced persons": {
"refugees (country of origin)": {
"text": "53,913 (Ukraine) (as of 25 May 2022)"
"text": "56,223 (Ukraine) (as of 14 June 2022)"
},
"stateless persons": {
"text": "2,721 (mid-year 2021)"

4
europe/lo.json
View file

@ -994,7 +994,7 @@
},
"Telecommunication systems": {
"general assessment": {
"text": "a modern telecom system; one operator has near monopoly of fixed-line market; competition in mobile- and fixed-broadband market; broadband growth in recent years; competition among DSL, cable, and fiber platforms; FttP growth in cities; operator launched 1Gb/s cable broadband service in 3 cities and 200,000 premises in 2019; EU funding for development and improvement of e-government and online services; regulator prepared groundwork for 5G services in 2020 (2020)"
"text": "Slovakia&rsquo;s incumbent telco Slovak Telekom retains its dominance of the fixed-line voice and broadband sector, though there is effective competition in the mobile market, where most investment is being channeled; the main operators including O2 Slovakia and Orange Slovakia have expanded into offering bundled fixed and mobile services; the broadband market has shown steady growth in recent years; DSL remains the principal technology though in early 2020 it was eclipsed by the fast-developing fiber sector, which has been supported by sympathetic regulatory measures and considerable investment among operators; the cable sector is a distant third in terms of subscribers, though cable is particularly strong in urban areas; the main telco UPC Slovakia has gained customers steadily in recent years (reaching 144,000 by the end of 2020) on the back of its widely available 1Gb/s service offering; Slovakia&rsquo;s mobile market is served by four MNOs, two of which are the local units of operators with a pan-European reach (Deutsche Telekom and Orange Group), O2 Slovakia was once the local unit of Telef&oacute;nica Group before being sold to an investment concern; mobile broadband access and content services are developing rapidly in line with operators having upgraded their networks; the regulator prepared the groundwork for 5G services in line with European Union requirements, with concessions in the 3.5GHz range followed by those in the 700MHz, 900MHz and 1800MHz bands; commercial services by the first quarter of 2021 were limited, licensees have invested in 5G infrastructure and also have considerable coverage obligations.&nbsp; (2021)"
},
"domestic": {
"text": "four companies have a license to operate cellular networks and provide nationwide cellular services; a few other companies provide services but do not have their own networks; fixed-line roughly 11 per 100 and mobile-cellular over 133 per 100 teledensity (2020)"
@ -1153,7 +1153,7 @@
},
"Refugees and internally displaced persons": {
"refugees (country of origin)": {
"text": "501,335 (border crossings from Ukraine as of 13 June 2022)"
"text": "510,014 (border crossings from Ukraine as of 16 June 2022)"
},
"stateless persons": {
"text": "1,532 (mid-year 2021)"

4
europe/lu.json
View file

@ -1125,11 +1125,11 @@
},
"Transnational Issues": {
"Disputes - international": {
"text": "<p>none</p>"
"text": "<p>none identified</p>"
},
"Refugees and internally displaced persons": {
"refugees (country of origin)": {
"text": "5,300 (Ukraine) (as of 25 May 2022)"
"text": "5,245 (Ukraine) (as of 9 June 2022)"
},
"stateless persons": {
"text": "194 (mid-year 2021)"

10
europe/md.json
View file

@ -612,7 +612,7 @@
},
"Diplomatic representation from the US": {
"chief of mission": {
"text": "Ambassador Kent D. LOGSDON (since February 2022); Deputy Chief of Mission Laura HRUBY (since 21 July 2021)"
"text": "Ambassador Kent D. LOGSDON (since 16 February 2022)"
},
"embassy": {
"text": "103 Mateevici Street, Chisinau MD-2009"
@ -1005,7 +1005,7 @@
},
"Telecommunication systems": {
"general assessment": {
"text": "high unemployment and economic pressures have reduced consumer spending in telecom market; endeavors to join the EU have promoted regulatory issues in line with EU standards; mobile market extended outside of cities and across most of the country; LTE services available; market is competitive, fiber accounts for 62% of all fixed broadband connections and most telecom revenue is from the mobile market; importer of broadcasting equipment from China (2020)"
"text": "the telecom market has been affected by a combination of high unemployment and economic difficulties which have led to constraints on consumer spending; this has resulted in telecom revenue having fallen steadily in recent years; this decline continued into 2020, with a 6.3% in revenue from the important mobile sector alone, year-on-year; Moldova&rsquo;s aspirations to join the EU have encouraged the government and regulator to adopt a range of measures to bring the country&rsquo;s telecoms sector into line with EU principles and standards; in July 2017 the Electronic Communications Act was amended to accommodate the 2009 European regulatory framework, while further amendments were adopted in December 2017 and additional changes were proposed in 2019; Moldova is also part of the Eastern Partnership group of countries, and as such has set in train a glide path to reducing roaming charges, effective between 2022 and 2026; the country&rsquo;s broadband strategy through to 2025 has been supported by the ITU and industry counterparts from Korea; the internet market is developing rapidly, and though the penetration rate is well below the average for most European countries there are many opportunities for further development; the market is highly competitive, with 101 active ISPs as of early 2021, though Moldtelecom and Starnet between them account for most connections; the number of cable broadband subscribers is increasing steadily, though fiber is now by far the strongest sector; by the end of 2020 fiber accounted for about 72.3% of all fixed broadband connections; the mobile market has also grown rapidly, and the sector accounts for the majority of total telecoms revenue; the triopoly of operators is dominated by Orange Moldova, while the launch of LTE services has opened up a new revenue growth opportunity centered on mobile broadband; the near comprehensive geographical reach of their mobile networks, market brand recognition and existing customer relationships will make for steady subscriber growth in coming years. (2021)"
},
"domestic": {
"text": "competition among mobile telephone providers has spurred subscriptions; little interest in expanding fixed-line service which is roughly 25 per 100; mobile-cellular teledensity nearly 85 per 100 persons (2020)"
@ -1013,7 +1013,7 @@
"international": {
"text": "country code - 373; service through Romania and Russia via landline; satellite earth stations - at least 3 - Intelsat, Eutelsat, and Intersputnik"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> the COVID-19 pandemic continues to have a significant impact on production and supply chains globally; since 2020, some aspects of the telecom sector have experienced downturn, particularly in mobile device production; many network operators delayed upgrades to infrastructure; progress towards 5G implementation was postponed or slowed in some countries; consumer spending on telecom services and devices was affected by large-scale job losses and the consequent restriction on disposable incomes; the crucial nature of telecom services as a tool for work and school from home became evident, and received some support from governments"
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> the Covid-19 pandemic continues to have a significant impact on the telecoms market. On the consumer side, spending on telecoms services and devices is under pressure from the financial effect of large-scale job losses and the consequent restriction on disposable incomes;  in many markets the net effect has been a reduced (and sometimes negative) subscriber growth, which will continue into 2021; overall progress towards 5G may be postponed or slowed down in some countries. "
},
"Broadcast media": {
"text": "state-owned national radio-TV broadcaster operates 1 TV and 1 radio station; a total of nearly 70 terrestrial TV channels and some 50 radio stations are in operation; Russian and Romanian channels also are available (2019)"
@ -1161,11 +1161,11 @@
},
"Transnational Issues": {
"Disputes - international": {
"text": "<p>Moldova and Ukraine operate joint customs posts to monitor the transit of people and commodities through Moldova's break-away Transnistria region, which remains under the auspices of an Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe-mandated peacekeeping mission comprised of Moldovan, Transnistrian, Russian, and Ukrainian troops</p>"
"text": "<p><em>Moldova-Romania</em>: none identified</p> <p><em>Moldova-Ukraine</em>: Ukraine and Moldova signed an agreement officially delimiting their border in 1999, but the border has not been demarcated due to Moldova's difficulties with the break-away region of Transnistria; Moldova and Ukraine operate joint customs posts to monitor the transit of people and commodities through Moldova's break-away Transnistria region, which remains under the auspices of an Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe-mandated peacekeeping mission comprised of Moldovan, Transnistrian, Russian, and Ukrainian troops</p>"
},
"Refugees and internally displaced persons": {
"refugees (country of origin)": {
"text": "494,421 (border crossings from Ukraine as of 9 June 2022)"
"text": "502,716 (border crossings from Ukraine as of 16 June 2022)"
},
"stateless persons": {
"text": "3,372 (mid-year 2021)"

6
europe/mj.json
View file

@ -1195,16 +1195,16 @@
},
"Transnational Issues": {
"Disputes - international": {
"text": "<p>Kosovo ratified the border demarcation agreement with Montenegro in March 2018, but the actual demarcation has not been completed</p>"
"text": "<p><em>Montenegro-Albania</em>: none identified</p> <p><em>Montenegro-Bosnia and Herzegovina</em>: the two countries signed a border agreement in August 2015; sovereignty of the disputed Sutorina territory was given to Montenegro</p> <p><em>Montenegro-Croatia</em>: the two countries in 2002 reached a temporary agreement designating the Prevlaka Peninsula as part of Croatia, in October 2020, a Montenegrin official resurrected the dormant dispute over the Prevlaka Peninsula by stating that Montenegro had a good chance of winning it through international arbitration</p> <p><em>Montenegro-Kosovo</em>: a 2015 border agreement was ratified by Montenegro in 2015 and by Kosovo in 2018, but the actual demarcation has not been completed</p> <p><em>Montenegro-Serbia</em>: The former republic boundary – when the two countries were one and called the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia – serves as the boundary until a line is formally delimited and demarcated</p> <p> </p>"
},
"Refugees and internally displaced persons": {
"refugees (country of origin)": {
"text": "7,355 (Ukraine) (as of 30 May 2022)"
"text": "8,336 (Ukraine) (as of 14 June 2022)"
},
"stateless persons": {
"text": "458 (mid-year 2021)"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> 21,794 estimated refugee and migrant arrivals (January 2015-June 2022)"
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> 22,153 estimated refugee and migrant arrivals (January 2015-June 2022)"
},
"Illicit drugs": {
"text": "<p>drug trafficking groups are major players in the procurement and transportation of large quantities of cocaine  destined for  European markets</p>"

2
europe/mk.json
View file

@ -1129,7 +1129,7 @@
},
"Transnational Issues": {
"Disputes - international": {
"text": "<p>Kosovo and North Macedonia completed demarcation of their boundary in September 2008</p>"
"text": "<p><em>North Macedonia-Albania</em>: none identified</p> <p><em>North Macedonia-Greece</em>: none identified</p> <p><em>North Macedonia-Kosovo</em>: North Macedonia and Kosovo completed demarcation of their boundary in October 2009</p> <p><em>North Macedonia-Serbia</em>: none identified</p>"
},
"Refugees and internally displaced persons": {
"stateless persons": {

2
europe/mn.json
View file

@ -825,7 +825,7 @@
},
"Transnational Issues": {
"Disputes - international": {
"text": "<p>none</p>"
"text": "<p>none identified</p>"
}
}
}

4
europe/mt.json
View file

@ -1126,13 +1126,13 @@
},
"Transnational Issues": {
"Disputes - international": {
"text": "<p>none</p>"
"text": "<p>none identified</p>"
},
"Refugees and internally displaced persons": {
"stateless persons": {
"text": "11 (mid-year 2021)"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> 8,120 estimated refugee and migrant arrivals by sea (January 2015-April 2022)"
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> 8,151 estimated refugee and migrant arrivals by sea (January 2015-May 2022)"
},
"Illicit drugs": {
"text": "minor transshipment point for hashish from North Africa to Western Europe"

4
europe/nl.json
View file

@ -1196,11 +1196,11 @@
},
"Transnational Issues": {
"Disputes - international": {
"text": "<p>none</p>"
"text": "<p>none identified</p>"
},
"Refugees and internally displaced persons": {
"refugees (country of origin)": {
"text": "37,792 (Syria), 14,787 (Eritrea), 8,368 (Somalia), 6,636 (Iraq), 5,346 (Iran) (mid-year 2021); 62,970 (Ukraine) (as of 6 June 2022)"
"text": "37,792 (Syria), 14,787 (Eritrea), 8,368 (Somalia), 6,636 (Iraq), 5,346 (Iran) (mid-year 2021); 64,480 (Ukraine) (as of 13 June 2022)"
},
"stateless persons": {
"text": "2,087 (mid-year 2021)"

6
europe/no.json
View file

@ -601,7 +601,7 @@
},
"Diplomatic representation from the US": {
"chief of mission": {
"text": "Ambassador (vacant); Charge d'Affaires Sharon HUDSON-DEAN (since 29 July 2021)"
"text": "Ambassador Marc NATHANSON (since 16 June 2022)"
},
"embassy": {
"text": "Morgedalsvegen 36, 0378 Oslo"
@ -1157,11 +1157,11 @@
},
"Transnational Issues": {
"Disputes - international": {
"text": "<p>Norway asserts a territorial claim in Antarctica (Queen Maud Land and its continental shelf); Denmark (Greenland) and Norway have made submissions to the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf (CLCS) and Russia is collecting additional data to augment its 2001 CLCS submission; Norway and Russia signed a comprehensive maritime boundary agreement in 2010</p>"
"text": "<p><em>Norway-Antarctica</em>: Norway asserts a territorial claim in Antarctica (Queen Maud Land and its continental shelf)</p> <p><em>Norway-Russia</em>: Russia amended its 2001 CLCS submission in 2015 and 2021, each time delineating the outer limits of its continental shelf further into the Arctic Ocean; Norway and Russia signed a comprehensive maritime boundary agreement in 2010, ending a dispute over an area of the Barents Sea by dividing the territory equally</p> <p><em>Norway-Sweden</em>: none identified</p> <p> </p> <p> </p>"
},
"Refugees and internally displaced persons": {
"refugees (country of origin)": {
"text": "15,542 (Syria), 11,965 (Eritrea) (mid-year 2021); 16,708 (Ukraine) (as of 25 May 2022)"
"text": "15,542 (Syria), 11,965 (Eritrea) (mid-year 2021); 18,511 (Ukraine) (as of 14 June 2022)"
},
"stateless persons": {
"text": "4,154 (mid-year 2021)"

4
europe/pl.json
View file

@ -1046,7 +1046,7 @@
},
"Telecommunication systems": {
"general assessment": {
"text": "liberalized telecom market supported by market competition in broadband and mobile sectors ensuring access to cable and fiber infrastructure; rapid extension of LTE networks and development of mobile data service; mobile penetration is above European average; fixed broadband benefits from DSL infrastructure and investment in fiber through EU support; major importer of broadcasting equipment and accessories from Germany (2020)"
"text": "the liberalized telecom market has seen considerable development in the broadband and mobile sectors; the incumbent telco, Orange Poland, dominates the broadband market and has invested in fiber infrastructure to support the growing adoption of bundled services among customers; the regulatory environment has encouraged market competition, partly by encouraging operators to secure spectrum and also by ensuring access to cable and fiber infrastructure; the mobile market in recent years has been characterized by the rapid extension of LTE networks and the development of mobile data services based on newly released and re-farmed spectrum; the regulator&rsquo;s attempts to auction spectrum in a range of bands has been delayed, with spectrum in the 5G-suitable 3.4-3.8GHz range having been suspended to later in 2021 as a result of the Covid-19 outbreak and legislative changes.&nbsp; (2021)"
},
"domestic": {
"text": "several nation-wide networks provide mobile-cellular service; fixed-line roughly 15 per 100 (service lags in rural areas), mobile-cellular over 130 per 100 persons (2020)"
@ -1244,7 +1244,7 @@
},
"Refugees and internally displaced persons": {
"refugees (country of origin)": {
"text": "9,870 (Russia) (2019); 3,954,957 (border crossings from Ukraine as of 13 June 2022)"
"text": "9,870 (Russia) (2019); 4,001,921 (border crossings from Ukraine as of 15 June 2022)"
},
"stateless persons": {
"text": "1,389 (mid-year 2021)"

2
europe/po.json
View file

@ -1201,7 +1201,7 @@
},
"Refugees and internally displaced persons": {
"refugees (country of origin)": {
"text": "41,456 (Ukraine) (as of 7 June 2022)"
"text": "42,246 (Ukraine) (as of 14 June 2022)"
},
"stateless persons": {
"text": "45 (mid-year 2021)"

6
europe/ri.json
View file

@ -649,7 +649,7 @@
},
"Diplomatic representation from the US": {
"chief of mission": {
"text": "Ambassador Anthony GODFREY (since 24 October 2019)"
"text": "Ambassador Christopher R. HILL (since 1 April 2022)"
},
"embassy": {
"text": "92 Bulevar kneza Aleksandra Karadjordjevica, 11040 Belgrade"
@ -1205,7 +1205,7 @@
},
"Refugees and internally displaced persons": {
"refugees (country of origin)": {
"text": "17,336 (Croatia), 7,997 (Bosnia and Herzegovina) (mid-year 2021); 7,704 (Ukraine) (includes Kosovo; as of 7 June 2022)"
"text": "17,336 (Croatia), 7,997 (Bosnia and Herzegovina) (mid-year 2021); 7,704 (Ukraine) (includes Kosovo; as of 14 June 2022)"
},
"IDPs": {
"text": "196,995 (most are Kosovar Serbs, some are Roma, Ashkalis, and Egyptian (RAE); some RAE IDPs are unregistered) (2021)"
@ -1213,7 +1213,7 @@
"stateless persons": {
"text": "2,113 (includes stateless persons in Kosovo) (mid-year 2021)"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> 837,861 estimated refugee and migrant arrivals (January 2015-June 2022); Serbia is predominantly a transit country and hosts an estimated 4,650 migrants and asylum seekers as of February 2022"
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> 841,105 estimated refugee and migrant arrivals (January 2015-June 2022); Serbia is predominantly a transit country and hosts an estimated 5,918 migrants and asylum seekers as of May 2022"
},
"Illicit drugs": {
"text": "<p>drug trafficking groups are major players in the procurement and transportation of of large quantities of cocaine  destined for  European markets</p>"

4
europe/ro.json
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@ -1208,12 +1208,12 @@
},
"Refugees and internally displaced persons": {
"refugees (country of origin)": {
"text": "642,159 (border crossings from Ukraine as of 13 June 2022)"
"text": "659,009 (border crossings from Ukraine as of 16 June 2022)"
},
"stateless persons": {
"text": "314 (mid-year 2021)"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> 10,157 estimated refugee and migrant arrivals (January 2015-June 2022)"
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> 10,167 estimated refugee and migrant arrivals (January 2015-June 2022)"
},
"Trafficking in persons": {
"current situation": {

4
europe/si.json
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@ -1168,12 +1168,12 @@
},
"Refugees and internally displaced persons": {
"refugees (country of origin)": {
"text": "6,937 (Ukraine) (as of 1 June 2022)"
"text": "7,097 (Ukraine) (as of 14 June 2022)"
},
"stateless persons": {
"text": "10 (2020)"
},
"note": "<strong>note:  </strong>538,973 estimated refugee and migrant arrivals (January 2015-April 2022)"
"note": "<strong>note:  </strong>540,247 estimated refugee and migrant arrivals (January 2015-May 2022)"
},
"Illicit drugs": {
"text": "minor transit point for cocaine and Southwest Asian heroin bound for Western Europe, and for precursor chemicals"

6
europe/sp.json
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@ -1230,12 +1230,12 @@
},
"Refugees and internally displaced persons": {
"refugees (country of origin)": {
"text": "14,823 (Syria) (mid-year 2021); 418,200 (Venezuela) (economic and political crisis; includes Venezuelans who have claimed asylum, are recognized as refugees, or have received alternative legal stay) (2021); 118,199 (Ukraine) (as of 5 June 2022)"
"text": "14,823 (Syria) (mid-year 2021); 418,200 (Venezuela) (economic and political crisis; includes Venezuelans who have claimed asylum, are recognized as refugees, or have received alternative legal stay) (2021); 119,820 (Ukraine) (as of 12 June 2022)"
},
"stateless persons": {
"text": "6,.92 (mid-year 2021)"
"text": "692 (mid-year 2021)"
},
"note": "<strong>note: </strong>260,873 estimated refugee and migrant arrivals, including Canary Islands (January 2015-June 2022)"
"note": "<strong>note: </strong>261,310 estimated refugee and migrant arrivals, including Canary Islands (January 2015-June 2022)"
},
"Illicit drugs": {
"text": "primary transit point in Europe for cocaine from South America and for hashish from Morocco; cocaine is shipped in raw or liquid form with mixed cargo to avoid detection; traffickers ship methamphetamine via express mail; increasing number of indoor cannabis grow operations; illegal labs cutting, mixing, and reconstituting cocaine, and heroin and methamphetamine labs; synthetic drugs, including ketamine and MDMA (ecstasy) transit from Spain to the United States"

4
europe/sw.json
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@ -604,7 +604,7 @@
},
"Diplomatic representation from the US": {
"chief of mission": {
"text": "Ambassador (vacant); Charg&eacute; d&rsquo;Affaires Pamela M. TREMONT (since 20 January 2021)"
"text": "Ambassador Erik D. RAMANATHAN (since 20 January 2022)"
},
"embassy": {
"text": "Dag Hammarskjolds Vag 31, SE-115 89 Stockholm"
@ -1180,7 +1180,7 @@
},
"Refugees and internally displaced persons": {
"refugees (country of origin)": {
"text": "114,995 (Syria), 28,744 (Afghanistan), 26,911 (Eritrea), 11,574 (Somalia), 11,153 (Iraq), 7,516 (Iran) (2020); 39,592 (Ukraine) (as of 25 May 2022)"
"text": "114,995 (Syria), 28,744 (Afghanistan), 26,911 (Eritrea), 11,574 (Somalia), 11,153 (Iraq), 7,516 (Iran) (2020); 39,769 (Ukraine) (as of 13 June 2022)"
},
"stateless persons": {
"text": "50,098 (mid-year 2021); note - the majority of stateless people are from the Middle East and Somalia"

4
europe/sz.json
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@ -618,7 +618,7 @@
},
"Diplomatic representation from the US": {
"chief of mission": {
"text": "Ambassador (vacant); Charge d'Affaires Eva Weigold SCHULTZ (since 17 January 2021) note - also accredited to Liechtenstein"
"text": "Ambassador Scott MILLER (since 11 January 2022) note - also accredited to Liechtenstein"
},
"embassy": {
"text": "Sulgeneckstrasse 19, CH-3007 Bern"
@ -1190,7 +1190,7 @@
},
"Refugees and internally displaced persons": {
"refugees (country of origin)": {
"text": "38,219 (Eritrea), 20,043 (Syria), 14,649 (Afghanistan), 6,069 (Sri Lanka), 6,197 (Turkey) (mid-year 2021); 53,120 (Ukraine) (as of 7 June 2022)"
"text": "38,219 (Eritrea), 20,043 (Syria), 14,649 (Afghanistan), 6,069 (Sri Lanka), 6,197 (Turkey) (mid-year 2021); 55,921 (Ukraine) (as of 14 June 2022)"
},
"stateless persons": {
"text": "684 (mid-year 2021)"

4
europe/uk.json
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@ -548,7 +548,7 @@
},
"Executive branch": {
"chief of state": {
"text": "Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952); Heir Apparent Prince CHARLES (son of the queen, born 14 November 1948)"
"text": "Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952); Heir Apparent Prince CHARLES (son of the queen, born 14 November 1948); note - Queen ELIZABETH II's reign is the second longest in recorded history"
},
"head of government": {
"text": "Prime Minister Boris JOHNSON (Conservative) (since 24 July 2019)"
@ -1212,7 +1212,7 @@
},
"Refugees and internally displaced persons": {
"refugees (country of origin)": {
"text": "21,011 (Iran), 14,503 (Eritrea), 11,251 (Sudan), 11,412 (Syria), 9,469 (Afghanistan), 8,357 (Pakistan), 6,933 (Iraq), 5,200 (Sri Lanka) (2020); 37,400 (Ukraine) (as of 3 May 2022)"
"text": "21,011 (Iran), 14,503 (Eritrea), 11,251 (Sudan), 11,412 (Syria), 9,469 (Afghanistan), 8,357 (Pakistan), 6,933 (Iraq), 5,200 (Sri Lanka) (2020); 70,500 (Ukraine) (as of 6 June 2022)"
},
"stateless persons": {
"text": "3,968 (mid-year 2021)"

6
europe/up.json
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