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},
"Space program overview": {
"text": "EU member states have a large and advanced commercial space sector that develops and produces a full range of capabilities and technologies; a key focus for both the European Space Agency (ESA) and the EU Agency for the Space Program (EUSPA) is encouraging this sector; Europe is a global leader in satellite-based communications and hosts the headquarters of three of the world’s major satellite communications companies<br><br><strong>ESA </strong>is comprehensive space agency that is active across the space sector, except for launching humans into space; its activities include producing and operating satellites with a full spectrum of capabilities (communications, multipurpose, navigational, remote sensing, science/technology), satellite launch vehicles (SLVs), space launches, astronaut training, space transportation/automated transfer vehicles, reusable spacecraft, space station modules, spacecraft components, robotic space labs, lunar/planetary surface rovers, interplanetary space probes and exploration, and space telescopes; ESA participates in international programs such as the International Space Station and works closely with Europe’s commercial space industry; it also works with a broad range of space agencies and industries of non-member countries, including China, Japan, Russia, and the US; many of its programs are conducted jointly, particularly with the US space program<br><br>the <strong>EUSPA </strong>is responsible for the operational management of the European Geostationary Navigation Overlay Service (EGNOS) and Galileo satellite navigation programs; the EU space strategy encourages investment in and the use of space services and data, fosters competition and innovation, develops space technologies, and reinforces Europe’s autonomy in accessing space (2025)"
},
"Key space-program milestones": {
"text": "1979 - first launch of Ariane heavy-lift satellite launch vehicle (SLV)<br><br>1980s-2011 - participated in US Space Shuttle program (included more than 20 Spacelab missions, 1983-1998)<br><br>1995 - first solar satellite/orbiter (SOHO) launched<br><br>1997-2017 - Cassini-Huygens research mission to Saturn <br><br>1998-present - participating in a series of missions with varying start dates, including the International Space Station, International Gamma-Ray Astrophysics Laboratory mission (INTEGRAL), Mars Express orbiter exploration mission, Rosetta comet probe (included world’s first landing on a comet, 2014), Copernicus Earth observation program, Mars orbiter mission (ExoMars), Mercury planetary orbiter mission (BepiColombo), Solar Orbiter mission, US Gateway Lunar orbital station project<br><br>2016 - Galileo satellite-based global navigational positioning system reached initial operational capability<br><br>2019 - began development of quantum communications infrastructure (EuroQCI)<br><br>2021 - implemented EU government satellite communications (GOVSATCOM) and Space Surveillance and Awareness (SSA) components of EU space program; launched world’s first commercial, fully flexible, reprogrammable quantum satellite; launched US-built James Webb Space Telescope<br><br>2023 - launched Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer (JUICE) mission; launched Euclid space observatory/telescope<br><br>2024 - successful test launch of Ariane-6 SLV; launched probe (Hera) to study asteroid Didymos and its moon Dimorphos<br><br>2025 - announced EU Space Act, a cooperative framework for space activities across the EU"
}
},
"Terrorism": {