"text":"The site of several advanced Amerindian civilizations - including the Olmec, Toltec, Teotihuacan, Zapotec, Maya, and Aztec - Mexico was conquered and colonized by Spain in the early 16th century. Administered as the Viceroyalty of New Spain for three centuries, it achieved independence early in the 19th century. Elections held in 2000 marked the first time since the 1910 Mexican Revolution that an opposition candidate - Vicente FOX of the National Action Party (PAN) - defeated the party in government, the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI). He was succeeded in 2006 by another PAN candidate Felipe CALDERON, but Enrique PENA NIETO regained the presidency for the PRI in 2012. The global financial crisis in late 2008 caused a massive economic downturn in Mexico the following year, although growth returned quickly in 2010. Ongoing economic and social concerns include low real wages, high underemployment, inequitable income distribution, and few advancement opportunities for the largely indigenous population in the impoverished southern states. Since 2007, Mexico's powerful drug-trafficking organizations have engaged in bloody feuding, resulting in tens of thousands of drug-related homicides."
}
},
"Geography":{
"Location":{
"text":"North America, bordering the Caribbean Sea and the Gulf of Mexico, between Belize and the United States and bordering the North Pacific Ocean, between Guatemala and the United States"
},
"Geographic coordinates":{
"text":"23 00 N, 102 00 W"
},
"Map references":{
"text":"North America"
},
"Area":{
"total":{
"text":"1,964,375 sq km"
},
"land":{
"text":"1,943,945 sq km"
},
"water":{
"text":"20,430 sq km"
}
},
"Area - comparative":{
"text":"slightly less than three times the size of Texas",
"text":"tsunamis along the Pacific coast, volcanoes and destructive earthquakes in the center and south, and hurricanes on the Pacific, Gulf of Mexico, and Caribbean coasts",
"volcanism":{
"text":"volcanic activity in the central-southern part of the country; the volcanoes in Baja California are mostly dormant; Colima (elev. 3,850 m), which erupted in 2010, is Mexico's most active volcano and is responsible for causing periodic evacuations of nearby villagers; it has been deemed a Decade Volcano by the International Association of Volcanology and Chemistry of the Earth's Interior, worthy of study due to its explosive history and close proximity to human populations; Popocatepetl (elev. 5,426 m) poses a threat to Mexico City; other historically active volcanoes include Barcena, Ceboruco, El Chichon, Michoacan-Guanajuato, Pico de Orizaba, San Martin, Socorro, and Tacana"
}
},
"Environment - current issues":{
"text":"scarcity of hazardous waste disposal facilities; rural to urban migration; natural freshwater resources scarce and polluted in north, inaccessible and poor quality in center and extreme southeast; raw sewage and industrial effluents polluting rivers in urban areas; deforestation; widespread erosion; desertification; deteriorating agricultural lands; serious air and water pollution in the national capital and urban centers along US-Mexico border; land subsidence in Valley of Mexico caused by groundwater depletion",
"note":{
"text":"the government considers the lack of clean water and deforestation national security issues"
}
},
"Environment - international agreements":{
"party to":{
"text":"Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands, Whaling"
},
"signed, but not ratified":{
"text":"none of the selected agreements"
}
},
"Geography - note":{
"text":"strategic location on southern border of US; corn (maize), one of the world's major grain crops, is thought to have originated in Mexico"
"School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)":{
"total":{
"text":"13 years"
},
"male":{
"text":"13 years"
},
"female":{
"text":"13 years (2012)"
}
},
"Child labor - children ages 5-14":{
"total number":{
"text":"1,105,617"
},
"percentage":{
"text":"5% (2009 est.)"
}
},
"Unemployment, youth ages 15-24":{
"total":{
"text":"9.4%"
},
"male":{
"text":"9.1%"
},
"female":{
"text":"9.9% (2012 est.)"
}
}
},
"Government":{
"Country name":{
"conventional long form":{
"text":"United Mexican States"
},
"conventional short form":{
"text":"Mexico"
},
"local long form":{
"text":"Estados Unidos Mexicanos"
},
"local short form":{
"text":"Mexico"
}
},
"Government type":{
"text":"federal republic"
},
"Capital":{
"name":{
"text":"Mexico City (Distrito Federal)"
},
"geographic coordinates":{
"text":"19 26 N, 99 08 W"
},
"time difference":{
"text":"UTC-6 (1 hour behind Washington, DC, during Standard Time)"
},
"daylight saving time":{
"text":"+1hr, begins first Sunday in April; ends last Sunday in October"
},
"note":{
"text":"Mexico has four time zones"
}
},
"Administrative divisions":{
"text":"31 states (estados, singular - estado) and 1 federal district* (distrito federal); Aguascalientes, Baja California, Baja California Sur, Campeche, Chiapas, Chihuahua, Coahuila de Zaragoza, Colima, Distrito Federal*, Durango, Guanajuato, Guerrero, Hidalgo, Jalisco, Mexico, Michoacan de Ocampo, Morelos, Nayarit, Nuevo Leon, Oaxaca, Puebla, Queretaro, Quintana Roo, San Luis Potosi, Sinaloa, Sonora, Tabasco, Tamaulipas, Tlaxcala, Veracruz de Ignacio de la Llave (Veracruz), Yucatan, Zacatecas"
},
"Independence":{
"text":"16 September 1810 (declared); 27 September 1821 (recognized by Spain)"
},
"National holiday":{
"text":"Independence Day, 16 September (1810)"
},
"Constitution":{
"text":"several previous; latest approved 5 February 1917; amended many times, last in 2014 (2014)"
},
"Legal system":{
"text":"civil law system with US constitutional law influence; judicial review of legislative acts"
},
"International law organization participation":{
"text":"accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with reservations; accepts ICCt jurisdiction"
"text":"18 years of age; universal and compulsory"
},
"Executive branch":{
"chief of state":{
"text":"President Enrique PENA NIETO (since 1 December 2012); note - the president is both chief of state and head of government"
},
"head of government":{
"text":"President Enrique PENA NIETO (since 1 December 2012)"
},
"cabinet":{
"text":"Cabinet appointed by the president; note - appointment of attorney general, the head of the Bank of Mexico, and senior treasury officials require consent of the Senate"
},
"elections/appointments":{
"text":"president directly elected by simple majority popular vote for a single 6-year term; election last held on 1 July 2012 (next to be held in July 2018)"
},
"election results":{
"text":"Enrique PENA NIETO elected president; percent of vote - Enrique PENA NIETO (PRI) 38.2%, Andres Manuel LOPEZ OBRADOR (PRD) 31.6%, Josefina Eugenia VAZQUEZ Mota (PAN) 25.4%, other 4.8%"
}
},
"Legislative branch":{
"description":{
"text":"bicameral National Congress or Congreso de la Union consists of the Senate or Camara de Senadores (128 seats; 96 members directly elected in multi-seat constituencies by simple majority vote and 32 directly elected in a single, nationwide constituency by proportional representation vote; members serve 6-year terms) and the Chamber of Deputies or Camara de Diputados (500 seats; 300 members directly elected in single-seat constituencies by simple majority vote and 200 directly elected in a single, nationwide constituency by proportional representation vote; members serve 3-year terms)"
},
"elections":{
"text":"Senate - last held on 1 July 2012 for all of the seats (next to be held 1 July 2018); Chamber of Deputies - last held on 7 June 2015 (next to be held on 1 July 2018)"
},
"election results":{
"text":"Senate - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - PRI 52, PAN 38, PRD 22, PVEM 9, PT 4, Movimiento Ciudadano 2, PANAL 1; Chamber of Deputies - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - PRI 203, PAN 108, PRD 56, PVEM 47, MORENA 35, MC 26, PNA/PANAL 10, PES 8, PT 6, independent 1"
}
},
"Judicial branch":{
"highest court(s)":{
"text":"Supreme Court of Justice or Suprema Corte de Justicia de la Nacion (consists of the chief justice and 11 justices and organized into civil, criminal, administrative, and labor panels) and the Electoral Tribunal of the Federal Judiciary (organized into the superior court, with 7 judges including the court president and 5 regional courts, each with 3 judges)"
},
"judge selection and term of office":{
"text":"Supreme Court justices nominated by the president of the republic and approved by two-thirds vote of the members present in the Senate; justices serve for life; Electoral Tribunal superior and regional court judges nominated by the Supreme Court and elected by two-thirds vote of members present in the Senate; superior court president elected from among its members to hold office for a single-renewable 4-year term; other judges of the superior and regional courts serve staggered, single-renewable 9-year terms"
},
"subordinate courts":{
"text":"federal level includes circuit, collegiate, and unitary courts; state and district level courts"
}
},
"Political parties and leaders":{
"text":"Citizen's Movement (Movimiento Ciudadano) or MC [Dante DELGADO Rannaoro] ++ Institutional Revolutionary Party (Partido Revolucionario Institucional) or PRI [Cesar CAMACHO Quiroz] ++ Labor Party (Partido del Trabajo) or PT [Alberto ANAYA Gutierrez] ++ Mexican Green Ecological Party (Partido Verde Ecologista de Mexico) or PVEM [Jorge Emilio GONZALEZ Torres] ++ Movement for National Regeneration (Movimiento Regeneracion Nacional) or MORENA [Marti BATRES] ++ National Action Party (Partido Accion Nacional) or PAN [Gustavo MADERO Munoz] ++ New Alliance Party (Partido Nueva Alianza) or PNA/PANAL [Luis CASTRO Obregon] ++ Party of the Democratic Revolution (Partido de la Revolucion Democratica) or PRD [Jesus ZAMBRANO Grijalva] ++ Social Encounter Party (Partido Encuentro Social) or PES [Hugo Eric FLORES Cervantes]"
},
"Political pressure groups and leaders":{
"text":"Businessmen's Coordinating Council or CCE ++ Confederation of Employers of the Mexican Republic or COPARMEX ++ Confederation of Industrial Chambers or CONCAMIN ++ Confederation of Mexican Workers or CTM ++ Confederation of National Chambers of Commerce or CONCANACO ++ Coordinator for Foreign Trade Business Organizations or COECE ++ Federation of Unions Providing Goods and Services or FESEBES ++ National Chamber of Transformation Industries or CANACINTRA ++ National Confederation of Popular Organizations or CNOP ++ National Coordinator for Education Workers or CNTE ++ National Peasant Confederation or CNC ++ National Small Business Chamber or CANACOPE ++ National Syndicate of Education Workers or SNTE ++ National Union of Workers or UNT ++ Popular Assembly of the People of Oaxaca or APPO ++ Roman Catholic Church"
},
"International organization participation":{
"text":"APEC, Australia Group, BCIE, BIS, CAN (observer), Caricom (observer), CD, CDB, CE (observer), CELAC, CSN (observer), EBRD, FAO, FATF, G-3, G-15, G-20, G-24, G-5, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), LAES, LAIA, MIGA, NAFTA, NAM (observer), NEA, NSG, OAS, OECD, OPANAL, OPCW, Pacific Alliance, Paris Club (associate), PCA, SICA (observer), UN, UNASUR (observer), UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, Union Latina (observer), UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO"
},
"Diplomatic representation in the US":{
"chief of mission":{
"text":"Ambassador Miguel BASANEZ (since 17 September 2015)"
},
"chancery":{
"text":"1911 Pennsylvania Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20006"
},
"telephone":{
"text":"[1] (202) 728-1600"
},
"FAX":{
"text":"[1] (202) 728-1698"
},
"consulate(s) general":{
"text":"Atlanta, Austin, Boston, Chicago, Dallas, Denver, El Paso (TX), Houston, Laredo (TX), Los Angeles, Miami, New York, Nogales (AZ), Phoenix, Sacramento (CA), San Antonio (TX), San Diego, San Francisco, San Jose (CA), San Juan (Puerto Rico), Saint Paul (MN)"
},
"consulate(s)":{
"text":"Albuquerque (NM), Anchorage (AK), Boise (ID), Brownsville (TX), Calexico (CA), Del Rio (TX), Detroit, Douglas (AZ), Eagle Pass (TX), Fresno (CA), Indianapolis (IN), Kansas City (MO), Las Vegas (NV), Little Rock (AR), McAllen (TX), New Orleans, Omaha (NE), Orlando (FL), Oxnard (CA), Philadelphia, Portland (OR), Presidio (TX), Raleigh (NC), Salt Lake City, San Bernardino (CA), Santa Ana (CA), Seattle, Tucson (AZ), Yuma (AZ); note - Washington DC Consular Section located in a separate building from the Mexican Embassy and has jurisdiction over DC, parts of Virginia, Maryland, and West Virginia"
}
},
"Diplomatic representation from the US":{
"chief of mission":{
"text":"Ambassador Earl Anthony WAYNE (since 2 August 2011)"
},
"embassy":{
"text":"Paseo de la Reforma 305, Colonia Cuauhtemoc, 06500 Mexico, Distrito Federal"
},
"mailing address":{
"text":"P. O. Box 9000, Brownsville, TX 78520-9000"
"text":"three equal vertical bands of green (hoist side), white, and red; Mexico's coat of arms (an eagle with a snake in its beak perched on a cactus) is centered in the white band; green signifies hope, joy, and love; white represents peace and honesty; red stands for hardiness, bravery, strength, and valor; the coat of arms is derived from a legend that the wandering Aztec people were to settle at a location where they would see an eagle on a cactus eating a snake; the city they founded, Tenochtitlan, is now Mexico City",
"note":{
"text":"similar to the flag of Italy, which is shorter, uses lighter shades of red and green, and does not display anything in its white band"
}
},
"National symbol(s)":{
"text":"golden eagle; national colors: green, white, red"
},
"National anthem":{
"name":{
"text":"\"Himno Nacional Mexicano\" (National Anthem of Mexico)"
"text":"adopted 1943, in use since 1854; also known as \"Mexicanos, al grito de Guerra\" (Mexicans, to the War Cry); according to tradition, Francisco Gonzalez BOCANEGRA, an accomplished poet, was uninterested in submitting lyrics to a national anthem contest; his fiancee locked him in a room and refused to release him until the lyrics were completed"
}
}
},
"Economy":{
"Economy - overview":{
"text":"Mexico's $1.3 trillion economy has become increasingly oriented toward manufacturing in the 21 years since the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) entered into force. Per capita income is roughly one-third that of the US; income distribution remains highly unequal. Mexico has become the United States' second-largest export market and third-largest source of imports. In 2014, two-way trade in goods and services exceeded $550 billion. Mexico has free trade agreements with 46 countries, putting more than 90% of trade under free trade agreements. In 2012, Mexico formally joined the Trans-Pacific Partnership negotiations and formed the Pacific Alliance with Peru, Colombia and Chile. Mexico's current government, led by President Enrique PENA NIETO, emphasized economic reforms during its first two years in office, passing and implementing sweeping education, energy, financial, fiscal and telecommunications reform legislation, among others, with the long-term aim to improve competitiveness and economic growth across the Mexican economy. Although the economy is expected to experience stronger growth in 2015 as a result of increased investment and stronger demand for Mexican exports, growth is predicted to remain below potential for reasons of inefficiencies, with a large portion of the economy and workforce in the informal sector, and corruption. Over the medium-term, the economy is vulnerable to global economic pressures, such as lower external demand, rising interest rates, and low oil prices - approximately 30% of government revenue comes from the state-owned oil company, PEMEX. The increasing integration of supply chains, development of the energy sector, and government-to-government focus on trade facilitation will continue to make the North American region increasingly competitive and contribute to Mexican economic development and strength."
"Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy":{
"text":"453.8 million Mt (2012 est.)"
}
},
"Communications":{
"Telephones - fixed lines":{
"total subscriptions":{
"text":"21.1 million"
},
"subscriptions per 100 inhabitants":{
"text":"18 (2014 est.)"
}
},
"Telephones - mobile cellular":{
"total":{
"text":"102.2 million"
},
"subscriptions per 100 inhabitants":{
"text":"85 (2014 est.)"
}
},
"Telephone system":{
"general assessment":{
"text":"adequate telephone service for business and government; improving quality and increasing mobile cellular availability, with mobile subscribers far outnumbering fixed-line subscribers; domestic satellite system with 120 earth stations; extensive microwave radio relay network; considerable use of fiber-optic cable and coaxial cable"
},
"domestic":{
"text":"despite the opening to competition in January 1997, Telmex remains dominant; fixed-line teledensity is less than 20 per 100 persons; mobile-cellular teledensity is about 80 per 100 persons"
},
"international":{
"text":"country code - 52; Columbus-2 fiber-optic submarine cable with access to the US, Virgin Islands, Canary Islands, Spain, and Italy; the Americas Region Caribbean Ring System (ARCOS-1) and the MAYA-1 submarine cable system together provide access to Central America, parts of South America and the Caribbean, and the US; satellite earth stations - 120 (32 Intelsat, 2 Solidaridad (giving Mexico improved access to South America, Central America, and much of the US as well as enhancing domestic communications), 1 Panamsat, numerous Inmarsat mobile earth stations); linked to Central American Microwave System of trunk connections (2011)"
}
},
"Broadcast media":{
"text":"many TV stations and more than 1,400 radio stations with most privately owned; the Televisa group once had a virtual monopoly in TV broadcasting, but new broadcasting groups and foreign satellite and cable operators are now available (2012)"
"text":"Secretariat of National Defense (Secretaria de Defensa Nacional, Sedena): Army (Ejercito), Mexican Air Force (Fuerza Aerea Mexicana, FAM); Secretariat of the Navy (Secretaria de Marina, Semar): Mexican Navy (Armada de Mexico (ARM); includes Naval Air Force (FAN), Mexican Naval Infantry Corps (Cuerpo de Infanteria de Marina, Mexmar or CIM)) (2013)"
},
"Military service age and obligation":{
"text":"18 years of age for compulsory military service, conscript service obligation is 12 months; 16 years of age with consent for voluntary enlistment; conscripts serve only in the Army; Navy and Air Force service is all voluntary; women are eligible for voluntary military service; cadets enrolled in military schools from the age of 15 are considered members of the armed forces (2012)"
},
"Manpower available for military service":{
"males age 16-49":{
"text":"28,815,506"
},
"females age 16-49":{
"text":"30,363,558 (2010 est.)"
}
},
"Manpower fit for military service":{
"males age 16-49":{
"text":"23,239,866"
},
"females age 16-49":{
"text":"25,642,549 (2010 est.)"
}
},
"Manpower reaching militarily significant age annually":{
"male":{
"text":"1,105,371"
},
"female":{
"text":"1,067,007 (2010 est.)"
}
},
"Military expenditures":{
"text":"0.59% of GDP (2012) ++ 0.56% of GDP (2011) ++ 0.59% of GDP (2010)"
}
},
"Transnational Issues":{
"Disputes - international":{
"text":"abundant rainfall in recent years along much of the Mexico-US border region has ameliorated periodically strained water-sharing arrangements; the US has intensified security measures to monitor and control legal and illegal personnel, transport, and commodities across its border with Mexico; Mexico must deal with thousands of impoverished Guatemalans and other Central Americans who cross the porous border looking for work in Mexico and the United States; Belize and Mexico are working to solve minor border demarcation discrepancies arising from inaccuracies in the 1898 border treaty"
},
"Refugees and internally displaced persons":{
"IDPs":{
"text":"281,400 (government's quashing of Zapatista uprising in 1994 in eastern Chiapas Region; drug cartel violence and government's military response since 2007; violence between and within indigenous groups) (2014)"
},
"stateless persons":{
"text":"13 (2014)"
}
},
"Illicit drugs":{
"text":"major drug-producing and transit nation; world's second largest opium poppy cultivator; opium poppy cultivation in 2009 rose 31% over 2008 to 19,500 hectares yielding a potential production of 50 metric tons of pure heroin, or 125 metric tons of \"black tar\" heroin, the dominant form of Mexican heroin in the western United States; marijuana cultivation increased 45% to 17,500 hectares in 2009; government conducts the largest independent illicit-crop eradication program in the world; continues as the primary transshipment country for US-bound cocaine from South America, with an estimated 95% of annual cocaine movements toward the US stopping in Mexico; major drug syndicates control the majority of drug trafficking throughout the country; producer and distributor of ecstasy; significant money-laundering center; major supplier of heroin and largest foreign supplier of marijuana and methamphetamine to the US market (2007)"
