factbook.json/middle-east/iz.json

{
  "Introduction": {
    "Background": {
      "text": "<p>Formerly part of the Ottoman Empire, Iraq was occupied by the United Kingdom during World War I and&nbsp;was declared a League of Nations mandate under UK administration in 1920. Iraq attained its independence as a kingdom in 1932. It was proclaimed a \"republic\" in 1958 after a coup overthrew the monarchy, but in actuality, a series of strongmen ruled the country until 2003. The last was SADDAM Husayn from 1979 to 2003. Territorial disputes with Iran led to an inconclusive and costly eight-year war (1980-88). In August 1990, Iraq seized Kuwait but was expelled by US-led UN coalition forces during the Gulf War of January-February 1991. After Iraq's expulsion, the UN Security Council (UNSC) required Iraq to scrap all weapons of mass destruction and long-range missiles and to allow UN verification inspections. Continued Iraqi noncompliance with UNSC resolutions led to the Second Gulf War in March 2003 and the ouster of the SADDAM Husayn regime by US-led forces.</p> <p>In October 2005, Iraqis approved a constitution in a national referendum and, pursuant to this document, elected a 275-member Council of Representatives (COR) in December 2005. The COR approved most cabinet ministers in May 2006, marking the transition to Iraq's first constitutional government in nearly a half century. Iraq held elections for provincial councils in all governorates in January 2009 and April 2013 and postponed the next provincial elections, originally planned for April 2017, until 2019. Iraq has held three national legislative elections since 2005, most recently in May 2018 when 329 legislators were elected to the COR. Adil ABD AL-MAHDI assumed the premiership in October 2018 as a consensus and independent candidate - the first prime minister who is not an active member of a major political bloc. However, widespread protests that began in October 2019 demanding more employment opportunities and an end to corruption prompted ABD AL-MAHDI to announce his resignation on 20 November 2019.</p> <p>Between 2014 and 2017, Iraq was engaged in a military campaign against the Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham (ISIS) to recapture territory lost in the western and northern portion of the country. Iraqi and allied forces recaptured Mosul, the country's second-largest city, in 2017 and drove ISIS out of its other urban strongholds. In December 2017, then-Prime Minister Haydar al-ABADI publicly declared victory against ISIS while continuing operations against the group's residual presence in rural areas. Also in late 2017, ABADI responded to an independence referendum held by the Kurdistan Regional Government by ordering Iraqi forces to take control of disputed territories across central and northern Iraq that were previously occupied and governed by Kurdish forces.</p>"
    }
  },
  "Geography": {
    "Location": {
      "text": "Middle East, bordering the Persian Gulf, between Iran and Kuwait"
    },
    "Geographic coordinates": {
      "text": "33 00 N, 44 00 E"
    },
    "Map references": {
      "text": "Middle East"
    },
    "Area": {
      "total": {
        "text": "438,317 sq km"
      },
      "land": {
        "text": "437,367 sq km"
      },
      "water": {
        "text": "950 sq km"
      }
    },
    "Area - comparative": {
      "text": "slightly more than three times the size of New York state"
    },
    "Land boundaries": {
      "total": {
        "text": "3,809 km"
      },
      "border countries": {
        "text": "Iran 1599 km, Jordan 179 km, Kuwait 254 km, Saudi Arabia 811 km, Syria 599 km, Turkey 367 km"
      }
    },
    "Coastline": {
      "text": "58 km"
    },
    "Maritime claims": {
      "territorial sea": {
        "text": "12 nm"
      },
      "continental shelf": {
        "text": "not specified"
      }
    },
    "Climate": {
      "text": "mostly desert; mild to cool winters with dry, hot, cloudless summers; northern mountainous regions along Iranian and Turkish borders experience cold winters with occasionally heavy snows that melt in early spring, sometimes causing extensive flooding in central and southern Iraq"
    },
    "Terrain": {
      "text": "mostly broad plains; reedy marshes along Iranian border in south with large flooded areas; mountains along borders with Iran and Turkey"
    },
    "Elevation": {
      "mean elevation": {
        "text": "312 m"
      },
      "lowest point": {
        "text": "Persian Gulf 0 m"
      },
      "highest point": {
        "text": "Cheekha Dar (Kurdish for \"Black Tent\") 3,611 m"
      }
    },
    "Natural resources": {
      "text": "petroleum, natural gas, phosphates, sulfur"
    },
    "Land use": {
      "agricultural land": {
        "text": "18.1% (2011 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: arable land": {
        "text": "arable land: 8.4% (2011 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: permanent crops": {
        "text": "permanent crops: 0.5% (2011 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
        "text": "permanent pasture: 9.2% (2011 est.)"
      },
      "forest": {
        "text": "1.9% (2011 est.)"
      },
      "other": {
        "text": "80% (2011 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Irrigated land": {
      "text": "35,250 sq km (2012)"
    },
    "Population distribution": {
      "text": "population is concentrated in the north, center, and eastern parts of the country, with many of the larger urban agglomerations found along extensive parts of the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers; much of the western and southern areas are either lightly populated or uninhabited"
    },
    "Natural hazards": {
      "text": "dust storms; sandstorms; floods"
    },
    "Environment - current issues": {
      "text": "government water control projects drained most of the inhabited marsh areas east of An Nasiriyah by drying up or diverting the feeder streams and rivers; a once sizable population of Marsh Arabs, who inhabited these areas for thousands of years, has been displaced; furthermore, the destruction of the natural habitat poses serious threats to the area's wildlife populations; inadequate supplies of potable water; soil degradation (salination) and erosion; desertification; military and industrial infrastructure has released heavy metals and other hazardous substances into the air, soil, and groundwater; major sources of environmental damage are effluents from oil refineries, factory and sewage discharges into rivers, fertilizer and chemical contamination of the soil, and industrial air pollution in urban areas"
    },
    "Environment - international agreements": {
      "party to": {
        "text": "Biodiversity, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection"
      },
      "signed, but not ratified": {
        "text": "Environmental Modification"
      }
    },
    "Geography - note": {
      "text": "strategic location on Shatt al Arab waterway and at the head of the Persian Gulf"
    }
  },
  "People and Society": {
    "Population": {
      "text": "39,650,145 (July 2021 est.)"
    },
    "Nationality": {
      "noun": {
        "text": "Iraqi(s)"
      },
      "adjective": {
        "text": "Iraqi"
      }
    },
    "Ethnic groups": {
      "text": "Arab 75-80%, Kurdish 15-20%, other 5% (includes Turkmen, Yezidi, Shabak, Kaka'i, Bedouin, Romani, Assyrian, Circassian, Sabaean-Mandaean, Persian)",
      "note": "<p><strong>note:</strong> data is a 1987 government estimate; no more recent reliable numbers are available</p>"
    },
    "Languages": {
      "text": "Arabic (official), Kurdish (official), Turkmen (a Turkish dialect), Syriac (Neo-Aramaic), and Armenian are official in areas where native speakers of these languages constitute a majority of the population"
    },
    "Religions": {
      "text": "Muslim (official) 95-98% (Shia 64-69%, Sunni 29-34%), Christian 1% (includes Catholic, Orthodox, Protestant, Assyrian Church of the East), other 1-4% (2015 est.)",
      "note": "<p><strong>note:</strong> while there has been voluntary relocation of many Christian families to northern Iraq, the overall Christian population has decreased at least 50% and perhaps as high as 90% since the fall of the SADDAM Husayn regime in 2003, according to US Embassy estimates, with many fleeing to Syria, Jordan, and Lebanon</p>"
    },
    "Age structure": {
      "0-14 years": {
        "text": "37.02% (male 7,349,868/female 7,041,405)"
      },
      "15-24 years": {
        "text": "19.83% (male 3,918,433/female 3,788,157)"
      },
      "25-54 years": {
        "text": "35.59% (male 6,919,569/female 6,914,856)"
      },
      "55-64 years": {
        "text": "4.23% (male 805,397/female 839,137)"
      },
      "65 years and over": {
        "text": "3.33% (male 576,593/female 719,240) (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Dependency ratios": {
      "total dependency ratio": {
        "text": "69.9"
      },
      "youth dependency ratio": {
        "text": "64.1"
      },
      "elderly dependency ratio": {
        "text": "5.9"
      },
      "potential support ratio": {
        "text": "17.1 (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Median age": {
      "total": {
        "text": "21.2 years"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "20.8 years"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "21.6 years (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Population growth rate": {
      "text": "2.06% (2021 est.)"
    },
    "Birth rate": {
      "text": "25.21 births/1,000 population (2021 est.)"
    },
    "Death rate": {
      "text": "3.92 deaths/1,000 population (2021 est.)"
    },
    "Net migration rate": {
      "text": "-0.68 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2021 est.)"
    },
    "Population distribution": {
      "text": "population is concentrated in the north, center, and eastern parts of the country, with many of the larger urban agglomerations found along extensive parts of the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers; much of the western and southern areas are either lightly populated or uninhabited"
    },
    "Urbanization": {
      "urban population": {
        "text": "70.9% of total population (2020)"
      },
      "rate of urbanization": {
        "text": "3.06% annual rate of change (2015-20 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Major urban areas - population": {
      "text": "7.144&nbsp;million BAGHDAD (capital), 1.630 million Mosul, 1.352 million Basra,&nbsp;1.013 million&nbsp;Kirkuk, 874,000 Najaf, 846,000 Erbil (2020)"
    },
    "Sex ratio": {
      "at birth": {
        "text": "1.05 male(s)/female"
      },
      "0-14 years": {
        "text": "1.04 male(s)/female"
      },
      "15-24 years": {
        "text": "1.03 male(s)/female"
      },
      "25-54 years": {
        "text": "1 male(s)/female"
      },
      "55-64 years": {
        "text": "0.96 male(s)/female"
      },
      "65 years and over": {
        "text": "0.8 male(s)/female"
      },
      "total population": {
        "text": "1.01 male(s)/female (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Maternal mortality rate": {
      "text": "79 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)"
    },
    "Infant mortality rate": {
      "total": {
        "text": "20.08 deaths/1,000 live births"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "21.84 deaths/1,000 live births"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "18.24 deaths/1,000 live births (2021 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Life expectancy at birth": {
      "total population": {
        "text": "72.9 years"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "71.01 years"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "74.89 years (2021 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Total fertility rate": {
      "text": "3.32 children born/woman (2021 est.)"
    },
    "Contraceptive prevalence rate": {
      "text": "52.8% (2018)"
    },
    "Drinking water source": {
      "improved: urban": {
        "text": "urban: 98.8% of population"
      },
      "improved: rural": {
        "text": "rural: 95% of population"
      },
      "improved: total": {
        "text": "total: 97.9% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: urban": {
        "text": "urban: 1.2% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: rural": {
        "text": "rural: 5% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: total": {
        "text": "total: 2.1% of population (2017 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Current Health Expenditure": {
      "text": "4.2% (2017)"
    },
    "Physicians density": {
      "text": "0.84 physicians/1,000 population (2017)"
    },
    "Hospital bed density": {
      "text": "1.3 beds/1,000 population (2017)"
    },
    "Sanitation facility access": {
      "improved: urban": {
        "text": "urban: 96.7% of population"
      },
      "improved: rural": {
        "text": "rural: 89.7% of population"
      },
      "improved: total": {
        "text": "total: 95.2% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: urban": {
        "text": "urban: 3.3% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: rural": {
        "text": "rural: 10.3% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: total": {
        "text": "total: 4.8% of population (2017 est.)"
      }
    },
    "HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate": {
      "text": "NA"
    },
    "HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS": {
      "text": "NA"
    },
    "HIV/AIDS - deaths": {
      "text": "NA"
    },
    "Major infectious diseases": {
      "degree of risk": {
        "text": "intermediate (2020)"
      },
      "food or waterborne diseases": {
        "text": "bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A, and typhoid fever"
      },
      "note": "<br><br><strong>note:</strong> widespread ongoing transmission of a respiratory illness caused by the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) is occurring throughout Iraq; as of 8 December 2020, Iraq has reported a total of 562,520 cases of COVID-19 or 13,985 cumulative cases of COVID-19 per 1 million population with 309 cumulative deaths per 1 million population"
    },
    "Obesity - adult prevalence rate": {
      "text": "30.4% (2016)"
    },
    "Children under the age of 5 years underweight": {
      "text": "3.9% (2018)"
    },
    "Education expenditures": {
      "text": "NA"
    },
    "Literacy": {
      "definition": {
        "text": "age 15 and over can read and write"
      },
      "total population": {
        "text": "50.1%"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "56.2%"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "44% (2018)"
      }
    },
    "Unemployment, youth ages 15-24": {
      "total": {
        "text": "25.6%"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "22%"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "63.3% (2017)"
      }
    }
  },
  "Government": {
    "Country name": {
      "conventional long form": {
        "text": "Republic of Iraq"
      },
      "conventional short form": {
        "text": "Iraq"
      },
      "local long form": {
        "text": "Jumhuriyat al-Iraq/Komar-i Eraq"
      },
      "local short form": {
        "text": "Al Iraq/Eraq"
      },
      "former": {
        "text": "Mesopotamia, Mandatory Iraq, Hashemite Kingdom of Iraq"
      },
      "etymology": {
        "text": "the name probably derives from \"Uruk\" (Biblical \"Erech\"), the ancient Sumerian and Babylonian city on the Euphrates River"
      }
    },
    "Government type": {
      "text": "federal parliamentary republic"
    },
    "Capital": {
      "name": {
        "text": "Baghdad"
      },
      "geographic coordinates": {
        "text": "33 20 N, 44 24 E"
      },
      "time difference": {
        "text": "UTC+3 (8 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)"
      },
      "note": "<br><br>although the origin of the name is disputed, it likely has compound Persian roots with \"bagh\" and \"dad\" meaning \"god\" and \"given\" respectively to create the meaning of \"bestowed by God\""
    },
    "Administrative divisions": {
      "text": "18 governorates (muhafazat, singular - muhafazah (Arabic); parezgakan, singular - parezga (Kurdish)) and 1 region*; Al Anbar; Al Basrah; Al Muthanna; Al Qadisiyah (Ad Diwaniyah); An Najaf; Arbil (Erbil) (Arabic), Hewler (Kurdish); As Sulaymaniyah (Arabic), Slemani (Kurdish); Babil; Baghdad; Dahuk (Arabic), Dihok (Kurdish); Dhi Qar; Diyala; Karbala'; Kirkuk; Kurdistan Regional Government*; Maysan; Ninawa; Salah ad Din; Wasit"
    },
    "Independence": {
      "text": "3 October 1932 (from League of Nations mandate under British administration); note - on 28 June 2004 the Coalition Provisional Authority transferred sovereignty to the Iraqi Interim Government"
    },
    "National holiday": {
      "text": "Independence Day, 3 October (1932); Republic Day, 14 July (1958)"
    },
    "Constitution": {
      "history": {
        "text": "several previous; latest adopted by referendum 15 October 2005"
      },
      "amendments": {
        "text": "proposed by the president of the republic and the Council of Minsters collectively, or by one fifth of the Council of Representatives members; passage requires at least two-thirds majority vote by the Council of Representatives, approval by referendum, and ratification by the president; passage of amendments to articles on citizen rights and liberties requires two-thirds majority vote of Council of Representatives members after two successive electoral terms, approval in a referendum, and ratification by the president"
      }
    },
    "Legal system": {
      "text": "mixed legal system of civil and Islamic law"
    },
    "International law organization participation": {
      "text": "has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; non-party state to the ICCt"
    },
    "Citizenship": {
      "citizenship by birth": {
        "text": "no"
      },
      "citizenship by descent only": {
        "text": "at least one parent must be a citizen of Iraq"
      },
      "dual citizenship recognized": {
        "text": "yes"
      },
      "residency requirement for naturalization": {
        "text": "10 years"
      }
    },
    "Suffrage": {
      "text": "18 years of age; universal"
    },
    "Executive branch": {
      "chief of state": {
        "text": "President Barham SALIH (since 2 October 2018); vice presidents (vacant)"
      },
      "head of government": {
        "text": "Prime Minister Mustafa al-KADHIMI (since 7 May 2020)"
      },
      "cabinet": {
        "text": "Council of Ministers proposed by the prime minister, approved by Council of Representatives"
      },
      "elections/appointments": {
        "text": "president indirectly elected by Council of Representatives (COR) to serve a 4-year term (eligible for a second term);&nbsp;COR election last held on 12 May 2018 (next NA)"
      },
      "election results": {
        "text": "<p>COR vote in first round - Barham SALIH (PUK) 165, Fuad HUSAYN (KDP) 90; Barham SALIH elected president in second round -&nbsp;Barham SALIH 219, Fuad HUSAYN 22; note - the COR vote on 1 October 2018 failed due to a lack of quorum, and a new session was held on 2 October</p>"
      }
    },
    "Legislative branch": {
      "description": {
        "text": "unicameral Council of Representatives or Majlis an-Nuwwab al-Iraqiyy (329 seats; 320 members directly elected in 83 multi-seat constituencies by simple majority vote and 9 seats at the national level reserved for minorities - 5 for Christians, 1 each for Sabaean-Mandaeans, Yazidis, Shabaks, Fayli Kurds; 25% of seats allocated to women; members serve 4-year terms); note - in early November 2020, the president ratified a new electoral law - approved by the Council of Representatives in late October - that eliminates the proportional representation electoral system"
      },
      "elections": {
        "text": "last held on 12 May 2018 (next originally scheduled for May 2022, but rescheduled earlier to 6 June 2021)"
      },
      "election results": {
        "text": "percent of vote by party/coalition - NA; seats by party/coalition - Sa'irun Alliance 54, Al&nbsp;Fatah Alliance 48, Al Nasr Alliance 42, KDP 25, State of Law Coalition 25, Wataniyah 21, National Wisdom Trend 19, PUK 18, Iraqi Decision Alliance 14, Anbar Our Identity 6, Goran Movement 5, New Generation 4, other 48; composition - men 245, women 84, percent of women 25.5%"
      }
    },
    "Judicial branch": {
      "highest courts": {
        "text": "Federal Supreme Court or FSC (consists of 9 judges); note - court jurisdiction limited to constitutional issues and disputes between regions or governorates and the central government; Court of Cassation (consists of a court president, 5 vice presidents, and at least 24 judges)"
      },
      "judge selection and term of office": {
        "text": "Federal Supreme Court and Court of Cassation judges selected by the president of the republic from nominees selected by the Higher Judicial Council (HJC), a 25-member committee of judicial officials that manages the judiciary and prosecutors; FSC members appointed for life; Court of Cassation judges appointed by the HJC and confirmed by the Council of Representatives to serve until retirement nominally at age 63"
      },
      "subordinate courts": {
        "text": "Courts of Appeal (governorate level); civil courts, including first instance, personal status, labor, and customs; criminal courts including felony, misdemeanor, investigative, major crimes, juvenile, and traffic courts"
      }
    },
    "Political parties and leaders": {
      "text": "<br />Al Fatah Alliance [Hadi al-AMIRI]<br />Al Nasr Alliance [Haydar al-ABADI]<br />Al Sadiqun Bloc [Adnan al-DULAYMI]<br />Al Sa'irun Alliance [Muqtda al-SADR]<br />Badr Organization [Hadi al-AMIRI]<br />Da`wa Party [Nuri al-MALIKI]<br />Fadilah Party [Muhammad al-YAQUBI]<br />Goran Movement [Omar SAYYID ALI]<br />Iraqi Communist Party [Hamid Majid MUSA]<br />Iraq Decision Alliance [Khamis al-KHANJAR, Usama al-NUJAYFI]<br />Islamic Supreme Council of Iraq or ISCI [Humam HAMMUDI]<br />Kurdistan Democratic Party or KDP [Masoud BARZANI]<br />National Wisdom Trend [Ammar al-HAKIM]<br />New Generation Movement [SHASWAR Abd al-Wahid Qadir]<br />Our Identity [Muhammad al-HALBUSI]<br />Patriotic Union of Kurdistan or PUK [KOSRAT Rasul Ali, acting]<br />State of Law Coalition [Nuri al MALIKI<br />Wataniyah coalition [Ayad ALLAWI]<br />numerous smaller religious, local, tribal, and minority parties"
    },
    "International organization participation": {
      "text": "ABEDA, AFESD, AMF, CAEU, CICA, EITI (compliant country), FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, LAS, MIGA, NAM, OAPEC, OIC, OPCW, OPEC, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO (observer)"
    },
    "Diplomatic representation in the US": {
      "chief of mission": {
        "text": "Ambassador Farid YASIN (since 18 January 2017)"
      },
      "chancery": {
        "text": "3421 Massachusetts Avenue, NW, Washington, DC 20007"
      },
      "telephone": {
        "text": "[1] (202) 742-1600"
      },
      "FAX": {
        "text": "[1] (202) 333-1129"
      },
      "consulate(s) general": {
        "text": "Detroit, Los Angeles"
      }
    },
    "Diplomatic representation from the US": {
      "chief of mission": {
        "text": "Ambassador Matthew TUELLER (since&nbsp;9&nbsp;June&nbsp;2019)"
      },
      "telephone": {
        "text": "0760-030-3000"
      },
      "embassy": {
        "text": "Al-Kindi Street, International Zone, Baghdad; note - consulate in Al Basrah closed as of 28 September 2018"
      },
      "mailing address": {
        "text": "APO AE 09316"
      },
      "FAX": {
        "text": "NA"
      }
    },
    "Flag description": {
      "text": "three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and black; the Takbir (Arabic expression meaning \"God is great\") in green Arabic script is centered in the white band; the band colors derive from the Arab Liberation flag and represent oppression (black), overcome through bloody struggle (red), to be replaced by a bright future (white); the Council of Representatives approved this flag in 2008 as a compromise replacement for the Ba'thist SADDAM-era flag",
      "note": "<p><strong>note:</strong> similar to the flag of Syria, which has two stars but no script; Yemen, which has a plain white band; and that of Egypt, which has a golden Eagle of Saladin centered in the white band</p>"
    },
    "National symbol(s)": {
      "text": "golden eagle; national colors: red, white, black"
    },
    "National anthem": {
      "name": {
        "text": "\"Mawtini\" (My Homeland)"
      },
      "lyrics/music": {
        "text": "Ibrahim TOUQAN/Mohammad FLAYFEL"
      },
      "note": "<p><strong>note:</strong> adopted 2004; following the ouster of SADDAM Husayn, Iraq adopted \"Mawtini,\" a popular folk song throughout the Arab world; also serves as an unofficial anthem of the Palestinian people</p>"
    }
  },
  "Economy": {
    "Economic overview": {
      "text": "<p>Iraq's GDP growth slowed to 1.1% in 2017, a marked decline compared to the previous two years as domestic consumption and investment fell because of civil violence and a sluggish oil market. The Iraqi Government received its third tranche of funding from its 2016 Stand-By Arrangement (SBA) with the IMF in August 2017, which is intended to stabilize its finances by encouraging improved fiscal management, needed economic reform, and expenditure reduction. Additionally, in late 2017 Iraq received more than $1.4 billion in financing from international lenders, part of which was generated by issuing a $1 billion bond for reconstruction and rehabilitation in areas liberated from ISIL. Investment and key sector diversification are crucial components to Iraq’s long-term economic development and require a strengthened business climate with enhanced legal and regulatory oversight to bolster private-sector engagement. The overall standard of living depends on global oil prices, the central government passage of major policy reforms, a stable security environment post-ISIS, and the resolution of civil discord with the Kurdish Regional Government (KRG).</p><p></p><p>Iraq's largely state-run economy is dominated by the oil sector, which provides roughly 85% of government revenue and 80% of foreign exchange earnings, and is a major determinant of the economy's fortunes. Iraq's contracts with major oil companies have the potential to further expand oil exports and revenues, but Iraq will need to make significant upgrades to its oil processing, pipeline, and export infrastructure to enable these deals to reach their economic potential.</p><p></p><p>In 2017, Iraqi oil exports from northern fields were disrupted following a KRG referendum that resulted in the Iraqi Government reasserting federal control over disputed oil fields and energy infrastructure in Kirkuk. The Iraqi government and the KRG dispute the role of federal and regional authorities in the development and export of natural resources. In 2007, the KRG passed an oil law to develop IKR oil and gas reserves independent of the federal government. The KRG has signed about 50 contracts with foreign energy companies to develop its reserves, some of which lie in territories taken by Baghdad in October 2017. The KRG is able to unilaterally export oil from the fields it retains control of through its own pipeline to Turkey, which Baghdad claims is illegal. In the absence of a national hydrocarbons law, the two sides have entered into five provisional oil- and revenue-sharing deals since 2009, all of which collapsed.</p><p></p><p>Iraq is making slow progress enacting laws and developing the institutions needed to implement economic policy, and political reforms are still needed to assuage investors' concerns regarding the uncertain business climate. The Government of Iraq is eager to attract additional foreign direct investment, but it faces a number of obstacles, including a tenuous political system and concerns about security and societal stability. Rampant corruption, outdated infrastructure, insufficient essential services, skilled labor shortages, and antiquated commercial laws stifle investment and continue to constrain growth of private, nonoil sectors. Under the Iraqi constitution, some competencies relevant to the overall investment climate are either shared by the federal government and the regions or are devolved entirely to local governments. Investment in the IKR operates within the framework of the Kurdistan Region Investment Law (Law 4 of 2006) and the Kurdistan Board of Investment, which is designed to provide incentives to help economic development in areas under the authority of the KRG.</p><p></p><p>Inflation has remained under control since 2006. However, Iraqi leaders remain hard-pressed to translate macroeconomic gains into an improved standard of living for the Iraqi populace. Unemployment remains a problem throughout the country despite a bloated public sector. Overregulation has made it difficult for Iraqi citizens and foreign investors to 
    },
    "Real GDP growth rate": {
      "Real GDP growth rate 2017": {
        "text": "-2.1% (2017 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP growth rate 2016": {
        "text": "13.1% (2016 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP growth rate 2015": {
        "text": "2.5% (2015 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Inflation rate (consumer prices)": {
      "Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2019": {
        "text": "-0.1% (2019 est.)"
      },
      "Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2018": {
        "text": "0.3% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2017": {
        "text": "0.2% (2017 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Credit ratings": {
      "Fitch rating": {
        "text": "B- (2015)"
      },
      "Moody's rating": {
        "text": "Caa1 (2017)"
      },
      "Standard & Poors rating": {
        "text": "B- (2015)"
      }
    },
    "Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": {
      "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019": {
        "text": "$427.736 billion (2019 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2018": {
        "text": "$409.705 billion (2018 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": {
        "text": "$412.027 billion (2017 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<p><strong>note:</strong> data are in 2010 dollars</p>"
    },
    "GDP (official exchange rate)": {
      "text": "$231.994 billion (2019 est.)"
    },
    "Real GDP per capita": {
      "Real GDP per capita 2019": {
        "text": "$10,881 (2019 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP per capita 2018": {
        "text": "$10,660 (2018 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP per capita 2017": {
        "text": "$10,972 (2017 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<p><strong>note:</strong> data are in 2010 dollars</p>"
    },
    "Gross national saving": {
      "Gross national saving 2017": {
        "text": "19% of GDP (2017 est.)"
      },
      "Gross national saving 2016": {
        "text": "13.1% of GDP (2016 est.)"
      },
      "Gross national saving 2015": {
        "text": "18.4% of GDP (2015 est.)"
      }
    },
    "GDP - composition, by sector of origin": {
      "agriculture": {
        "text": "3.3% (2017 est.)"
      },
      "industry": {
        "text": "51% (2017 est.)"
      },
      "services": {
        "text": "45.8% (2017 est.)"
      }
    },
    "GDP - composition, by end use": {
      "household consumption": {
        "text": "50.4% (2013 est.)"
      },
      "government consumption": {
        "text": "22.9% (2016 est.)"
      },
      "investment in fixed capital": {
        "text": "20.6% (2016 est.)"
      },
      "investment in inventories": {
        "text": "0% (2016 est.)"
      },
      "exports of goods and services": {
        "text": "32.5% (2016 est.)"
      },
      "imports of goods and services": {
        "text": "-40.9% (2016 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Ease of Doing Business Index scores": {
      "Overall Ease of Doing Business score 2020": {
        "text": "77.3 (2020)"
      }
    },
    "Agricultural products": {
      "text": "wheat, barley, dates, tomatoes, rice, maize, grapes, potatoes, rice, watermelons"
    },
    "Industries": {
      "text": "petroleum, chemicals, textiles, leather, construction materials, food processing, fertilizer, metal fabrication/processing"
    },
    "Industrial production growth rate": {
      "text": "0.7% (2017 est.)"
    },
    "Labor force": {
      "text": "8.9 million (2010 est.)"
    },
    "Labor force - by occupation": {
      "agriculture": {
        "text": "21.6%"
      },
      "industry": {
        "text": "18.7%"
      },
      "services": {
        "text": "59.8% (2008 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Unemployment rate": {
      "Unemployment rate 2012": {
        "text": "16% (2012 est.)"
      },
      "Unemployment rate 2010": {
        "text": "15% (2010 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Population below poverty line": {
      "text": "23% (2014 est.)"
    },
    "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income": {
      "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2012": {
        "text": "29.5 (2012 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Household income or consumption by percentage share": {
      "lowest 10%": {
        "text": "3.6%"
      },
      "highest 10%": {
        "text": "25.7% (2007 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Budget": {
      "revenues": {
        "text": "68.71 billion (2017 est.)"
      },
      "expenditures": {
        "text": "76.82 billion (2017 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Taxes and other revenues": {
      "text": "35.7% (of GDP) (2017 est.)"
    },
    "Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-)": {
      "text": "-4.2% (of GDP) (2017 est.)"
    },
    "Public debt": {
      "Public debt 2017": {
        "text": "59.7% of GDP (2017 est.)"
      },
      "Public debt 2016": {
        "text": "66% of GDP (2016 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Fiscal year": {
      "text": "calendar year"
    },
    "Current account balance": {
      "Current account balance 2017": {
        "text": "$4.344 billion (2017 est.)"
      },
      "Current account balance 2016": {
        "text": "-$13.38 billion (2016 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Exports": {
      "Exports 2017": {
        "text": "$61.4 billion (2017 est.)"
      },
      "Exports 2016": {
        "text": "$41.72 billion (2016 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Exports - partners": {
      "text": "India 21.2%, China 20.2%, US 15.8%, South Korea 9.4%, Greece 5.3%, Netherlands 4.8%, Italy 4.7% (2017)"
    },
    "Exports - commodities": {
      "text": "crude oil 99%, crude materials excluding fuels, food, live animals"
    },
    "Imports": {
      "Imports 2017": {
        "text": "$39.47 billion (2017 est.)"
      },
      "Imports 2016": {
        "text": "$19.57 billion (2016 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Imports - partners": {
      "text": "Turkey 27.8%, China 25.7%, South Korea 4.7%, Russia 4.3% (2017)"
    },
    "Imports - commodities": {
      "text": "food, medicine, manufactures"
    },
    "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": {
      "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2017": {
        "text": "$48.88 billion (31 December 2017 est.)"
      },
      "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2016": {
        "text": "$45.36 billion (31 December 2016 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Debt - external": {
      "Debt - external 31 December 2017": {
        "text": "$73.02 billion (31 December 2017 est.)"
      },
      "Debt - external 31 December 2016": {
        "text": "$64.16 billion (31 December 2016 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Exchange rates": {
      "currency": {
        "text": "Iraqi dinars (IQD) per US dollar -"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2017": {
        "text": "1,184 (2017 est.)"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2016": {
        "text": "1,182 (2016 est.)"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2015": {
        "text": "1,182 (2015 est.)"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2014": {
        "text": "1,167.63 (2014 est.)"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2013": {
        "text": "1,213.72 (2013 est.)"
      }
    }
  },
  "Energy": {
    "Electricity access": {
      "electrification - total population": {
        "text": "100% (2020)"
      }
    },
    "Electricity - production": {
      "text": "75.45 billion kWh (2016 est.)"
    },
    "Electricity - consumption": {
      "text": "38.46 billion kWh (2016 est.)"
    },
    "Electricity - exports": {
      "text": "0 kWh (2016 est.)"
    },
    "Electricity - imports": {
      "text": "11.97 billion kWh (2016 est.)"
    },
    "Electricity - installed generating capacity": {
      "text": "27.09 million kW (2016 est.)"
    },
    "Electricity - from fossil fuels": {
      "text": "91% of total installed capacity (2016 est.)"
    },
    "Electricity - from nuclear fuels": {
      "text": "0% of total installed capacity (2017 est.)"
    },
    "Electricity - from hydroelectric plants": {
      "text": "9% of total installed capacity (2017 est.)"
    },
    "Electricity - from other renewable sources": {
      "text": "0% of total installed capacity (2017 est.)"
    },
    "Crude oil - production": {
      "text": "4.613 million bbl/day (2018 est.)"
    },
    "Crude oil - exports": {
      "text": "3.092 million bbl/day (2015 est.)"
    },
    "Crude oil - imports": {
      "text": "0 bbl/day (2015 est.)"
    },
    "Crude oil - proved reserves": {
      "text": "148.8 billion bbl (1 January 2018 est.)"
    },
    "Refined petroleum products - production": {
      "text": "398,000 bbl/day (2015 est.)"
    },
    "Refined petroleum products - consumption": {
      "text": "826,000 bbl/day (2016 est.)"
    },
    "Refined petroleum products - exports": {
      "text": "8,284 bbl/day (2015 est.)"
    },
    "Refined petroleum products - imports": {
      "text": "255,100 bbl/day (2015 est.)"
    },
    "Natural gas - production": {
      "text": "1.274 billion cu m (2017 est.)"
    },
    "Natural gas - consumption": {
      "text": "2.633 billion cu m (2017 est.)"
    },
    "Natural gas - exports": {
      "text": "0 cu m (2017 est.)"
    },
    "Natural gas - imports": {
      "text": "1.359 billion cu m (2017 est.)"
    },
    "Natural gas - proved reserves": {
      "text": "3.82 trillion cu m (1 January 2018 est.)"
    },
    "Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy": {
      "text": "117.9 million Mt (2017 est.)"
    }
  },
  "Communications": {
    "Telephones - fixed lines": {
      "total subscriptions": {
        "text": "2,678,046"
      },
      "subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
        "text": "7.04 (2019 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Telephones - mobile cellular": {
      "total subscriptions": {
        "text": "36,092,758"
      },
      "subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
        "text": "94.88 (2019 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Telecommunication systems": {
      "general assessment": {
        "text": "the 2003 liberation of Iraq severely disrupted telecommunications throughout Iraq; widespread government efforts to rebuild domestic and international communications have slowed due to political unrest; 2018 showed signs of stability and installations of new fiber-optic cables and growth in mobile broadband subscribers; the most popular plans are pre-paid; 3 major operators in mobile sector preparing 4G and even 5G technologies; operators focused on fixing and replacing networks damaged during civil war (2020)"
      },
      "domestic": {
        "text": "the mobile cellular market continues to expand; 3G services offered by three major mobile operators; 4G offered by one operator in Iraqi; conflict has destroyed infrastructure in areas; 7 per 100 for fixed-line and 95 per 100 for mobile-cellular subscriptions (2019)"
      },
      "international": {
        "text": "country code - 964; landing points for FALCON, and GBICS/MENA submarine cables providing connections to the Middle East, Africa and India; satellite earth stations - 4 (2 Intelsat - 1 Atlantic Ocean and 1 Indian Ocean, 1 Intersputnik - Atlantic Ocean region, and 1 Arabsat (inoperative)); local microwave radio relay connects border regions to Jordan, Kuwait, Syria, and Turkey (2019)"
      },
      "note": "<br><br><strong>note:</strong> the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated"
    },
    "Broadcast media": {
      "text": "the number of private radio and TV stations has increased rapidly since 2003; government-owned TV and radio stations are operated by the publicly funded Iraqi Media Network; private broadcast media are mostly linked to political, ethnic, or religious groups; satellite TV is available to an estimated 70% of viewers and many of the broadcasters are based abroad; transmissions of multiple international radio broadcasters are accessible (2019)"
    },
    "Internet country code": {
      "text": ".iq"
    },
    "Internet users": {
      "total": {
        "text": "18,364,390"
      },
      "percent of population": {
        "text": "49.36% (July 2018 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Broadband - fixed subscriptions": {
      "total": {
        "text": "4,492,328"
      },
      "subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
        "text": "12 (2018 est.)"
      }
    }
  },
  "Transportation": {
    "National air transport system": {
      "number of registered air carriers": {
        "text": "4 (2020)"
      },
      "inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers": {
        "text": "34"
      },
      "annual passenger traffic on registered air carriers": {
        "text": "2,075,065 (2018)"
      },
      "annual freight traffic on registered air carriers": {
        "text": "16.2 million mt-km (2018)"
      }
    },
    "Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": {
      "text": "YI (2016)"
    },
    "Airports": {
      "total": {
        "text": "102 (2013)"
      }
    },
    "Airports - with paved runways": {
      "total": {
        "text": "72 (2017)"
      },
      "over 3,047 m": {
        "text": "20 (2017)"
      },
      "2,438 to 3,047 m": {
        "text": "34 (2017)"
      },
      "1,524 to 2,437 m": {
        "text": "4 (2017)"
      },
      "914 to 1,523 m": {
        "text": "7 (2017)"
      },
      "under 914 m": {
        "text": "7 (2017)"
      }
    },
    "Airports - with unpaved runways": {
      "total": {
        "text": "30 (2013)"
      },
      "over 3,047 m": {
        "text": "3 (2013)"
      },
      "2,438 to 3,047 m": {
        "text": "5 (2013)"
      },
      "1,524 to 2,437 m": {
        "text": "3 (2013)"
      },
      "914 to 1,523 m": {
        "text": "13 (2013)"
      },
      "under 914 m": {
        "text": "6 (2013)"
      }
    },
    "Heliports": {
      "text": "16 (2013)"
    },
    "Pipelines": {
      "text": "2455 km gas, 913 km liquid petroleum gas, 5432 km oil, 1637 km refined products (2013)"
    },
    "Railways": {
      "total": {
        "text": "2,272 km (2014)"
      },
      "standard gauge": {
        "text": "2,272 km 1.435-m gauge (2014)"
      }
    },
    "Roadways": {
      "total": {
        "text": "59,623 km (2012)"
      },
      "paved": {
        "text": "59,623 km (includes Kurdistan region) (2012)"
      }
    },
    "Waterways": {
      "text": "5,279 km (the Euphrates River (2,815 km), Tigris River (1,899 km), and Third River (565 km) are the principal waterways) (2012)"
    },
    "Merchant marine": {
      "total": {
        "text": "68"
      },
      "by type": {
        "text": "general cargo 1, oil tanker 6, other 61 (2020)"
      }
    },
    "Ports and terminals": {
      "river port(s)": {
        "text": "Al Basrah (Shatt al Arab); Khawr az Zubayr, Umm Qasr (Khawr az Zubayr waterway)"
      }
    }
  },
  "Military and Security": {
    "Military and security forces": {
      "text": "Ministry of Defense: Iraqi Army, Army Aviation Command, Iraqi Navy, Iraqi Air Force, Iraqi Air Defense Command, Special Forces Command; National-Level Security Forces: Iraqi Counterterrorism Service (CTS; a Special Forces Division aka the \"Golden Division\"), Prime Minister's Special Forces Division, Presidential Brigades; Ministry of Interior: Federal Police Forces Command, Border Guard Forces Command, Federal Intelligence and Investigations Agency, Emergency Response Division, Facilities Protection Directorate, and Energy Police Directorate; Popular Mobilization Commission and Affiliated Forces (PMF); Ministry of Pershmerga (Kurdistan Regional Government) (2020)",
      "note": "<br><br>note: the PMF is a collection of approximately 50 paramilitary militias of different sizes and with varying political interests"
    },
    "Military expenditures": {
      "Military Expenditures 2019": {
        "text": "3.5% of GDP (2019)"
      },
      "Military Expenditures 2018": {
        "text": "2.9% of GDP (2018)"
      },
      "Military Expenditures 2017": {
        "text": "3.9% of GDP (2017)"
      },
      "Military Expenditures 2016": {
        "text": "3.5% of GDP (2016)"
      },
      "Military Expenditures 2015": {
        "text": "5.4% of GDP (2015)"
      }
    },
    "Military and security service personnel strengths": {
      "text": "assessments of the size of the Iraqi military, security services, and associated militia forces vary widely; the military and the security services are rebuilding after suffering considerable losses in personnel and equipment fighting the ISIS terrorist group (see note) and are also attempting to incorporate local militia groups; approximately 190,000 active personnel (180,000 Army; 3,000 Navy; 5,000 Air Force); National-Level Security Forces: est. 10,000 Iraqi Counterterrorism Service; est. 10,000 Presidential Brigades; est. 6,000 Prime Minister&rsquo;s Special Forces Division; other: est. 100-160,000 Popular Mobilization Forces; est. 150,000-200,000 Peshmerga Forces (2019 )",
      "note": "<p>note: Iraqi Army strength reportedly fell from about 200,000 personnel in 2009 to around 50,000 in 2016</p>"
    },
    "Military equipment inventories and acquisitions": {
      "text": "the Iraqi military inventory is comprised of Russian and Soviet-era equipment combined with newer European- and US-sourced platforms; since 2010, Russia and the US are the leading suppliers of military hardware to Iraq (2019 est.)"
    },
    "Military service age and obligation": {
      "text": "18-40 years of age for voluntary military service; no conscription (2019)"
    }
  },
  "Terrorism": {
    "Terrorist group(s)": {
      "text": "Ansar al-Islam; Asa'ib Ahl al-Haq; Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps/Qods Force; Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham; Jaysh Rijal al-Tariq al-Naqshabandi; Kata'ib Hizballah; Kurdistan Workers' Party (2019)",
      "note": "<br><br><strong>note:</strong> details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in <a title=\"Appendix-T\" href=\"../appendix/appendix-t.html\">Appendix-T</a>"
    }
  },
  "Transnational Issues": {
    "Disputes - international": {
      "text": "<p>Iraq's lack of a maritime boundary with Iran prompts jurisdiction disputes beyond the mouth of the Shatt al Arab in the Persian Gulf; Turkey has expressed concern over the autonomous status of Kurds in Iraq</p>"
    },
    "Refugees and internally displaced persons": {
      "refugees (country of origin)": {
        "text": "15,167 (Turkey), 7,858 (West Bank and Gaza Strip), 5,041 (Iran) (2018); 241,682 (Syria) (2020)"
      },
      "IDPs": {
        "text": "1,389,540 (displacement in central and northern Iraq since January 2014) (2020)"
      },
      "stateless persons": {
        "text": "47,253 (2019); note - in the 1970s and 1980s under SADDAM Husayn's regime, thousands of Iraq's Faili Kurds, followers of Shia Islam, were stripped of their Iraqi citizenship, had their property seized by the government, and many were deported; some Faili Kurds had their citizenship reinstated under the 2,006 Iraqi Nationality Law, but others lack the documentation to prove their Iraqi origins; some Palestinian refugees persecuted by the SADDAM regime remain stateless"
      },
      "note": "<p><strong>note:</strong> estimate revised to reflect the reduction of statelessness in line with Law 26 of 2006, which allows stateless persons to apply for nationality in certain circumstances; more accurate studies of statelessness in Iraq are pending (2015)</p>"
    }
  }
}