"text":"The Slovene lands were part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire until the latter's dissolution at the end of World War I. In 1918, the Slovenes joined the Serbs and Croats in forming a new multinational state, which was named Yugoslavia in 1929. After World War II, Slovenia was one of the republics in the restored Yugoslavia, which, though communist, soon distanced itself from the Soviet Union and spearheaded the Non-Aligned Movement. Dissatisfied with the exercise of power by the majority Serbs, the Slovenes succeeded in establishing their independence in 1991 after a short 10-day war. Historical ties to Western Europe, a growing economy, and a stable democracy have assisted in Slovenia's postcommunist transition. Slovenia acceded to both NATO and the EU in the spring of 2004; it joined the euro zone and the Schengen zone in 2007."
}
},
"Geography":{
"Location":{
"text":"south Central Europe, Julian Alps between Austria and Croatia"
"text":"Austria 299 km, Croatia 600 km, Hungary 94 km, Italy 218 km"
}
},
"Coastline":{
"text":"46.6 km"
},
"Maritime claims":{
"territorial sea":{
"text":"12 nm"
}
},
"Climate":{
"text":"Mediterranean climate on the coast, continental climate with mild to hot summers and cold winters in the plateaus and valleys to the east"
},
"Terrain":{
"text":"a short southwestern coastal strip of Karst topography on the Adriatic; an alpine mountain region lies adjacent to Italy and Austria in the north; mixed mountains and valleys with numerous rivers to the east"
},
"Elevation":{
"mean elevation":{
"text":"492 m"
},
"lowest point":{
"text":"Adriatic Sea 0 m"
},
"highest point":{
"text":"Triglav 2,864 m"
}
},
"Natural resources":{
"text":"lignite, lead, zinc, building stone, hydropower, forests"
"text":"a fairly even distribution throughout most of the country, with urban areas attracting larger and denser populations; pockets in the mountainous northwest exhibit less density than elsewhere"
},
"Natural hazards":{
"text":"flooding; earthquakes"
},
"Environment - current issues":{
"text":"air pollution from road traffic, domestic heating (wood buring), power generation, and industry; water pollution; biodiversity protection"
},
"Environment - international agreements":{
"party to":{
"text":"Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulfur 94, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands, Whaling"
},
"signed, but not ratified":{
"text":"none of the selected agreements"
}
},
"Geography - note":{
"text":"despite its small size, this eastern Alpine country controls some of Europe's major transit routes"
"text":"Slovene 83.1%, Serb 2%, Croat 1.8%, Bosniak 1.1%, other or unspecified 12% (2002 est.)"
},
"Languages":{
"text":"Slovene (official) 91.1%, Serbo-Croatian 4.5%, other or unspecified 4.4%, Italian (official, only in municipalities where Italian national communities reside), Hungarian (official, only in municipalities where Hungarian national communities reside) (2002 census)"
},
"Religions":{
"text":"Catholic 57.8%, Muslim 2.4%, Orthodox 2.3%, other Christian 0.9%, unaffiliated 3.5%, other or unspecified 23%, none 10.1% (2002 est.)"
"text":"a fairly even distribution throughout most of the country, with urban areas attracting larger and denser populations; pockets in the mountainous northwest exhibit less density than elsewhere"
},
"Urbanization":{
"urban population":{
"text":"55.1% of total population (2020)"
},
"rate of urbanization":{
"text":"0.56% annual rate of change (2015-20 est.)"
"note":"<br><br><strong>etymology:</strong> likely related to the Slavic root \"ljub\", meaning \"to like\" or \"to love\"; by tradition, the name is related to the Slovene word \"ljubljena\" meaning \"beloved\""
"text":"Independence Day/Statehood Day, 25 June (1991)"
},
"Constitution":{
"history":{
"text":"previous 1974 (preindependence); latest passed by Parliament 23 December 1991"
},
"amendments":{
"text":"proposed by at least 20 National Assembly members, by the government, or by petition of at least 30,000 voters; passage requires at least two-thirds majority vote by the Assembly; referendum required if agreed upon by at least 30 Assembly members; passage in a referendum requires participation of a majority of eligible voters and a simple majority of votes cast; amended several times, last in 2015"
}
},
"Legal system":{
"text":"civil law system"
},
"International law organization participation":{
"text":"has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; accepts ICCt jurisdiction"
},
"Citizenship":{
"citizenship by birth":{
"text":"no"
},
"citizenship by descent only":{
"text":"at least one parent must be a citizen of Slovenia; both parents if the child is born outside of Slovenia"
},
"dual citizenship recognized":{
"text":"yes, for select cases"
},
"residency requirement for naturalization":{
"text":"10 years, the last 5 of which have been continuous"
}
},
"Suffrage":{
"text":"18 years of age, 16 if employed; universal"
"text":"Prime Minister Janez JANSA (since 13 March 2020)"
},
"cabinet":{
"text":"Council of Ministers nominated by the prime minister, elected by the National Assembly"
},
"elections/appointments":{
"text":"president directly elected by absolute majority popular vote in 2 rounds if needed for a 5-year term (eligible for a second consecutive term); election last held on 22 October with a runoff on 12 November 2017 (next election to be held by November 2022); following National Assembly elections, the leader of the majority party or majority coalition usually nominated prime minister by the president and elected by the National Assembly"
},
"election results":{
"text":"Borut PAHOR is reelected president in second round; percent of vote in first round - Borut PAHOR (independent) 47.1%, Marjan SAREC (Marjan Sarec List) 25%, Romana TOMC (SDS) 13.7%, Ljudmila NOVAK (NSi) 7.2%, other 7%; percent of vote in second round - Borut PAHOR 52.9%, Marjan SAREC 47.1%; Janez JANSA (SDS) elected prime minister on 3 March 2020, National Assembly vote - 52-31"
"text":"bicameral Parliament consists of:<br />National Council or Drzavni Svet (40 seats; members indirectly elected by an electoral college to serve 5-year terms); note - the Council is primarily an advisory body with limited legislative powers<br /> National Assembly or Drzavni Zbor (90 seats; 88 members directly elected in single-seat constituencies by proportional representation vote and 2 directly elected in special constituencies for Italian and Hungarian minorities by simple majority vote; members serve 4-year terms)"
"text":"<br /> National Council - last held on 22 November 2017 (next to be held in 2022)<br />National Assembly - last held on 3 June 2018 (next to be held no later than 2022)"
"text":"<br /> National Council - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - NA; composition - men 36, women 4, percent of women 10%<br />National Assembly - percent of vote by party - SDS 24.9%, LMS 12.7%, SD 9.9%, SMC 9.8%, Levica 9.3%, NSi 7.1%, Stranka AB 5.1%, DeSUS 4.9%, SNS 4.2%, other 12.1%; seats by party - SDS 25, LMS 13, SD 10, SMC 10, Levica 9, NSi 7, Stranka AB 5, DeSUS 5, SNS 4, Italian and Hungarian minorities 2; composition - men 68, women 22, percent of women 24.4%; note - total Parliament percent of women 20%"
"text":"Supreme Court (consists of the court president and 37 judges organized into civil, criminal, commercial, labor and social security, administrative, and registry departments); Constitutional Court (consists of the court president, vice president, and 7 judges)"
},
"judge selection and term of office":{
"text":"Supreme Court president and vice president appointed by the National Assembly upon the proposal of the Minister of Justice based on the opinions of the Judicial Council, an 11-member independent body elected by the National Assembly from proposals submitted by the president, attorneys, law universities, and sitting judges; other Supreme Court judges elected by the National Assembly from candidates proposed by the Judicial Council; Supreme Court judges serve for life; Constitutional Court judges appointed by the National Assembly from nominations by the president of the republic; Constitutional Court president selected from among its own membership for a 3-year term; other judges elected for single 9-year terms"
},
"subordinate courts":{
"text":"county, district, regional, and high courts; specialized labor-related and social courts; Court of Audit; Administrative Court"
"text":"Democratic Party of Pensioners of Slovenia or DeSUS [Aleksandra PIVEC]<br />List of Marjan Sarec or LMS [Marjan SAREC]<br />Modern Center Party or SMC [Miro CERAR]<br />New Slovenia or NSi [Matej TONIN]<br />Party of Alenka Bratusek or Stranka AB [Alenka BRATUSEK] (formerly Alliance of Social Liberal Democrats or ZSD and before that Alliance of Alenka Bratusek or ZaAB)<br />Slovenian Democratic Party or SDS [Janez JANSA]<br />Slovenian National Party or SNS [Zmago JELINCIC Plemeniti]<br />Social Democrats or SD [Dejan ZIDAN]<br />The Left or Levica [Luka MESEC] (successor to United Left or ZL)"
"text":"Ambassador Stanislav VIDOVIC (since 21 July 2017)"
},
"chancery":{
"text":"2410 California Street NW, Washington, DC 20008"
},
"telephone":{
"text":"[1] (202) 386-6601"
},
"FAX":{
"text":"[1] (202) 386-6633"
},
"consulate(s) general":{
"text":"Cleveland (OH)"
}
},
"Diplomatic representation from the US":{
"chief of mission":{
"text":"Ambassador Lynda C. BLANCHARD (since 29 August 2019)"
},
"telephone":{
"text":"[386] (1) 200-5500"
},
"embassy":{
"text":"Presernova 31, 1000 Ljubljana"
},
"mailing address":{
"text":"American Embassy Ljubljana, US Department of State, 7140 Ljubljana Place, Washington, DC 20521-7140"
},
"FAX":{
"text":"[386] (1) 200-5555"
}
},
"Flag description":{
"text":"three equal horizontal bands of white (top), blue, and red, derive from the medieval coat of arms of the Duchy of Carniola; the Slovenian seal (a shield with the image of Triglav, Slovenia's highest peak, in white against a blue background at the center; beneath it are two wavy blue lines depicting seas and rivers, and above it are three six-pointed stars arranged in an inverted triangle, which are taken from the coat of arms of the Counts of Celje, the prominent Slovene dynastic house of the late 14th and early 15th centuries) appears in the upper hoist side of the flag centered on the white and blue bands"
},
"National symbol(s)":{
"text":"Mount Triglav; national colors: white, blue, red"
"note":"<p><strong>note:</strong> adopted in 1989 while still part of Yugoslavia; originally written in 1848; the full poem, whose seventh verse is used as the anthem, speaks of pan-Slavic nationalism</p>"
"text":"<p>With excellent infrastructure, a well-educated work force, and a strategic location between the Balkans and Western Europe, Slovenia has one of the highest per capita GDPs in Central Europe, despite having suffered a protracted recession in the 2008-09 period in the wake of the global financial crisis. Slovenia became the first 2004 EU entrant to adopt the euro (on 1 January 2007) and has experienced a stable political and economic transition.</p> <p> </p> <p>In March 2004, Slovenia became the first transition country to graduate from borrower status to donor partner at the World Bank. In 2007, Slovenia was invited to begin the process for joining the OECD; it became a member in 2012. From 2014 to 2016, export-led growth, fueled by demand in larger European markets, pushed annual GDP growth above 2.3%. Growth reached 5.0% in 2017 and is projected to near or reach 5% in 2018. What used to be stubbornly high unemployment fell below 5.5% in early 2018, driven by strong exports and increasing consumption that boosted labor demand. Continued fiscal consolidation through increased tax collection and social security contributions will likely result in a balanced government budget in 2019.</p> <p> </p> <p>Prime Minister CERAR’s government took office in September 2014, pledging to press ahead with commitments to privatize a select group of state-run companies, rationalize public spending, and further stabilize the banking sector. Efforts to privatize Slovenia’s largely state-owned banking sector have largely stalled, however, amid concerns about an ongoing dispute over Yugoslav-era foreign currency deposits.</p>"
"text":"ferrous metallurgy and aluminum products, lead and zinc smelting; electronics (including military electronics), trucks, automobiles, electric power equipment, wood products, textiles, chemicals, machine tools"
"note":"<p><strong>note:</strong> defined by the EU's Maastricht Treaty as consolidated general government gross debt at nominal value, outstanding at the end of the year in the following categories of government liabilities: currency and deposits, securities other than shares excluding financial derivatives, and loans; general government sector comprises the central, state, local government, and social security funds</p>"
"text":"well-developed telecommunications infrastructure; four mobile network operators; increase in Internet community demanding e-govt., e-commerce and e-health; govt. funds to improve broadband to more municipalities; high mobile penetration rate and therefore retaining customers with bundled products; regulatory intervention has improved telecommunications; trials for use of 5G; FttP to 90% of population by 2020 (2020)"
"note":"<br><br><strong>note:</strong> the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated"
"text":"public TV broadcaster, Radiotelevizija Slovenija (RTV), operates a system of national and regional TV stations; 35 domestic commercial TV stations operating nationally, regionally, and locally; about 60% of households are connected to multi-channel cable TV; public radio broadcaster operates 3 national and 4 regional stations; more than 75 regional and local commercial and non-commercial radio stations"
"text":"Slovenian Armed Forces (Slovenska Vojska, SV): structured as a combined Force Command with air, land, logistical, maritime, support, and training components (2019)"
"Military and security service personnel strengths":{
"text":"the Slovenian Armed Forces have approximately 7,000 active duty troops, including ground, air, and maritime elements (June 2020)"
},
"Military equipment inventories and acquisitions":{
"text":"the inventory of the Slovenian Armed Forces is a mix of Soviet-era and limited quantities of more modern Western equipment; since 2010, it has received weapons systems from Finland, Russia, and the US (2019 est.)"
"text":"<p>since the breakup of Yugoslavia in the early 1990s, Croatia and Slovenia have each claimed sovereignty over Piran Bay and four villages, and Slovenia has objected to Croatia's claim of an exclusive economic zone in the Adriatic Sea; in 2009, however Croatia and Slovenia signed a binding international arbitration agreement to define their disputed land and maritime borders, which led Slovenia to lift its objections to Croatia joining the EU; in June 2017 the arbitration panel issued a ruling on the border that Croatia has not implemented; as a member state that forms part of the EU's external border, Slovenia has implemented the strict Schengen border rules to curb illegal migration and commerce through southeastern Europe while encouraging close cross-border ties with Croatia; Slovenia continues to impose a hard border Schengen regime with Croatia, which joined the EU in 2013 but has not yet fulfilled Schengen requirements</p>"
"note":"<p><strong>note: </strong>517,914 estimated refugee and migrant arrivals (January 2015-November 2020); migration through the Western Balkans has decreased significantly since March 2016; Slovenia is predominantly a transit country and hosts approximately 300 asylum seekers as of the end of June 2018</p>"
