diff --git a/plans/backend/00-umbrella-plan.md b/plans/backend/00-umbrella-plan.md
index bfc285c14..1cc1bb8b8 100644
--- a/plans/backend/00-umbrella-plan.md
+++ b/plans/backend/00-umbrella-plan.md
@@ -83,7 +83,7 @@ The Universal WebURL Crawler is the flagship Type-1 data source (**the moat**).
 - **`03b-proxy-expansion.md`** *(✅ IMPLEMENTED — `ci_mvp` @ `6226012`)* — Add a BYO `CustomProxyProvider` (the only new provider — **no branded vendors**) alongside `anonymous_proxies`, selectable via a **single, app-wide** `Config.PROXY_PROVIDER`. Add bounded client-side rotation+retry via Scrapling's `ProxyRotator`/`is_proxy_error` **only** when the active provider is pool-backed (`CUSTOM_PROXY_URLS`); single-endpoint providers (incl. `anonymous_proxies`) stay the default and no-op the retry. **No per-connector/per-crawl selection** (one provider app-wide); a per-pipeline override is left as a no-op seam for Phase 5/6.
 - **`03c-crawl-billing.md`** *(✅ IMPLEMENTED — `ci_mvp` @ `17bdb0682`)* — Charge crawl credits at **$1 / 1000 successful requests = 1000 micro-USD per successful crawl** (config-driven via `WEB_CRAWL_MICROS_PER_SUCCESS`, retunable with no code change), drawn from the existing credit wallet (`credit_micros_balance`), gated by a new `WEB_CRAWL_CREDIT_BILLING_ENABLED` flag (off for self-hosted). Two surfaces: **connector/pipeline crawls** billed to the **workspace owner** via a dedicated `WebCrawlCreditService` (mirrors `EtlCreditService`'s gate → `check_credits` → `charge_credits`, **not** `billable_call`); **chat scrapes** fold their crawl cost into the chat turn's existing bill (turn accumulator). No DB migration (uses the existing free-form `web_crawl` usage_type).
 - **`03e-stealth-hardening.md`** — The in-house "undetectable" layer on top of Scrapling's default patchright-Chromium stealth. **Geoip coherence** (match browser `locale`/`timezone_id` to the proxy's exit geo), **fingerprint flags** (`hide_canvas`/`block_webrtc`), **persistent per-domain profiles** (`user_data_dir`), **headed execution under Xvfb**, **real fonts** in the worker image, and **DIY behavioral humanization** via `page_action` (the Chromium engine has no built-in `humanize`). Adds a **block classifier** (label Cloudflare/DataDome/Kasada/captcha/empty from the response) + **per-domain strategy memory** (Redis, no migration) so the ladder learns the known-good tier per domain. Defines — but does **not** build — the **deferred paid-unblocker `FetchStrategy`** (ZenRows/ScrapFly/Bright Data) as the config-flagged escape hatch, with its own (later) billing. Honest ceiling: defeats Cloudflare + the moderate long tail, **not** top-tier behavioral fingerprinting (DataDome/Kasada/reCAPTCHA-Enterprise) — that's the deferred tier.
-- **`03d-captcha-solving.md`** *(ACTIVE — sequenced last in Phase 3, after `03e`)* — Covers the captcha types Scrapling does **not** (reCAPTCHA v2/v3, hCaptcha, image) via `captchatools`, **opt-in + off by default**. `captchatools` is **itself** the provider registry (`new_harvester(solving_site=…)` across capmonster/2captcha/anticaptcha/capsolver/captchaai), so we do **not** rebuild a provider hierarchy — our layer is thin: config resolution + a StealthyFetcher `page_action` that detects the sitekey, harvests a token (egressing from the **same** proxy IP as the crawl), and injects it. Scrapling already handles Cloudflare Turnstile (`03a`), and `page_action` runs **after** `solve_cloudflare`, so the tiers compose. The **billing asymmetry** is now **resolved**: a **separate per-attempt** `web_crawl_captcha` unit (solvers charge per attempt regardless of crawl success), attached via a `WebCrawlCreditService` seam in `03c`. `ErrNoBalance` stops solving (no retry loop → avoids IP bans). Requires a paid solver account.
+- **`03d-captcha-solving.md`** *(✅ IMPLEMENTED — `ci_mvp`; `captchatools` page_action + per-attempt `web_crawl_captcha` billing, off by default)* — Covers the captcha types Scrapling does **not** (reCAPTCHA v2/v3, hCaptcha, image) via `captchatools`, **opt-in + off by default**. `captchatools` is **itself** the provider registry (`new_harvester(solving_site=…)` across capmonster/2captcha/anticaptcha/capsolver/captchaai), so we do **not** rebuild a provider hierarchy — our layer is thin: config resolution + a StealthyFetcher `page_action` that detects the sitekey, harvests a token (egressing from the **same** proxy IP as the crawl), and injects it. Scrapling already handles Cloudflare Turnstile (`03a`), and `page_action` runs **after** `solve_cloudflare`, so the tiers compose. The **billing asymmetry** is now **resolved**: a **separate per-attempt** `web_crawl_captcha` unit (solvers charge per attempt regardless of crawl success), attached via a `WebCrawlCreditService` seam in `03c`. `ErrNoBalance` stops solving (no retry loop → avoids IP bans). Requires a paid solver account.
 - **`03f-undetectability-testing.md`** *(MANUAL-only — no CI gating; sequenced last)* — A **manual scorecard harness** that drives the real Scrapling tiers against the industry-standard detection + sandbox sites (modeled on CloakBrowser's `bin/cloaktest` suite) to **quantify the free-stack ceiling** over time. Two labeled axes: **Suite S (stealth/anti-bot)** — browser-tier (`bot.sannysoft`, `bot.incolumitas`, CreepJS, `deviceandbrowserinfo`, FingerprintJS demo, reCAPTCHA-v3 score, `fingerprint-scan`/Castle.js, `browserscan`), HTTP/TLS-tier JA3/JA4 parity (`tls.peet.ws`, **informational** not a gate), and proxy/leak checks (`httpbin/ip`, WebRTC/DNS); **Suite E (extraction correctness)** — toscrape/scrapethissite sandboxes for the HTTP vs JS (DynamicFetcher) tiers. Reuses `03d`'s `page_action`+closure-cell for JS-object verdicts. Adopts CloakBrowser's bars as **aspirational** (sannysoft 0 fails, CreepJS ≤30%, reCAPTCHA ≥0.7) while recording **our actual numbers as the committed baseline**; the scorecard is the documented **trigger** for flipping `03e`'s deferred paid-unblocker tier.
 
 ### Phase 4 — Connector two-type restructure (backend) [`subplans: 04a–04b`]
@@ -180,7 +180,7 @@ These are recorded for continuity but are NOT planned in this umbrella. They sta
 | 3 | `03b-proxy-expansion.md` | **IMPLEMENTED** (`ci_mvp` @ `6226012`) — `CustomProxyProvider` (BYO single/pool) + registry + bounded rotation-retry |
 | 3 | `03c-crawl-billing.md` | **IMPLEMENTED** (`ci_mvp` @ `17bdb0682`) — `WebCrawlCreditService` (config-driven price) + indexer wiring + chat-turn fold; functional e2e green |
 | 3 | `03e-stealth-hardening.md` | drafted |
-| 3 | `03d-captcha-solving.md` | drafted (active — sequenced after 03e) |
+| 3 | `03d-captcha-solving.md` | **IMPLEMENTED** (`ci_mvp`) — `captchatools` page_action (proprietary) + Apache-2 config + per-attempt `web_crawl_captcha` billing; off by default |
 | 3 | `03f-undetectability-testing.md` | drafted (manual scorecard — sequenced last) |
 | 4 | `04a-connector-category.md` | drafted |
 | 4 | `04b-source-discovery.md` | drafted |
diff --git a/plans/backend/03d-captcha-solving.md b/plans/backend/03d-captcha-solving.md
index 7a95789fd..a6b6d6d34 100644
--- a/plans/backend/03d-captcha-solving.md
+++ b/plans/backend/03d-captcha-solving.md
@@ -1,8 +1,13 @@
 # Phase 3d — Captcha solving (reCAPTCHA / hCaptcha / image)
 
 > Part of **Phase 3 — WebURL Crawler & Crawl Billing**. See `00-umbrella-plan.md`.
-> **Status: ACTIVE (sequenced last in Phase 3).** No longer deferred — captcha bypass is now an explicit goal of the "undetectable, captcha-bypassing universal WebURL crawler." Build **after** `03a` (StealthyFetcher tier + `FetchStrategy` seam + `CrawlOutcome`), `03b` (app-wide proxy provider, accessed via the zero-arg `get_proxy_url()`), `03c` (crawl wallet), and `03e` (stealth-hardening — solving is the *last* resort once humanization + fingerprint coherence have minimized challenges).
-> **Decision recap (this pass):** Cloudflare stays in-framework (free, `03a`); reCAPTCHA/hCaptcha/image use a **paid** solver via `captchatools`, **opt-in + off by default**, and are billed as a **separate per-attempt unit** (option (a) below — now decided, not deferred). Logged-in/account-gated captcha flows are **out of scope** (no authenticated scraping in this MVP — see umbrella Phase 8 / `03b` static-proxy hand-off).
+> **Status: ✅ IMPLEMENTED (`ci_mvp`, captcha solving + per-attempt billing).** `captchatools==1.5.0` (MIT, pure-Python, single `requests` dep) wired as the StealthyFetcher-tier `page_action`. Generic config in Apache-2 `app/utils/captcha/` (`CaptchaConfig` + `captcha_enabled()` = flag **and** key); bypass logic (detect/harvest/inject + process latch) in proprietary `app/proprietary/web_crawler/captcha.py`. `CrawlOutcome` gained `captcha_attempts`/`captcha_solved`; the stealth tier captures the proxy **once** and reuses it for the solver (IP-coherence). Billing: `WebCrawlCreditService.captcha_solves_to_micros` + `charge_captcha` + generic `check_balance`; indexer accumulates attempts (even on failed crawls), combined crawl+captcha pre-flight, per-attempt owner charge with `usage_type="web_crawl_captcha"`; both chat scrape tools fold attempts into the turn before the success/fail branch. **No migration.** Off by default (zero attempts, zero cost). 40+ new unit tests pass.
+> **Implementation deltas from the original draft (the draft predated the real 03a code):**
+> - **There is no `FetchStrategy` class/seam** in the shipped 03a crawler — tiers are plain methods (`_crawl_with_async_fetcher`/`_crawl_with_dynamic`/`_crawl_with_stealthy`) that call `get_proxy_url()` inline. The "surface the chosen endpoint" seam is implemented concretely by capturing `proxy = get_proxy_url()` **once** in `_crawl_with_stealthy_sync` and passing it to both `StealthyFetcher.fetch(proxy=…)` and the factory (no re-rotation).
+> - **Attempts reach `CrawlOutcome` via a per-call `captcha_state` dict** threaded `crawl_url → _crawl_with_stealthy(_sync)` and stamped onto every stealth terminal outcome (success/empty/failed). Per-call (not on `self`) → concurrency-safe.
+> - **Solver timeout uses a non-context-managed `ThreadPoolExecutor`** + `shutdown(wait=False, cancel_futures=True)`; a `with` block would join the worker and defeat the timeout.
+> - **Combined pre-flight** lives on the indexer using the new generic `check_balance(required_micros)` (crawl successes + worst-case `len(urls) × MAX_ATTEMPTS` captcha), not a captcha-specific check method. The captcha worst-case is only reserved when **both** `captcha_billing_enabled()` **and** `captcha_enabled()` (solving actually on) — with solving off, attempts can never happen, so reserving would wrongly block a run for captcha that will never run (regression-tested).
+> **Decision recap (this pass):** Cloudflare stays in-framework (free, `03a`); reCAPTCHA/hCaptcha/image use a **paid** solver via `captchatools`, **opt-in + off by default**, and are billed as a **separate per-attempt unit** (option (a) below). Logged-in/account-gated captcha flows are **out of scope** (no authenticated scraping in this MVP — see umbrella Phase 8 / `03b` static-proxy hand-off).
 
 ## Why this is the last tier, not the first
 
diff --git a/surfsense_backend/.env.example b/surfsense_backend/.env.example
index 07dd37dc3..66e0bc49a 100644
--- a/surfsense_backend/.env.example
+++ b/surfsense_backend/.env.example
@@ -266,6 +266,15 @@ MICROS_PER_PAGE=1000
 # WEB_CRAWL_CREDIT_BILLING_ENABLED=FALSE
 # WEB_CRAWL_MICROS_PER_SUCCESS=1000
 
+# Phase 3d: bill captcha solves as a SEPARATE per-attempt unit (the solver
+# charges per attempt regardless of crawl success). Independent of the crawl
+# flag above. Price config-driven (no hardcoded rate):
+#   WEB_CRAWL_CAPTCHA_MICROS_PER_SOLVE = round(USD_per_1000_solves * 1_000)
+#   3000 == $3 / 1000 solves (default) | 5000 == $5/1000
+# Set with margin over your solver vendor's per-attempt price.
+# WEB_CRAWL_CAPTCHA_BILLING_ENABLED=FALSE
+# WEB_CRAWL_CAPTCHA_MICROS_PER_SOLVE=3000
+
 # Low-balance warning threshold (micro-USD), surfaced to the UI. Default $0.50.
 CREDIT_LOW_BALANCE_WARNING_MICROS=500000
 
@@ -340,6 +349,26 @@ TURNSTILE_SECRET_KEY=
 # CUSTOM_PROXY_URL=http://user:pass@host:port
 # CUSTOM_PROXY_URLS=http://user:pass@host1:port,http://user:pass@host2:port
 
+# =====================================================================
+# Captcha solving (Phase 3d) — LAST-resort bypass tier via captchatools.
+# Only fires on the stealth browser tier when a sitekey is detected AND
+# CAPTCHA_SOLVING_ENABLED=TRUE. Cloudflare Turnstile is already solved free
+# in-framework (no config needed). Off by default => zero attempts, zero cost.
+# NOTE: automated solving may violate a target site's ToS — opt-in, public
+# data only (no logged-in bypass). captchatools is itself the vendor registry.
+# CAPTCHA_SOLVING_ENABLED=FALSE
+# solving_site: capmonster | 2captcha | anticaptcha | capsolver | captchaai
+# CAPTCHA_SOLVER_PROVIDER=capsolver
+# CAPTCHA_SOLVER_API_KEY=
+# Per-URL solve cap (bounds solver spend on a hostile page).
+# CAPTCHA_MAX_ATTEMPTS_PER_URL=1
+# CAPTCHA_SOLVE_TIMEOUT_S=120
+# Default type when detection is ambiguous: v2 | v3 | hcaptcha
+# CAPTCHA_TYPE_DEFAULT=v2
+# reCAPTCHA v3 tuning (only used for v3 challenges).
+# CAPTCHA_V3_MIN_SCORE=0.7
+# CAPTCHA_V3_ACTION=verify
+
 # File Parser Service
 ETL_SERVICE=UNSTRUCTURED or LLAMACLOUD or DOCLING
 UNSTRUCTURED_API_KEY=Tpu3P0U8iy
diff --git a/surfsense_backend/app/agents/chat/multi_agent_chat/main_agent/tools/scrape_webpage.py b/surfsense_backend/app/agents/chat/multi_agent_chat/main_agent/tools/scrape_webpage.py
index ad082818b..82dcaa9c1 100644
--- a/surfsense_backend/app/agents/chat/multi_agent_chat/main_agent/tools/scrape_webpage.py
+++ b/surfsense_backend/app/agents/chat/multi_agent_chat/main_agent/tools/scrape_webpage.py
@@ -55,6 +55,36 @@ def _bill_successful_scrape() -> None:
     )
 
 
+def _bill_captcha_attempts(outcome) -> None:
+    """Fold captcha solve attempts (Phase 3d) into the current chat turn's bill.
+
+    Per *attempt*, not per success: a solve that didn't rescue the crawl still
+    cost real solver money, so this runs before the success/failure branch.
+    Mirrors :func:`_bill_successful_scrape` (rides the turn accumulator, settles
+    at ``finalize_credit``; record-only on free/anonymous turns). No-op when
+    captcha billing is off, there were no attempts, or no turn is active.
+    """
+    from app.services.token_tracking_service import get_current_accumulator
+    from app.services.web_crawl_credit_service import WebCrawlCreditService
+
+    if not WebCrawlCreditService.captcha_billing_enabled():
+        return
+    attempts = getattr(outcome, "captcha_attempts", 0) or 0
+    if attempts <= 0:
+        return
+    acc = get_current_accumulator()
+    if acc is None:
+        return
+    acc.add(
+        model="web_crawl_captcha",
+        prompt_tokens=0,
+        completion_tokens=0,
+        total_tokens=0,
+        cost_micros=WebCrawlCreditService.captcha_solves_to_micros(attempts),
+        call_kind="web_crawl_captcha",
+    )
+
+
 def extract_domain(url: str) -> str:
     """Extract the domain from a URL."""
     try:
@@ -258,6 +288,9 @@ def create_scrape_webpage_tool():
             connector = WebCrawlerConnector()
             outcome = await connector.crawl_url(url)
 
+            # 03d: bill any captcha attempts (even if the crawl ultimately failed).
+            _bill_captcha_attempts(outcome)
+
             if outcome.status is not CrawlOutcomeStatus.SUCCESS or not outcome.result:
                 return {
                     "id": scrape_id,
diff --git a/surfsense_backend/app/agents/chat/multi_agent_chat/subagents/builtins/research/tools/scrape_webpage.py b/surfsense_backend/app/agents/chat/multi_agent_chat/subagents/builtins/research/tools/scrape_webpage.py
index e449cae98..af7ce44e7 100644
--- a/surfsense_backend/app/agents/chat/multi_agent_chat/subagents/builtins/research/tools/scrape_webpage.py
+++ b/surfsense_backend/app/agents/chat/multi_agent_chat/subagents/builtins/research/tools/scrape_webpage.py
@@ -49,6 +49,36 @@ def _bill_successful_scrape() -> None:
     )
 
 
+def _bill_captcha_attempts(outcome) -> None:
+    """Fold captcha solve attempts (Phase 3d) into the current chat turn's bill.
+
+    Per *attempt*, not per success: a solve that didn't rescue the crawl still
+    cost real solver money, so this runs before the success/failure branch.
+    Mirrors :func:`_bill_successful_scrape` (rides the turn accumulator, settles
+    at ``finalize_credit``; record-only on free/anonymous turns). No-op when
+    captcha billing is off, there were no attempts, or no turn is active.
+    """
+    from app.services.token_tracking_service import get_current_accumulator
+    from app.services.web_crawl_credit_service import WebCrawlCreditService
+
+    if not WebCrawlCreditService.captcha_billing_enabled():
+        return
+    attempts = getattr(outcome, "captcha_attempts", 0) or 0
+    if attempts <= 0:
+        return
+    acc = get_current_accumulator()
+    if acc is None:
+        return
+    acc.add(
+        model="web_crawl_captcha",
+        prompt_tokens=0,
+        completion_tokens=0,
+        total_tokens=0,
+        cost_micros=WebCrawlCreditService.captcha_solves_to_micros(attempts),
+        call_kind="web_crawl_captcha",
+    )
+
+
 def extract_domain(url: str) -> str:
     """Extract the domain from a URL."""
     try:
@@ -252,6 +282,9 @@ def create_scrape_webpage_tool():
             connector = WebCrawlerConnector()
             outcome = await connector.crawl_url(url)
 
+            # 03d: bill any captcha attempts (even if the crawl ultimately failed).
+            _bill_captcha_attempts(outcome)
+
             if outcome.status is not CrawlOutcomeStatus.SUCCESS or not outcome.result:
                 return {
                     "id": scrape_id,
diff --git a/surfsense_backend/app/config/__init__.py b/surfsense_backend/app/config/__init__.py
index e030b9ee7..7840c2016 100644
--- a/surfsense_backend/app/config/__init__.py
+++ b/surfsense_backend/app/config/__init__.py
@@ -670,6 +670,21 @@ class Config:
         os.getenv("WEB_CRAWL_MICROS_PER_SUCCESS", "1000")
     )
 
+    # Phase 3d captcha-solve billing. Captcha can't ride the per-success crawl
+    # meter above: the solver charges per *attempt* regardless of whether the
+    # crawl ultimately succeeds, so solves are metered as a SEPARATE per-attempt
+    # unit (usage_type="web_crawl_captcha"). Off by default; independent of the
+    # crawl-billing flag. Price is config-driven (no hardcoded rate):
+    #   WEB_CRAWL_CAPTCHA_MICROS_PER_SOLVE = round(USD_per_1000_solves * 1_000)
+    #   $3/1000 -> 3000 (default) | $5/1000 -> 5000
+    # Set with margin over the solver vendor's per-attempt price.
+    WEB_CRAWL_CAPTCHA_BILLING_ENABLED = (
+        os.getenv("WEB_CRAWL_CAPTCHA_BILLING_ENABLED", "FALSE").upper() == "TRUE"
+    )
+    WEB_CRAWL_CAPTCHA_MICROS_PER_SOLVE = int(
+        os.getenv("WEB_CRAWL_CAPTCHA_MICROS_PER_SOLVE", "3000")
+    )
+
     # Low-balance WARNING threshold (micro-USD). Surfaced by the quota service
     # so the UI can nudge the user to top up / enable auto-reload. $0.50.
     CREDIT_LOW_BALANCE_WARNING_MICROS = int(
@@ -1041,6 +1056,36 @@ class Config:
     CUSTOM_PROXY_URL = os.getenv("CUSTOM_PROXY_URL")
     CUSTOM_PROXY_URLS = os.getenv("CUSTOM_PROXY_URLS")
 
+    # =====================================================================
+    # Phase 3d — Captcha solving (reCAPTCHA v2/v3, hCaptcha) via captchatools.
+    # The LAST-resort bypass tier: only fires on the StealthyFetcher browser
+    # tier, only when a sitekey is detected, and only when explicitly enabled.
+    # Cloudflare Turnstile is already handled free in-framework (03a), NOT here.
+    # One app-wide config (mirrors the single PROXY_PROVIDER model) — no
+    # per-connector config. Off by default => zero solve attempts, zero cost.
+    # Solving may violate a target site's ToS; treat as opt-in/owner-acknowledged
+    # and public-data only (no logged-in bypass).
+    # =====================================================================
+    CAPTCHA_SOLVING_ENABLED = (
+        os.getenv("CAPTCHA_SOLVING_ENABLED", "FALSE").upper() == "TRUE"
+    )
+    # captchatools "solving_site": capmonster | 2captcha | anticaptcha |
+    # capsolver | captchaai. captchatools is itself the provider registry, so we
+    # do not rebuild a vendor hierarchy.
+    CAPTCHA_SOLVER_PROVIDER = os.getenv("CAPTCHA_SOLVER_PROVIDER", "capsolver")
+    CAPTCHA_SOLVER_API_KEY = os.getenv("CAPTCHA_SOLVER_API_KEY")
+    # Per-URL solve cap so one hostile page can't burn unbounded solver credit.
+    CAPTCHA_MAX_ATTEMPTS_PER_URL = int(
+        os.getenv("CAPTCHA_MAX_ATTEMPTS_PER_URL", "1")
+    )
+    # Abort a single solve after this many seconds (solves take 10-60s).
+    CAPTCHA_SOLVE_TIMEOUT_S = int(os.getenv("CAPTCHA_SOLVE_TIMEOUT_S", "120"))
+    # Default captcha type when detection is ambiguous: v2 | v3 | hcaptcha.
+    CAPTCHA_TYPE_DEFAULT = os.getenv("CAPTCHA_TYPE_DEFAULT", "v2")
+    # reCAPTCHA v3 tuning (only used for v3 challenges).
+    CAPTCHA_V3_MIN_SCORE = float(os.getenv("CAPTCHA_V3_MIN_SCORE", "0.7"))
+    CAPTCHA_V3_ACTION = os.getenv("CAPTCHA_V3_ACTION", "verify")
+
     # Litellm TTS Configuration
     TTS_SERVICE = os.getenv("TTS_SERVICE")
     TTS_SERVICE_API_BASE = os.getenv("TTS_SERVICE_API_BASE")
diff --git a/surfsense_backend/app/proprietary/web_crawler/captcha.py b/surfsense_backend/app/proprietary/web_crawler/captcha.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..90b6dde81
--- /dev/null
+++ b/surfsense_backend/app/proprietary/web_crawler/captcha.py
@@ -0,0 +1,326 @@
+# SurfSense proprietary crawler engine.
+#
+# This module is part of the ``app.proprietary`` package and is licensed
+# SEPARATELY from the Apache-2.0 project root. See ``app/proprietary/LICENSE``.
+# Do not relicense or redistribute this file under Apache-2.0.
+"""Captcha detection + token-injection ``page_action`` (Phase 3d).
+
+This is the **bypass logic** (hence proprietary); the generic, vendor-agnostic
+config lives in the Apache-2.0 ``app/utils/captcha/`` package. ``captchatools``
+is the multi-vendor solver registry — we only detect the challenge, harvest a
+token egressing from **the crawl's own proxy IP** (token IP-binding), inject it,
+and submit.
+
+Why a closure cell: Scrapling runs ``page_action`` after navigation but
+**swallows its exceptions and discards its return value** (see
+``references/Scrapling`` engine ``_stealth.py``). So the only way to surface
+"did we solve / how many attempts" back to the crawler (for per-attempt billing
+and the retry cap) is to mutate a caller-owned ``state`` dict.
+
+Why a process latch: the solver README warns that hammering it while out of
+balance can get the IP **temporarily banned**, so ``ErrNoBalance`` /
+``ErrWrongAPIKey`` latch solving OFF for the rest of the process (config/balance
+won't change without a restart). ``reset_solver_latch()`` clears it for tests.
+"""
+
+import logging
+import re
+from collections.abc import Callable
+from concurrent.futures import ThreadPoolExecutor, TimeoutError as FuturesTimeout
+from typing import Any
+from urllib.parse import urlsplit
+
+from app.utils.captcha import CaptchaConfig
+
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+_CAPTCHA_LOG = "[webcrawler][captcha]"
+
+# Process-wide kill switch tripped on unrecoverable solver errors (no balance /
+# bad key). Module-level by design: it must persist across the per-URL
+# ``page_action`` instances created during one crawl run.
+_solver_latched = False
+
+
+def reset_solver_latch() -> None:
+    """Clear the process solver latch (test seam / explicit re-enable)."""
+    global _solver_latched
+    _solver_latched = False
+
+
+def solver_latched() -> bool:
+    return _solver_latched
+
+
+def _latch_solver(reason: str) -> None:
+    global _solver_latched
+    _solver_latched = True
+    logger.warning("%s solver latched OFF for this process: %s", _CAPTCHA_LOG, reason)
+
+
+# --- detection -------------------------------------------------------------
+
+# (challenge_type, css_selector_for_widget). Order = detection priority.
+_WIDGET_SELECTORS = (
+    ("v2", ".g-recaptcha[data-sitekey]"),
+    ("hcaptcha", ".h-captcha[data-sitekey]"),
+)
+_IFRAME_PATTERNS = (
+    ("v2", re.compile(r"google\.com/recaptcha", re.I)),
+    ("hcaptcha", re.compile(r"hcaptcha\.com", re.I)),
+)
+_SITEKEY_IN_SRC = re.compile(r"[?&]k=([\w-]+)")
+_RENDER_SITEKEY = re.compile(r"render=([\w-]+)")
+
+
+def detect_challenge(page: Any, cfg: CaptchaConfig) -> tuple[str, str] | None:
+    """Return ``(challenge_type, sitekey)`` if a solvable challenge is present.
+
+    ``challenge_type`` is one of ``v2`` / ``v3`` / ``hcaptcha``. Returns
+    ``None`` when nothing solvable is found (the crawler then proceeds to
+    ``wait_selector`` / extraction unchanged). Detection is defensive: any DOM
+    access raising is treated as "not found" rather than aborting the fetch.
+    """
+    try:
+        for ctype, selector in _WIDGET_SELECTORS:
+            el = page.query_selector(selector)
+            if el is not None:
+                sitekey = el.get_attribute("data-sitekey")
+                if sitekey:
+                    return ctype, sitekey
+
+        # Iframe fallback: widget rendered inside an iframe whose src carries
+        # the sitekey as ``?k=...``.
+        for frame_el in page.query_selector_all("iframe[src]") or []:
+            src = frame_el.get_attribute("src") or ""
+            for ctype, pat in _IFRAME_PATTERNS:
+                if pat.search(src):
+                    m = _SITEKEY_IN_SRC.search(src)
+                    if m:
+                        return ctype, m.group(1)
+
+        # reCAPTCHA v3: no widget; sitekey rides the api.js ``?render=<key>``.
+        if cfg.captcha_type_default == "v3":
+            for script_el in page.query_selector_all("script[src]") or []:
+                src = script_el.get_attribute("src") or ""
+                if "recaptcha" in src.lower():
+                    m = _RENDER_SITEKEY.search(src)
+                    if m and m.group(1) != "explicit":
+                        return "v3", m.group(1)
+    except Exception as exc:  # noqa: BLE001
+        logger.debug("%s detection error (treated as no challenge): %s", _CAPTCHA_LOG, exc)
+    return None
+
+
+# --- proxy / harvest -------------------------------------------------------
+
+
+def proxy_url_to_captchatools(proxy_url: str | None) -> str | None:
+    """Reformat ``http://user:pass@host:port`` -> ``host:port:user:pass``.
+
+    captchatools wants the colon-delimited form. Returns ``None`` for a missing
+    or unparseable proxy so the solver harvests proxyless (the token may then be
+    IP-mismatched, but that's better than crashing the fetch).
+    """
+    if not proxy_url:
+        return None
+    try:
+        p = urlsplit(proxy_url)
+        if not p.hostname or not p.port:
+            return None
+        if p.username and p.password:
+            return f"{p.hostname}:{p.port}:{p.username}:{p.password}"
+        return f"{p.hostname}:{p.port}"
+    except Exception:  # noqa: BLE001
+        return None
+
+
+def _harvest_token(
+    cfg: CaptchaConfig,
+    challenge_type: str,
+    sitekey: str,
+    page_url: str,
+    proxy: str | None,
+    user_agent: str | None,
+) -> str | None:
+    """Harvest a token from the solver. Raises on solver errors so the caller
+    can latch on the unrecoverable ones; returns ``None`` on an empty token.
+    """
+    import captchatools
+
+    harvester = captchatools.new_harvester(
+        api_key=cfg.api_key,
+        solving_site=cfg.solving_site,
+        sitekey=sitekey,
+        captcha_url=page_url,
+        captcha_type=challenge_type,
+        min_score=cfg.v3_min_score,
+        action=cfg.v3_action,
+    )
+    token = harvester.get_token(
+        proxy=proxy,
+        proxy_type="HTTP",
+        user_agent=user_agent,
+    )
+    return token or None
+
+
+# --- injection -------------------------------------------------------------
+
+# Sets the response token into the right textarea(s) and fires the JS callbacks
+# registered by the widget, then submits the closest form. Best-effort: returns
+# nothing; success is judged by the crawler's post-fetch extraction.
+_INJECT_JS = r"""
+(args) => {
+  const { token, ctype } = args;
+  const names = ctype === 'hcaptcha'
+    ? ['h-captcha-response', 'g-recaptcha-response']
+    : ['g-recaptcha-response'];
+  for (const name of names) {
+    let ta = document.querySelector('textarea[name="' + name + '"]')
+           || document.getElementById(name);
+    if (!ta) {
+      ta = document.createElement('textarea');
+      ta.name = name; ta.id = name;
+      ta.style.display = 'none';
+      document.body.appendChild(ta);
+    }
+    ta.value = token; ta.innerHTML = token;
+    ta.dispatchEvent(new Event('input', { bubbles: true }));
+    ta.dispatchEvent(new Event('change', { bubbles: true }));
+  }
+  // Fire grecaptcha client callbacks when present (v2 invisible / explicit).
+  try {
+    const cfg = window.___grecaptcha_cfg;
+    if (cfg && cfg.clients) {
+      for (const id in cfg.clients) {
+        const client = cfg.clients[id];
+        for (const k in client) {
+          const o = client[k];
+          if (o && typeof o === 'object') {
+            for (const kk in o) {
+              const cb = o[kk];
+              if (cb && cb.callback && typeof cb.callback === 'function') {
+                try { cb.callback(token); } catch (e) {}
+              }
+            }
+          }
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  } catch (e) {}
+  // Submit the form containing the response field, if any.
+  const field = document.querySelector('textarea[name="g-recaptcha-response"], textarea[name="h-captcha-response"]');
+  const form = field ? field.closest('form') : document.querySelector('form');
+  if (form) { try { form.requestSubmit ? form.requestSubmit() : form.submit(); } catch (e) {} }
+}
+"""
+
+
+def _inject_and_submit(page: Any, challenge_type: str, token: str) -> None:
+    try:
+        page.evaluate(_INJECT_JS, {"token": token, "ctype": challenge_type})
+        try:
+            page.wait_for_load_state("networkidle", timeout=15000)
+        except Exception:  # noqa: BLE001
+            pass
+    except Exception as exc:  # noqa: BLE001
+        logger.warning("%s injection error: %s", _CAPTCHA_LOG, exc)
+
+
+# --- factory ---------------------------------------------------------------
+
+
+def build_captcha_page_action(
+    state: dict[str, Any],
+    proxy_url: str | None,
+    cfg: CaptchaConfig,
+) -> Callable[[Any], Any] | None:
+    """Build the sync ``page_action`` for ``StealthyFetcher.fetch``.
+
+    ``state`` is mutated in place: ``attempts`` (int) and ``solved`` (bool). The
+    crawler reads it back after the fetch to bill per attempt and enforce the
+    per-URL cap. Returns ``None`` when solving is disabled/latched so the caller
+    can skip wiring it entirely (keeping the stealth tier unchanged).
+    """
+    if not cfg.enabled or solver_latched():
+        return None
+
+    captcha_proxy = proxy_url_to_captchatools(proxy_url)
+
+    def page_action(page: Any) -> Any:
+        # Hard cap: never exceed the per-URL budget even across proxy-retry
+        # re-runs that share this ``state``.
+        if state.get("attempts", 0) >= cfg.max_attempts_per_url:
+            return page
+        if solver_latched():
+            return page
+
+        detected = detect_challenge(page, cfg)
+        if detected is None:
+            return page  # nothing to solve; let extraction proceed
+        challenge_type, sitekey = detected
+
+        page_url = getattr(page, "url", "") or ""
+        try:
+            user_agent = page.evaluate("() => navigator.userAgent")
+        except Exception:  # noqa: BLE001
+            user_agent = None
+
+        # This counts as an attempt the moment we call the (paid) solver.
+        state["attempts"] = state.get("attempts", 0) + 1
+        logger.info(
+            "%s solving type=%s site=%s attempt=%d",
+            _CAPTCHA_LOG,
+            challenge_type,
+            sitekey[:12],
+            state["attempts"],
+        )
+
+        # Run the (blocking) solver in a worker so the timeout can actually
+        # ABANDON a slow solve. NOTE: do NOT use ``with ThreadPoolExecutor`` —
+        # its ``__exit__`` joins the worker (``wait=True``), which would block
+        # for the full solve and defeat the timeout. Shut down non-blocking.
+        executor = ThreadPoolExecutor(max_workers=1)
+        future = executor.submit(
+            _harvest_token,
+            cfg,
+            challenge_type,
+            sitekey,
+            page_url,
+            captcha_proxy,
+            user_agent,
+        )
+        try:
+            token = future.result(timeout=cfg.timeout_s)
+        except FuturesTimeout:
+            logger.warning("%s solve timed out after %ss", _CAPTCHA_LOG, cfg.timeout_s)
+            return page
+        except Exception as exc:  # noqa: BLE001
+            if _is_unrecoverable(exc):
+                _latch_solver(repr(exc))
+            else:
+                logger.warning("%s solve error: %s", _CAPTCHA_LOG, exc)
+            return page
+        finally:
+            executor.shutdown(wait=False, cancel_futures=True)
+
+        if not token:
+            return page
+
+        _inject_and_submit(page, challenge_type, token)
+        state["solved"] = True
+        logger.info("%s solved type=%s site=%s", _CAPTCHA_LOG, challenge_type, sitekey[:12])
+        return page
+
+    return page_action
+
+
+def _is_unrecoverable(exc: Exception) -> bool:
+    """True for solver errors that must latch solving off (no balance / bad key).
+
+    Matched by class name to avoid a hard import of ``captchatools.exceptions``
+    at module load (the dep is optional / lazily imported).
+    """
+    name = type(exc).__name__.lower()
+    return "nobalance" in name or "wrongapikey" in name or "apikey" in name
diff --git a/surfsense_backend/app/proprietary/web_crawler/connector.py b/surfsense_backend/app/proprietary/web_crawler/connector.py
index 259db41f7..e5eeb1494 100644
--- a/surfsense_backend/app/proprietary/web_crawler/connector.py
+++ b/surfsense_backend/app/proprietary/web_crawler/connector.py
@@ -33,6 +33,8 @@ import validators
 from scrapling.engines.toolbelt import is_proxy_error
 from scrapling.fetchers import AsyncFetcher, DynamicFetcher, StealthyFetcher
 
+from app.proprietary.web_crawler.captcha import build_captcha_page_action
+from app.utils.captcha import captcha_enabled, get_captcha_config
 from app.utils.proxy import get_proxy_url, is_pool_backed
 
 logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
@@ -56,14 +58,20 @@ class CrawlOutcome:
     The **billable success predicate is single-sourced**:
     ``status == CrawlOutcomeStatus.SUCCESS`` (Phase 3c meters on it). Picking a
     dataclass over a tuple lets later subplans append fields without breaking
-    callers (03d adds ``captcha_attempts``/``captcha_solved`` for per-attempt
-    billing; 03e's block classifier can attach a ``block_type``).
+    callers (03e's block classifier can attach a ``block_type``).
+
+    Phase 3d captcha fields are surfaced here so per-attempt billing can read
+    them off the outcome regardless of crawl SUCCESS (the solver charges per
+    *attempt*). They are populated only by the StealthyFetcher tier when captcha
+    solving is enabled; every other path leaves the defaults (0 / False).
     """
 
     status: CrawlOutcomeStatus
     result: dict[str, Any] | None = None
     error: str | None = None
     tier: str | None = None
+    captcha_attempts: int = 0
+    captcha_solved: bool = False
 
 
 class WebCrawlerConnector:
@@ -89,6 +97,11 @@ class WebCrawlerConnector:
                 - crawler_type: Identifier of the tier that produced the content
         """
         total_start = time.perf_counter()
+        # Per-call captcha telemetry (03d). Mutated only by the StealthyFetcher
+        # tier's page_action; stamped onto the returned outcome so per-attempt
+        # billing can read it regardless of crawl SUCCESS. Per-call (not on
+        # ``self``) => safe under concurrent ``crawl_url`` calls.
+        captcha_state: dict[str, Any] = {"attempts": 0, "solved": False}
         try:
             if not validators.url(url):
                 return CrawlOutcome(
@@ -167,7 +180,8 @@ class WebCrawlerConnector:
             try:
                 logger.info(f"[webcrawler] Using Scrapling StealthyFetcher for: {url}")
                 result = await self._run_tier_with_proxy_retry(
-                    "scrapling-stealthy", lambda: self._crawl_with_stealthy(url)
+                    "scrapling-stealthy",
+                    lambda: self._crawl_with_stealthy(url, captcha_state),
                 )
                 if result:
                     self._log_tier_outcome(
@@ -178,6 +192,8 @@ class WebCrawlerConnector:
                         status=CrawlOutcomeStatus.SUCCESS,
                         result=result,
                         tier="scrapling-stealthy",
+                        captcha_attempts=captcha_state["attempts"],
+                        captcha_solved=captcha_state["solved"],
                     )
                 reached_without_content = True
                 errors.append("Scrapling stealthy: empty extraction")
@@ -201,10 +217,14 @@ class WebCrawlerConnector:
                 return CrawlOutcome(
                     status=CrawlOutcomeStatus.EMPTY,
                     error=f"No content extracted for {url}. {'; '.join(errors)}",
+                    captcha_attempts=captcha_state["attempts"],
+                    captcha_solved=captcha_state["solved"],
                 )
             return CrawlOutcome(
                 status=CrawlOutcomeStatus.FAILED,
                 error=f"All crawl methods failed for {url}. {'; '.join(errors)}",
+                captcha_attempts=captcha_state["attempts"],
+                captcha_solved=captcha_state["solved"],
             )
 
         except Exception as e:
@@ -212,6 +232,8 @@ class WebCrawlerConnector:
             return CrawlOutcome(
                 status=CrawlOutcomeStatus.FAILED,
                 error=f"Error crawling URL {url}: {e!s}",
+                captcha_attempts=captcha_state["attempts"],
+                captcha_solved=captcha_state["solved"],
             )
 
     async def _run_tier_with_proxy_retry(
@@ -356,29 +378,56 @@ class WebCrawlerConnector:
             status=getattr(page, "status", None),
         )
 
-    async def _crawl_with_stealthy(self, url: str) -> dict[str, Any] | None:
+    async def _crawl_with_stealthy(
+        self, url: str, captcha_state: dict[str, Any] | None = None
+    ) -> dict[str, Any] | None:
         """
         Crawl URL using Scrapling's StealthyFetcher (patchright-Chromium) + Trafilatura.
 
         Last-resort tier with anti-bot features. Runs the sync fetch in a worker
         thread for the same event-loop-safety reasons as DynamicFetcher. Falls
         back to the raw HTML when Trafilatura extraction is empty.
-        """
-        return await asyncio.to_thread(self._crawl_with_stealthy_sync, url)
 
-    def _crawl_with_stealthy_sync(self, url: str) -> dict[str, Any] | None:
+        ``captcha_state`` (03d) is mutated in place by the captcha page_action
+        (attempts/solved) so ``crawl_url`` can surface it on the outcome.
+        """
+        return await asyncio.to_thread(
+            self._crawl_with_stealthy_sync, url, captcha_state
+        )
+
+    def _crawl_with_stealthy_sync(
+        self, url: str, captcha_state: dict[str, Any] | None = None
+    ) -> dict[str, Any] | None:
         """Synchronous StealthyFetcher crawl executed in a worker thread."""
         fetch_start = time.perf_counter()
+        # Capture the proxy endpoint ONCE so the captcha solver egresses from the
+        # SAME IP as this fetch (tokens are IP-bound). Re-calling get_proxy_url()
+        # inside the page_action would rotate a pool-backed provider to a
+        # different IP and invalidate the token (03d proxy-coherence caveat).
+        proxy = get_proxy_url()
+
+        # Build the captcha page_action only when solving is enabled (and not
+        # process-latched). ``None`` => stealth tier behaves exactly as before.
+        page_action = None
+        if captcha_state is not None and captcha_enabled():
+            page_action = build_captcha_page_action(
+                captcha_state, proxy, get_captcha_config()
+            )
+
         # ``solve_cloudflare=True`` runs the full Turnstile/Interstitial challenge
         # loop; scoped to this last-resort tier only (it spins up the browser).
-        page = StealthyFetcher.fetch(
-            url,
-            headless=True,
-            network_idle=True,
-            block_ads=True,
-            solve_cloudflare=True,
-            proxy=get_proxy_url(),
-        )
+        # Scrapling runs solve_cloudflare BEFORE page_action, so Cloudflare is
+        # cleared first, then our captcha injector runs.
+        fetch_kwargs: dict[str, Any] = {
+            "headless": True,
+            "network_idle": True,
+            "block_ads": True,
+            "solve_cloudflare": True,
+            "proxy": proxy,
+        }
+        if page_action is not None:
+            fetch_kwargs["page_action"] = page_action
+        page = StealthyFetcher.fetch(url, **fetch_kwargs)
         fetch_ms = (time.perf_counter() - fetch_start) * 1000
         return self._build_result(
             page.html_content,
diff --git a/surfsense_backend/app/services/web_crawl_credit_service.py b/surfsense_backend/app/services/web_crawl_credit_service.py
index 8d7539a99..8f2af5d47 100644
--- a/surfsense_backend/app/services/web_crawl_credit_service.py
+++ b/surfsense_backend/app/services/web_crawl_credit_service.py
@@ -51,15 +51,31 @@ class WebCrawlCreditService:
         """
         return int(successes) * config.WEB_CRAWL_MICROS_PER_SUCCESS
 
-    async def get_available_micros(self, user_id: str | UUID) -> int | None:
-        """Return spendable credit in micro-USD (``balance - reserved``).
+    @staticmethod
+    def captcha_billing_enabled() -> bool:
+        """Phase 3d: whether captcha *solves* are metered.
 
-        Returns ``None`` when crawl billing is disabled, which callers treat as
-        "unlimited" (no blocking, no charge).
+        Independent of crawl billing: a deployment may bill solves without
+        billing crawls (or vice-versa). Off by default.
         """
-        if not config.WEB_CRAWL_CREDIT_BILLING_ENABLED:
-            return None
+        return config.WEB_CRAWL_CAPTCHA_BILLING_ENABLED
 
+    @staticmethod
+    def captcha_solves_to_micros(attempts: int) -> int:
+        """Convert a captcha *attempt* count to USD micro-credits.
+
+        Reads ``config.WEB_CRAWL_CAPTCHA_MICROS_PER_SOLVE`` (single source of
+        truth). Charged per attempt — not per success — because the solver
+        vendor bills every attempt regardless of crawl outcome.
+        """
+        return int(attempts) * config.WEB_CRAWL_CAPTCHA_MICROS_PER_SOLVE
+
+    async def _spendable_micros(self, user_id: str | UUID) -> int:
+        """Raw ``balance - reserved`` read, **ungated** by any billing flag.
+
+        Used by :meth:`check_balance` for combined (crawl + captcha) pre-flight,
+        where the relevant gate is decided by the caller, not by a single flag.
+        """
         from app.db import User
 
         result = await self.session.execute(
@@ -74,6 +90,39 @@ class WebCrawlCreditService:
         balance, reserved = row
         return balance - reserved
 
+    async def get_available_micros(self, user_id: str | UUID) -> int | None:
+        """Return spendable credit in micro-USD (``balance - reserved``).
+
+        Returns ``None`` when crawl billing is disabled, which callers treat as
+        "unlimited" (no blocking, no charge).
+        """
+        if not config.WEB_CRAWL_CREDIT_BILLING_ENABLED:
+            return None
+        return await self._spendable_micros(user_id)
+
+    async def check_balance(self, user_id: str | UUID, required_micros: int) -> None:
+        """Raise :class:`InsufficientCreditsError` if the wallet can't cover
+        ``required_micros`` (a combined crawl + worst-case captcha estimate).
+
+        Generic and **ungated** — the caller computes ``required_micros`` from
+        whichever billers are enabled and only calls this when at least one is.
+        No-op for a non-positive requirement.
+        """
+        if required_micros <= 0:
+            return
+        available = await self._spendable_micros(user_id)
+        if required_micros > available:
+            raise InsufficientCreditsError(
+                message=(
+                    "This run would exceed your available credit. "
+                    f"Available: ${available / 1_000_000:.2f}, "
+                    f"estimated need: ${required_micros / 1_000_000:.2f}. "
+                    "Add more credits to continue."
+                ),
+                balance_micros=available,
+                required_micros=required_micros,
+            )
+
     async def check_credits(
         self, user_id: str | UUID, estimated_successes: int = 1
     ) -> None:
@@ -104,20 +153,14 @@ class WebCrawlCreditService:
                 required_micros=required,
             )
 
-    async def charge_credits(
-        self, user_id: str | UUID, successes: int
-    ) -> int | None:
-        """Debit the wallet for ``successes`` successful crawls.
+    async def _apply_debit(self, user_id: str | UUID, cost_micros: int) -> int | None:
+        """Debit ``cost_micros`` from the wallet and commit (shared by all
+        charge paths). Flushes any audit row the caller staged before this.
 
-        Commits the session (mirroring ``EtlCreditService.charge_credits``),
-        which also flushes any audit row staged by the caller before this call.
-        No-op when billing is disabled or ``successes <= 0``.
-
-        Returns the new balance in micros, or ``None`` when nothing was charged.
+        Mirrors ``EtlCreditService.charge_credits``' commit-then-refresh +
+        best-effort auto-reload. No-op for a non-positive cost.
         """
-        if not config.WEB_CRAWL_CREDIT_BILLING_ENABLED:
-            return None
-        if successes <= 0:
+        if cost_micros <= 0:
             return None
 
         from app.db import User
@@ -127,8 +170,7 @@ class WebCrawlCreditService:
         if not user:
             raise ValueError(f"User with ID {user_id} not found")
 
-        cost = self.successes_to_micros(successes)
-        user.credit_micros_balance -= cost
+        user.credit_micros_balance -= cost_micros
         await self.session.commit()
         await self.session.refresh(user)
 
@@ -141,3 +183,32 @@ class WebCrawlCreditService:
             pass
 
         return user.credit_micros_balance
+
+    async def charge_credits(
+        self, user_id: str | UUID, successes: int
+    ) -> int | None:
+        """Debit the wallet for ``successes`` successful crawls.
+
+        No-op when crawl billing is disabled or ``successes <= 0``. Returns the
+        new balance in micros, or ``None`` when nothing was charged.
+        """
+        if not config.WEB_CRAWL_CREDIT_BILLING_ENABLED:
+            return None
+        if successes <= 0:
+            return None
+        return await self._apply_debit(user_id, self.successes_to_micros(successes))
+
+    async def charge_captcha(
+        self, user_id: str | UUID, attempts: int
+    ) -> int | None:
+        """Debit the wallet for ``attempts`` captcha solves (Phase 3d).
+
+        Per-attempt (not per-success): the solver charges for every attempt even
+        when the crawl ultimately fails. No-op when captcha billing is disabled
+        or ``attempts <= 0``.
+        """
+        if not config.WEB_CRAWL_CAPTCHA_BILLING_ENABLED:
+            return None
+        if attempts <= 0:
+            return None
+        return await self._apply_debit(user_id, self.captcha_solves_to_micros(attempts))
diff --git a/surfsense_backend/app/tasks/connector_indexers/webcrawler_indexer.py b/surfsense_backend/app/tasks/connector_indexers/webcrawler_indexer.py
index 8ecba2fc7..8535e8d83 100644
--- a/surfsense_backend/app/tasks/connector_indexers/webcrawler_indexer.py
+++ b/surfsense_backend/app/tasks/connector_indexers/webcrawler_indexer.py
@@ -17,11 +17,13 @@ from app.proprietary.web_crawler import (
     CrawlOutcomeStatus,
     WebCrawlerConnector,
 )
+from app.config import config
 from app.db import Document, DocumentStatus, DocumentType, SearchSourceConnectorType
 from app.services.etl_credit_service import InsufficientCreditsError
 from app.services.task_logging_service import TaskLoggingService
 from app.services.token_tracking_service import record_token_usage
 from app.services.web_crawl_credit_service import WebCrawlCreditService
+from app.utils.captcha import captcha_enabled
 from app.utils.document_converters import (
     create_document_chunks,
     embed_text,
@@ -175,19 +177,31 @@ async def index_crawled_urls(
             return 0, "No URLs provided for indexing"
 
         # =======================================================================
-        # Phase 3c: crawl-credit pre-flight. Bill the workspace OWNER. ``len(urls)``
-        # is a safe upper bound on successes, so a passing check guarantees the
-        # wallet can't go negative from this run. No-op when billing is disabled
-        # (self-hosted/OSS) — we also skip the owner lookup in that case.
+        # Phase 3c/3d: crawl-credit pre-flight. Bill the workspace OWNER. The
+        # estimate is a safe UPPER BOUND so the wallet can't strand mid-batch:
+        #   crawl   = len(urls) successes        (3c; actual successes are <=)
+        #   captcha = len(urls) * MAX_ATTEMPTS   (3d; per-attempt, worst case)
+        # No-op (and no owner lookup) when both billers are disabled.
         # =======================================================================
         credit_service = WebCrawlCreditService(session)
         owner_user_id = user_id
-        if credit_service.billing_enabled():
+        if credit_service.billing_enabled() or credit_service.captcha_billing_enabled():
             owner_user_id = (
                 await _resolve_workspace_owner(session, workspace_id) or user_id
             )
+            required_micros = 0
+            if credit_service.billing_enabled():
+                required_micros += credit_service.successes_to_micros(len(urls))
+            # Only reserve captcha budget when solving is actually enabled;
+            # with solving off, attempts can never happen, so reserving would
+            # wrongly block runs for captcha that will never be attempted.
+            if credit_service.captcha_billing_enabled() and captcha_enabled():
+                worst_case_attempts = len(urls) * config.CAPTCHA_MAX_ATTEMPTS_PER_URL
+                required_micros += credit_service.captcha_solves_to_micros(
+                    worst_case_attempts
+                )
             try:
-                await credit_service.check_credits(owner_user_id, len(urls))
+                await credit_service.check_balance(owner_user_id, required_micros)
             except InsufficientCreditsError as credit_error:
                 await task_logger.log_task_failure(
                     log_entry,
@@ -218,6 +232,11 @@ async def index_crawled_urls(
         # extracted content, independent of downstream KB dedupe/unchanged
         # bucketing. This is the billable unit Phase 3c meters on.
         crawls_succeeded = 0
+        # Phase 3d: per-attempt captcha telemetry summed across the batch. Only
+        # accumulated when captcha billing is on (avoids touching the outcome
+        # field otherwise — and keeps MagicMock outcomes in tests arithmetic-safe).
+        total_captcha_attempts = 0
+        total_captcha_solved = 0
 
         # Heartbeat tracking - update notification periodically to prevent appearing stuck
         last_heartbeat_time = time.time()
@@ -345,6 +364,13 @@ async def index_crawled_urls(
                 # Crawl the URL
                 outcome = await crawler.crawl_url(url)
 
+                # Phase 3d: count captcha attempts BEFORE the success branch — a
+                # failed solve still cost real solver money and must bill.
+                if credit_service.captcha_billing_enabled():
+                    total_captcha_attempts += outcome.captcha_attempts
+                    if outcome.captcha_solved:
+                        total_captcha_solved += 1
+
                 if (
                     outcome.status is not CrawlOutcomeStatus.SUCCESS
                     or not outcome.result
@@ -526,6 +552,29 @@ async def index_crawled_urls(
             )
             await credit_service.charge_credits(owner_user_id, crawls_succeeded)
 
+        # =======================================================================
+        # Phase 3d: charge the workspace owner per captcha *attempt* (separate
+        # unit; charged even when the crawl ultimately failed). Same stage +
+        # owner as the crawl charge above.
+        # =======================================================================
+        if credit_service.captcha_billing_enabled() and total_captcha_attempts > 0:
+            await record_token_usage(
+                session,
+                usage_type="web_crawl_captcha",
+                workspace_id=workspace_id,
+                user_id=owner_user_id,
+                cost_micros=credit_service.captcha_solves_to_micros(
+                    total_captcha_attempts
+                ),
+                call_details={
+                    "attempts": total_captcha_attempts,
+                    "solved": total_captcha_solved,
+                    "connector_id": connector_id,
+                },
+                message_id=None,
+            )
+            await credit_service.charge_captcha(owner_user_id, total_captcha_attempts)
+
         # Build warning message if there were issues
         warning_parts = []
         if duplicate_content_count > 0:
diff --git a/surfsense_backend/app/utils/captcha/__init__.py b/surfsense_backend/app/utils/captcha/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..499eaa876
--- /dev/null
+++ b/surfsense_backend/app/utils/captcha/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+"""App-wide captcha-solver configuration (Apache-2.0, generic glue).
+
+This package holds only the **generic, vendor-agnostic** config resolution for
+captcha solving — mirroring ``app/utils/proxy/`` (which stays Apache-2.0 even
+though the crawler that consumes it is proprietary). The actual bypass logic
+(challenge detection + token injection ``page_action``) lives in the separately
+licensed ``app/proprietary/web_crawler/captcha.py``.
+
+``captchatools`` is itself the multi-vendor registry (capmonster / 2captcha /
+anticaptcha / capsolver / captchaai), so there is no provider hierarchy here —
+just one env-driven :class:`CaptchaConfig` and a cheap ``captcha_enabled()``
+gate callers check before constructing anything (mirrors
+``WebCrawlCreditService.billing_enabled()``).
+"""
+
+from app.utils.captcha.config import (
+    CaptchaConfig,
+    captcha_enabled,
+    get_captcha_config,
+)
+
+__all__ = ["CaptchaConfig", "captcha_enabled", "get_captcha_config"]
diff --git a/surfsense_backend/app/utils/captcha/config.py b/surfsense_backend/app/utils/captcha/config.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..96d1dada9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/surfsense_backend/app/utils/captcha/config.py
@@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
+"""Env-resolved captcha-solver config (one app-wide config; no per-connector).
+
+Resolved from :data:`app.config.config` only, mirroring ``03b``'s single
+``PROXY_PROVIDER`` model. Off by default: ``captcha_enabled()`` is ``False``
+unless both ``CAPTCHA_SOLVING_ENABLED=TRUE`` and an API key are present, so a
+misconfigured deployment (flag on, key missing) never attempts a paid solve.
+"""
+
+from dataclasses import dataclass
+
+from app.config import config
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class CaptchaConfig:
+    """Immutable snapshot of the captcha-solver settings for one crawl."""
+
+    enabled: bool
+    solving_site: str
+    api_key: str | None
+    max_attempts_per_url: int
+    timeout_s: int
+    captcha_type_default: str
+    v3_min_score: float
+    v3_action: str
+
+
+def get_captcha_config() -> CaptchaConfig:
+    """Build a :class:`CaptchaConfig` from the current process config/env."""
+    api_key = config.CAPTCHA_SOLVER_API_KEY
+    flag_on = config.CAPTCHA_SOLVING_ENABLED
+    return CaptchaConfig(
+        # Effective-enabled requires a key too: a flag with no key would only
+        # produce ``ErrWrongAPIKey`` per attempt (and still risk an IP ban from
+        # the solver), so treat key-less config as disabled.
+        enabled=bool(flag_on and api_key),
+        solving_site=config.CAPTCHA_SOLVER_PROVIDER,
+        api_key=api_key,
+        max_attempts_per_url=config.CAPTCHA_MAX_ATTEMPTS_PER_URL,
+        timeout_s=config.CAPTCHA_SOLVE_TIMEOUT_S,
+        captcha_type_default=config.CAPTCHA_TYPE_DEFAULT,
+        v3_min_score=config.CAPTCHA_V3_MIN_SCORE,
+        v3_action=config.CAPTCHA_V3_ACTION,
+    )
+
+
+def captcha_enabled() -> bool:
+    """Cheap gate: is captcha solving effectively configured (flag + key)?
+
+    Callers check this before building the ``page_action`` or capturing the
+    crawl's proxy endpoint for the solver, so the stealth tier stays unchanged
+    when solving is off.
+    """
+    return bool(config.CAPTCHA_SOLVING_ENABLED and config.CAPTCHA_SOLVER_API_KEY)
diff --git a/surfsense_backend/pyproject.toml b/surfsense_backend/pyproject.toml
index 044bbf2ab..7244b48e5 100644
--- a/surfsense_backend/pyproject.toml
+++ b/surfsense_backend/pyproject.toml
@@ -46,6 +46,7 @@ dependencies = [
     "azure-storage-blob>=12.23.0",
     "fake-useragent>=2.2.0",
     "trafilatura>=2.0.0",
+    "captchatools>=1.5.0",
     "fastapi-users[oauth,sqlalchemy]>=15.0.3",
     "chonkie[all]>=1.5.0",
     "langgraph-checkpoint-postgres>=3.0.2",
diff --git a/surfsense_backend/tests/unit/connector_indexers/test_web_crawl_billing.py b/surfsense_backend/tests/unit/connector_indexers/test_web_crawl_billing.py
index 6b6c4037a..5f8dbdabc 100644
--- a/surfsense_backend/tests/unit/connector_indexers/test_web_crawl_billing.py
+++ b/surfsense_backend/tests/unit/connector_indexers/test_web_crawl_billing.py
@@ -53,7 +53,12 @@ def _make_session(owner_id, balance_micros, reserved_micros=0):
     return session, fake_user
 
 
-def _outcome(success: bool, content: str = "Hello content"):
+def _outcome(
+    success: bool,
+    content: str = "Hello content",
+    captcha_attempts: int = 0,
+    captcha_solved: bool = False,
+):
     o = MagicMock()
     if success:
         o.status = CrawlOutcomeStatus.SUCCESS
@@ -67,6 +72,9 @@ def _outcome(success: bool, content: str = "Hello content"):
         o.status = CrawlOutcomeStatus.FAILED
         o.result = None
         o.error = "blocked"
+    # Real ints/bools (not MagicMock) so 03d accumulation arithmetic is safe.
+    o.captcha_attempts = captcha_attempts
+    o.captcha_solved = captcha_solved
     return o
 
 
@@ -188,3 +196,111 @@ async def test_disabled_skips_billing_but_still_crawls(indexer_env, monkeypatch)
     indexer_env["crawler"].crawl_url.assert_awaited_once()
     indexer_env["record_usage"].assert_not_awaited()
     assert user.credit_micros_balance == 100_000
+
+
+# ===================================================================
+# Phase 3d — captcha per-attempt billing in the indexer
+# ===================================================================
+
+
+async def test_captcha_attempts_charged_to_owner(indexer_env, monkeypatch):
+    """Captcha billed per attempt to the OWNER as a separate web_crawl_captcha
+    unit. Crawl billing OFF here to isolate the captcha charge."""
+    monkeypatch.setattr(config, "WEB_CRAWL_CREDIT_BILLING_ENABLED", False)
+    monkeypatch.setattr(config, "WEB_CRAWL_CAPTCHA_BILLING_ENABLED", True)
+    monkeypatch.setattr(config, "WEB_CRAWL_CAPTCHA_MICROS_PER_SOLVE", 3000)
+    session, user = _make_session(_OWNER_USER, balance_micros=100_000)
+    indexer_env["crawler"].crawl_url.side_effect = [
+        _outcome(True, captcha_attempts=1, captcha_solved=True),
+        _outcome(True, captcha_attempts=1, captcha_solved=True),
+    ]
+
+    total, _warning = await _run(
+        indexer_env, session, ["https://a.com", "https://b.com"]
+    )
+
+    assert total == 2
+    # Owner debited 2 attempts * 3000 (no crawl charge — crawl billing off).
+    assert user.credit_micros_balance == 100_000 - 6000
+    indexer_env["record_usage"].assert_awaited_once()
+    kwargs = indexer_env["record_usage"].await_args.kwargs
+    assert kwargs["usage_type"] == "web_crawl_captcha"
+    assert kwargs["user_id"] == _OWNER_USER
+    assert kwargs["cost_micros"] == 6000
+    assert kwargs["call_details"]["attempts"] == 2
+    assert kwargs["call_details"]["solved"] == 2
+
+
+async def test_captcha_attempt_billed_even_when_crawl_fails(indexer_env, monkeypatch):
+    """A failed solve still cost solver money → bill the attempt anyway."""
+    monkeypatch.setattr(config, "WEB_CRAWL_CREDIT_BILLING_ENABLED", False)
+    monkeypatch.setattr(config, "WEB_CRAWL_CAPTCHA_BILLING_ENABLED", True)
+    monkeypatch.setattr(config, "WEB_CRAWL_CAPTCHA_MICROS_PER_SOLVE", 3000)
+    session, user = _make_session(_OWNER_USER, balance_micros=100_000)
+    indexer_env["crawler"].crawl_url.side_effect = [
+        _outcome(False, captcha_attempts=1, captcha_solved=False)
+    ]
+
+    total, _warning = await _run(indexer_env, session, ["https://a.com"])
+
+    assert total == 0  # crawl failed → not indexed
+    assert user.credit_micros_balance == 100_000 - 3000  # but solve attempt billed
+    kwargs = indexer_env["record_usage"].await_args.kwargs
+    assert kwargs["usage_type"] == "web_crawl_captcha"
+    assert kwargs["call_details"]["attempts"] == 1
+    assert kwargs["call_details"]["solved"] == 0
+
+
+async def test_captcha_billing_on_but_solving_off_does_not_overreserve(
+    indexer_env, monkeypatch
+):
+    """Regression: captcha billing ON but solving OFF must NOT reserve the
+    worst-case captcha budget in pre-flight.
+
+    With solving off, attempts can never happen, so a balance below the
+    (would-be) worst-case reservation must still let the run proceed rather than
+    being wrongly blocked for captcha that never runs.
+    """
+    monkeypatch.setattr(config, "WEB_CRAWL_CREDIT_BILLING_ENABLED", False)
+    monkeypatch.setattr(config, "WEB_CRAWL_CAPTCHA_BILLING_ENABLED", True)
+    monkeypatch.setattr(config, "WEB_CRAWL_CAPTCHA_MICROS_PER_SOLVE", 3000)
+    monkeypatch.setattr(config, "CAPTCHA_MAX_ATTEMPTS_PER_URL", 3)
+    # Solving OFF → captcha_enabled() is False (no flag + no key).
+    monkeypatch.setattr(config, "CAPTCHA_SOLVING_ENABLED", False)
+    monkeypatch.setattr(config, "CAPTCHA_SOLVER_API_KEY", "")
+
+    # Balance (5000) is below the buggy worst-case reservation
+    # (2 URLs * 3 attempts * 3000 = 18000) but the run must still proceed.
+    session, user = _make_session(_OWNER_USER, balance_micros=5000)
+    indexer_env["crawler"].crawl_url.side_effect = [
+        _outcome(True, captcha_attempts=0),
+        _outcome(True, captcha_attempts=0),
+    ]
+
+    total, warning = await _run(
+        indexer_env, session, ["https://a.com", "https://b.com"]
+    )
+
+    assert total == 2
+    assert warning is None
+    assert indexer_env["crawler"].crawl_url.await_count == 2
+    # Nothing billed: crawl billing off, no captcha attempts.
+    indexer_env["record_usage"].assert_not_awaited()
+    assert user.credit_micros_balance == 5000
+
+
+async def test_captcha_disabled_skips_captcha_billing(indexer_env, monkeypatch):
+    """Captcha billing OFF (default) → attempts on the outcome are ignored."""
+    monkeypatch.setattr(config, "WEB_CRAWL_CAPTCHA_BILLING_ENABLED", False)
+    session, user = _make_session(_OWNER_USER, balance_micros=100_000)
+    indexer_env["crawler"].crawl_url.side_effect = [
+        _outcome(True, captcha_attempts=5, captcha_solved=True)
+    ]
+
+    total, _warning = await _run(indexer_env, session, ["https://a.com"])
+
+    assert total == 1
+    # Only the crawl unit billed (1 * 1000); captcha ignored entirely.
+    assert user.credit_micros_balance == 100_000 - 1000
+    kwargs = indexer_env["record_usage"].await_args.kwargs
+    assert kwargs["usage_type"] == "web_crawl"
diff --git a/surfsense_backend/tests/unit/proprietary/web_crawler/test_captcha.py b/surfsense_backend/tests/unit/proprietary/web_crawler/test_captcha.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..51a57bf87
--- /dev/null
+++ b/surfsense_backend/tests/unit/proprietary/web_crawler/test_captcha.py
@@ -0,0 +1,237 @@
+"""Unit tests for the proprietary captcha page_action factory (Phase 3d).
+
+The browser/solver boundary is mocked: a fake Playwright ``page`` and a
+monkeypatched ``_harvest_token`` / injection. We assert the glue logic —
+detection, proxy reformatting, attempt counting + state surfacing, the per-URL
+cap, and the no-balance process latch.
+"""
+
+import pytest
+
+from app.proprietary.web_crawler import captcha as cap
+from app.utils.captcha import CaptchaConfig
+
+pytestmark = pytest.mark.unit
+
+
+def _cfg(**overrides) -> CaptchaConfig:
+    base = dict(
+        enabled=True,
+        solving_site="capsolver",
+        api_key="key-123",
+        max_attempts_per_url=1,
+        timeout_s=30,
+        captcha_type_default="v2",
+        v3_min_score=0.7,
+        v3_action="verify",
+    )
+    base.update(overrides)
+    return CaptchaConfig(**base)
+
+
+class _FakeEl:
+    def __init__(self, attrs: dict[str, str]):
+        self._attrs = attrs
+
+    def get_attribute(self, name: str) -> str | None:
+        return self._attrs.get(name)
+
+
+class _FakePage:
+    """Minimal sync-Playwright-ish page for detection/injection tests."""
+
+    def __init__(self, widgets=None, iframes=None, scripts=None, url="https://t.test/p"):
+        self._widgets = widgets or {}  # selector -> _FakeEl
+        self._iframes = iframes or []  # list[_FakeEl]
+        self._scripts = scripts or []  # list[_FakeEl]
+        self.url = url
+        self.evaluated: list = []
+
+    def query_selector(self, selector: str):
+        return self._widgets.get(selector)
+
+    def query_selector_all(self, selector: str):
+        if selector == "iframe[src]":
+            return self._iframes
+        if selector == "script[src]":
+            return self._scripts
+        return []
+
+    def evaluate(self, js, arg=None):
+        self.evaluated.append((js, arg))
+        if "navigator.userAgent" in js:
+            return "UA/1.0"
+        return None
+
+    def wait_for_load_state(self, *_a, **_k):
+        return None
+
+
+@pytest.fixture(autouse=True)
+def _clear_latch():
+    cap.reset_solver_latch()
+    yield
+    cap.reset_solver_latch()
+
+
+# --- proxy reformat --------------------------------------------------------
+
+
+class TestProxyReformat:
+    def test_with_auth(self):
+        assert (
+            cap.proxy_url_to_captchatools("http://user:pass@1.2.3.4:8080")
+            == "1.2.3.4:8080:user:pass"
+        )
+
+    def test_without_auth(self):
+        assert cap.proxy_url_to_captchatools("http://1.2.3.4:8080") == "1.2.3.4:8080"
+
+    def test_none_and_garbage(self):
+        assert cap.proxy_url_to_captchatools(None) is None
+        assert cap.proxy_url_to_captchatools("not-a-url") is None
+
+
+# --- detection -------------------------------------------------------------
+
+
+class TestDetect:
+    def test_recaptcha_v2_widget(self):
+        page = _FakePage(
+            widgets={".g-recaptcha[data-sitekey]": _FakeEl({"data-sitekey": "SK_V2"})}
+        )
+        assert cap.detect_challenge(page, _cfg()) == ("v2", "SK_V2")
+
+    def test_hcaptcha_widget(self):
+        page = _FakePage(
+            widgets={".h-captcha[data-sitekey]": _FakeEl({"data-sitekey": "SK_H"})}
+        )
+        assert cap.detect_challenge(page, _cfg()) == ("hcaptcha", "SK_H")
+
+    def test_iframe_fallback(self):
+        page = _FakePage(
+            iframes=[_FakeEl({"src": "https://www.google.com/recaptcha/api2?k=SK_IF"})]
+        )
+        assert cap.detect_challenge(page, _cfg()) == ("v2", "SK_IF")
+
+    def test_v3_render_param_when_default_v3(self):
+        page = _FakePage(
+            scripts=[_FakeEl({"src": "https://www.google.com/recaptcha/api.js?render=SK_V3"})]
+        )
+        assert cap.detect_challenge(page, _cfg(captcha_type_default="v3")) == (
+            "v3",
+            "SK_V3",
+        )
+
+    def test_no_challenge(self):
+        assert cap.detect_challenge(_FakePage(), _cfg()) is None
+
+
+# --- factory / page_action -------------------------------------------------
+
+
+class TestFactoryGating:
+    def test_returns_none_when_disabled(self):
+        state = {"attempts": 0, "solved": False}
+        assert build_action(state, _cfg(enabled=False)) is None
+
+    def test_returns_none_when_latched(self):
+        cap._latch_solver("test")
+        state = {"attempts": 0, "solved": False}
+        assert build_action(state, _cfg()) is None
+
+
+def build_action(state, cfg, proxy="http://u:p@1.2.3.4:9000"):
+    return cap.build_captcha_page_action(state, proxy, cfg)
+
+
+class TestPageAction:
+    def test_solves_and_records(self, monkeypatch):
+        captured = {}
+
+        def _fake_harvest(cfg, ctype, sitekey, page_url, proxy, ua):
+            captured.update(
+                ctype=ctype, sitekey=sitekey, page_url=page_url, proxy=proxy, ua=ua
+            )
+            return "TOKEN"
+
+        injected = {}
+        monkeypatch.setattr(cap, "_harvest_token", _fake_harvest)
+        monkeypatch.setattr(
+            cap,
+            "_inject_and_submit",
+            lambda page, ctype, token: injected.update(ctype=ctype, token=token),
+        )
+
+        state = {"attempts": 0, "solved": False}
+        action = build_action(state, _cfg())
+        page = _FakePage(
+            widgets={".g-recaptcha[data-sitekey]": _FakeEl({"data-sitekey": "SK"})}
+        )
+        action(page)
+
+        assert state == {"attempts": 1, "solved": True}
+        # Solver egressed from the crawl's proxy, reformatted, with the page UA.
+        assert captured["proxy"] == "1.2.3.4:9000:u:p"
+        assert captured["ua"] == "UA/1.0"
+        assert captured["ctype"] == "v2"
+        assert injected == {"ctype": "v2", "token": "TOKEN"}
+
+    def test_no_challenge_no_attempt(self, monkeypatch):
+        monkeypatch.setattr(
+            cap, "_harvest_token", lambda *a, **k: pytest.fail("should not solve")
+        )
+        state = {"attempts": 0, "solved": False}
+        build_action(state, _cfg())(_FakePage())
+        assert state == {"attempts": 0, "solved": False}
+
+    def test_per_url_attempt_cap(self, monkeypatch):
+        calls = {"n": 0}
+
+        def _h(*_a, **_k):
+            calls["n"] += 1
+            return "TOKEN"
+
+        monkeypatch.setattr(cap, "_harvest_token", _h)
+        monkeypatch.setattr(cap, "_inject_and_submit", lambda *a, **k: None)
+
+        # Already at the cap → no further solve.
+        state = {"attempts": 1, "solved": False}
+        page = _FakePage(
+            widgets={".g-recaptcha[data-sitekey]": _FakeEl({"data-sitekey": "SK"})}
+        )
+        build_action(state, _cfg(max_attempts_per_url=1))(page)
+        assert calls["n"] == 0
+        assert state["attempts"] == 1
+
+    def test_empty_token_counts_attempt_but_not_solved(self, monkeypatch):
+        monkeypatch.setattr(cap, "_harvest_token", lambda *a, **k: None)
+        monkeypatch.setattr(
+            cap, "_inject_and_submit", lambda *a, **k: pytest.fail("no inject")
+        )
+        state = {"attempts": 0, "solved": False}
+        page = _FakePage(
+            widgets={".g-recaptcha[data-sitekey]": _FakeEl({"data-sitekey": "SK"})}
+        )
+        build_action(state, _cfg())(page)
+        assert state == {"attempts": 1, "solved": False}
+
+    def test_no_balance_latches_and_stops(self, monkeypatch):
+        class ErrNoBalance(Exception):
+            pass
+
+        def _boom(*_a, **_k):
+            raise ErrNoBalance("out of balance")
+
+        monkeypatch.setattr(cap, "_harvest_token", _boom)
+        state = {"attempts": 0, "solved": False}
+        page = _FakePage(
+            widgets={".g-recaptcha[data-sitekey]": _FakeEl({"data-sitekey": "SK"})}
+        )
+        build_action(state, _cfg(max_attempts_per_url=3))(page)
+
+        # Attempt counted, not solved, and the process latch is tripped so the
+        # next factory build refuses to wire solving at all (no retry loop).
+        assert state == {"attempts": 1, "solved": False}
+        assert cap.solver_latched() is True
+        assert build_action({"attempts": 0, "solved": False}, _cfg()) is None
diff --git a/surfsense_backend/tests/unit/proprietary/web_crawler/test_connector.py b/surfsense_backend/tests/unit/proprietary/web_crawler/test_connector.py
index 18112fe7e..dbd389634 100644
--- a/surfsense_backend/tests/unit/proprietary/web_crawler/test_connector.py
+++ b/surfsense_backend/tests/unit/proprietary/web_crawler/test_connector.py
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ async def test_static_tier_success_short_circuits(
         later_calls.append("dynamic")
         return None
 
-    async def _record_stealthy(_url: str) -> None:
+    async def _record_stealthy(_url: str, *_args) -> None:
         later_calls.append("stealthy")
         return None
 
@@ -89,7 +89,7 @@ async def test_all_tiers_empty_is_empty(monkeypatch: pytest.MonkeyPatch) -> None
     """Every tier fetched but extracted nothing -> EMPTY (not billable)."""
     crawler = WebCrawlerConnector()
 
-    async def _empty(_url: str) -> None:
+    async def _empty(_url: str, *_args) -> None:
         return None
 
     monkeypatch.setattr(crawler, "_crawl_with_async_fetcher", _empty)
@@ -106,7 +106,7 @@ async def test_all_tiers_raise_is_failed(monkeypatch: pytest.MonkeyPatch) -> Non
     """Every tier raising (none reachable) -> FAILED with aggregated errors."""
     crawler = WebCrawlerConnector()
 
-    async def _boom(_url: str) -> None:
+    async def _boom(_url: str, *_args) -> None:
         raise RuntimeError("fetch exploded")
 
     monkeypatch.setattr(crawler, "_crawl_with_async_fetcher", _boom)
@@ -153,7 +153,7 @@ async def test_proxy_error_no_retry_when_single_endpoint(
         static_calls["n"] += 1
         raise RuntimeError("connection refused by upstream proxy")
 
-    async def _empty(_url: str) -> None:
+    async def _empty(_url: str, *_args) -> None:
         return None
 
     monkeypatch.setattr(crawler, "_crawl_with_async_fetcher", _proxy_err)
@@ -167,6 +167,77 @@ async def test_proxy_error_no_retry_when_single_endpoint(
     assert outcome.status is CrawlOutcomeStatus.EMPTY
 
 
+async def test_captcha_defaults_zero_on_non_stealthy_success(
+    monkeypatch: pytest.MonkeyPatch,
+) -> None:
+    """03d: a static success never touches captcha → fields stay 0/False."""
+    crawler = WebCrawlerConnector()
+
+    async def _static(_url: str) -> dict:
+        return _result("scrapling-static")
+
+    monkeypatch.setattr(crawler, "_crawl_with_async_fetcher", _static)
+    outcome = await crawler.crawl_url("https://example.com")
+
+    assert outcome.status is CrawlOutcomeStatus.SUCCESS
+    assert outcome.captcha_attempts == 0
+    assert outcome.captcha_solved is False
+
+
+async def test_captcha_state_surfaced_onto_outcome(
+    monkeypatch: pytest.MonkeyPatch,
+) -> None:
+    """03d: the stealthy tier's captcha_state is stamped onto the outcome,
+    even when the lower tiers missed and stealthy itself succeeds."""
+    crawler = WebCrawlerConnector()
+
+    async def _empty(_url: str, *_args) -> None:
+        return None
+
+    async def _stealthy(_url: str, captcha_state: dict) -> dict:
+        # Simulate the page_action having solved a captcha mid-fetch.
+        captcha_state["attempts"] = 2
+        captcha_state["solved"] = True
+        return _result("scrapling-stealthy")
+
+    monkeypatch.setattr(crawler, "_crawl_with_async_fetcher", _empty)
+    monkeypatch.setattr(crawler, "_crawl_with_dynamic", _empty)
+    monkeypatch.setattr(crawler, "_crawl_with_stealthy", _stealthy)
+
+    outcome = await crawler.crawl_url("https://example.com")
+
+    assert outcome.status is CrawlOutcomeStatus.SUCCESS
+    assert outcome.tier == "scrapling-stealthy"
+    assert outcome.captcha_attempts == 2
+    assert outcome.captcha_solved is True
+
+
+async def test_captcha_attempts_surface_even_when_crawl_fails(
+    monkeypatch: pytest.MonkeyPatch,
+) -> None:
+    """03d: attempts are billed per-attempt → must surface on a FAILED outcome."""
+    crawler = WebCrawlerConnector()
+
+    async def _empty(_url: str, *_args) -> None:
+        return None
+
+    async def _stealthy_attempt_then_empty(_url: str, captcha_state: dict) -> None:
+        captcha_state["attempts"] = 1  # solve attempted but crawl still empty
+        return None
+
+    monkeypatch.setattr(crawler, "_crawl_with_async_fetcher", _empty)
+    monkeypatch.setattr(crawler, "_crawl_with_dynamic", _empty)
+    monkeypatch.setattr(
+        crawler, "_crawl_with_stealthy", _stealthy_attempt_then_empty
+    )
+
+    outcome = await crawler.crawl_url("https://example.com")
+
+    assert outcome.status is CrawlOutcomeStatus.EMPTY
+    assert outcome.captcha_attempts == 1
+    assert outcome.captcha_solved is False
+
+
 async def test_non_proxy_error_never_retries(
     monkeypatch: pytest.MonkeyPatch,
 ) -> None:
@@ -178,7 +249,7 @@ async def test_non_proxy_error_never_retries(
         calls["n"] += 1
         raise RuntimeError("totally unrelated failure")
 
-    async def _empty(_url: str) -> None:
+    async def _empty(_url: str, *_args) -> None:
         return None
 
     monkeypatch.setattr(crawler, "_crawl_with_async_fetcher", _boom)
diff --git a/surfsense_backend/tests/unit/services/test_web_crawl_credit_service.py b/surfsense_backend/tests/unit/services/test_web_crawl_credit_service.py
index 0e79836ac..270b9a6b7 100644
--- a/surfsense_backend/tests/unit/services/test_web_crawl_credit_service.py
+++ b/surfsense_backend/tests/unit/services/test_web_crawl_credit_service.py
@@ -213,3 +213,112 @@ class TestChatScrapeFold:
         # Run in a fresh context so the turn ContextVar resolves to its default
         # (None) regardless of other tests — must not raise.
         contextvars.Context().run(self._import_helper())
+
+
+# ===================================================================
+# F) Captcha per-attempt unit (Phase 3d)
+# ===================================================================
+
+
+@pytest.fixture
+def _enable_captcha_billing(monkeypatch):
+    monkeypatch.setattr(config, "WEB_CRAWL_CAPTCHA_BILLING_ENABLED", True)
+    monkeypatch.setattr(config, "WEB_CRAWL_CAPTCHA_MICROS_PER_SOLVE", 3000)
+
+
+class TestCaptchaStatics:
+    def test_billing_enabled_reads_flag(self, monkeypatch):
+        monkeypatch.setattr(config, "WEB_CRAWL_CAPTCHA_BILLING_ENABLED", True)
+        assert WebCrawlCreditService.captcha_billing_enabled() is True
+        monkeypatch.setattr(config, "WEB_CRAWL_CAPTCHA_BILLING_ENABLED", False)
+        assert WebCrawlCreditService.captcha_billing_enabled() is False
+
+    def test_solves_to_micros_is_config_driven(self, monkeypatch):
+        monkeypatch.setattr(config, "WEB_CRAWL_CAPTCHA_MICROS_PER_SOLVE", 3000)
+        assert WebCrawlCreditService.captcha_solves_to_micros(1) == 3000
+        assert WebCrawlCreditService.captcha_solves_to_micros(1000) == 3_000_000
+        monkeypatch.setattr(config, "WEB_CRAWL_CAPTCHA_MICROS_PER_SOLVE", 5000)
+        assert WebCrawlCreditService.captcha_solves_to_micros(2) == 10_000
+
+
+class TestChargeCaptcha:
+    async def test_debits_per_attempt(self, _enable_captcha_billing):
+        session, user = _make_session(balance_micros=100_000)
+        svc = WebCrawlCreditService(session)
+        new_balance = await svc.charge_captcha(_USER_ID, attempts=2)
+        assert user.credit_micros_balance == 100_000 - 2 * 3000
+        assert new_balance == 94_000
+        session.commit.assert_awaited()
+
+    async def test_zero_attempts_is_noop(self, _enable_captcha_billing):
+        session, user = _make_session(balance_micros=100_000)
+        svc = WebCrawlCreditService(session)
+        assert await svc.charge_captcha(_USER_ID, attempts=0) is None
+        assert user.credit_micros_balance == 100_000
+        session.commit.assert_not_awaited()
+
+    async def test_disabled_is_noop(self, monkeypatch):
+        monkeypatch.setattr(config, "WEB_CRAWL_CAPTCHA_BILLING_ENABLED", False)
+        session, user = _make_session(balance_micros=100_000)
+        svc = WebCrawlCreditService(session)
+        assert await svc.charge_captcha(_USER_ID, attempts=5) is None
+        assert user.credit_micros_balance == 100_000
+        session.execute.assert_not_called()
+
+
+class TestCheckBalance:
+    """Combined (crawl + captcha) pre-flight primitive — ungated."""
+
+    async def test_passes_when_affordable(self):
+        session, _user = _make_session(balance_micros=10_000)
+        await WebCrawlCreditService(session).check_balance(_USER_ID, 5_000)
+
+    async def test_raises_when_short(self):
+        session, _user = _make_session(balance_micros=3_000)
+        with pytest.raises(InsufficientCreditsError):
+            await WebCrawlCreditService(session).check_balance(_USER_ID, 5_000)
+
+    async def test_zero_required_is_noop(self):
+        session, _user = _make_session(balance_micros=0)
+        await WebCrawlCreditService(session).check_balance(_USER_ID, 0)
+        session.execute.assert_not_called()
+
+
+class TestCaptchaChatFold:
+    """The scrape tools fold captcha attempts into the live turn accumulator."""
+
+    def _import_helper(self):
+        from app.agents.chat.multi_agent_chat.main_agent.tools.scrape_webpage import (
+            _bill_captcha_attempts,
+        )
+
+        return _bill_captcha_attempts
+
+    def _outcome(self, attempts):
+        o = MagicMock()
+        o.captcha_attempts = attempts
+        return o
+
+    def test_folds_attempts_when_enabled(self, _enable_captcha_billing):
+        from app.services.token_tracking_service import start_turn
+
+        acc = start_turn()
+        self._import_helper()(self._outcome(2))
+        assert acc.total_cost_micros == 6000
+        assert len(acc.calls) == 1
+        assert acc.calls[0].call_kind == "web_crawl_captcha"
+
+    def test_noop_when_zero_attempts(self, _enable_captcha_billing):
+        from app.services.token_tracking_service import start_turn
+
+        acc = start_turn()
+        self._import_helper()(self._outcome(0))
+        assert acc.calls == []
+
+    def test_noop_when_billing_disabled(self, monkeypatch):
+        from app.services.token_tracking_service import start_turn
+
+        monkeypatch.setattr(config, "WEB_CRAWL_CAPTCHA_BILLING_ENABLED", False)
+        acc = start_turn()
+        self._import_helper()(self._outcome(3))
+        assert acc.calls == []
diff --git a/surfsense_backend/tests/unit/utils/test_captcha_config.py b/surfsense_backend/tests/unit/utils/test_captcha_config.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..95f92c06f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/surfsense_backend/tests/unit/utils/test_captcha_config.py
@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+"""Unit tests for the generic captcha config gate (Phase 3d, Apache-2 layer)."""
+
+import pytest
+
+from app.config import config
+from app.utils.captcha import captcha_enabled, get_captcha_config
+
+pytestmark = pytest.mark.unit
+
+
+class TestCaptchaEnabled:
+    def test_off_by_default(self, monkeypatch):
+        monkeypatch.setattr(config, "CAPTCHA_SOLVING_ENABLED", False)
+        monkeypatch.setattr(config, "CAPTCHA_SOLVER_API_KEY", "key")
+        assert captcha_enabled() is False
+
+    def test_flag_on_but_no_key_is_disabled(self, monkeypatch):
+        monkeypatch.setattr(config, "CAPTCHA_SOLVING_ENABLED", True)
+        monkeypatch.setattr(config, "CAPTCHA_SOLVER_API_KEY", None)
+        assert captcha_enabled() is False
+
+    def test_flag_on_with_key_is_enabled(self, monkeypatch):
+        monkeypatch.setattr(config, "CAPTCHA_SOLVING_ENABLED", True)
+        monkeypatch.setattr(config, "CAPTCHA_SOLVER_API_KEY", "key")
+        assert captcha_enabled() is True
+
+
+class TestGetCaptchaConfig:
+    def test_snapshot_reflects_config(self, monkeypatch):
+        monkeypatch.setattr(config, "CAPTCHA_SOLVING_ENABLED", True)
+        monkeypatch.setattr(config, "CAPTCHA_SOLVER_API_KEY", "key")
+        monkeypatch.setattr(config, "CAPTCHA_SOLVER_PROVIDER", "2captcha")
+        monkeypatch.setattr(config, "CAPTCHA_MAX_ATTEMPTS_PER_URL", 3)
+        monkeypatch.setattr(config, "CAPTCHA_SOLVE_TIMEOUT_S", 90)
+        monkeypatch.setattr(config, "CAPTCHA_TYPE_DEFAULT", "hcaptcha")
+
+        cfg = get_captcha_config()
+        assert cfg.enabled is True
+        assert cfg.solving_site == "2captcha"
+        assert cfg.max_attempts_per_url == 3
+        assert cfg.timeout_s == 90
+        assert cfg.captcha_type_default == "hcaptcha"
+
+    def test_keyless_config_is_not_enabled(self, monkeypatch):
+        monkeypatch.setattr(config, "CAPTCHA_SOLVING_ENABLED", True)
+        monkeypatch.setattr(config, "CAPTCHA_SOLVER_API_KEY", None)
+        assert get_captcha_config().enabled is False
diff --git a/surfsense_backend/uv.lock b/surfsense_backend/uv.lock
index ef7045eb0..ccd52a516 100644
--- a/surfsense_backend/uv.lock
+++ b/surfsense_backend/uv.lock
@@ -27,6 +27,9 @@ resolution-markers = [
     "python_version < '0'",
     "python_version < '0'",
     "python_version < '0'",
+    "python_version < '0'",
+    "python_version < '0'",
+    "python_version < '0'",
     "python_full_version == '3.13.*' and sys_platform == 'linux' and extra != 'extra-16-surf-new-backend-cpu' and extra != 'extra-16-surf-new-backend-cu126' and extra == 'extra-16-surf-new-backend-cu128'",
     "python_version < '0'",
     "python_version < '0'",
@@ -52,6 +55,9 @@ resolution-markers = [
     "python_version < '0'",
     "python_version < '0'",
     "python_version < '0'",
+    "python_version < '0'",
+    "python_version < '0'",
+    "python_version < '0'",
     "python_full_version < '3.13' and sys_platform == 'linux' and extra != 'extra-16-surf-new-backend-cpu' and extra != 'extra-16-surf-new-backend-cu126' and extra == 'extra-16-surf-new-backend-cu128'",
     "python_version < '0'",
     "python_version < '0'",
@@ -77,6 +83,9 @@ resolution-markers = [
     "python_version < '0'",
     "python_version < '0'",
     "python_version < '0'",
+    "python_version < '0'",
+    "python_version < '0'",
+    "python_version < '0'",
     "python_full_version >= '3.14' and sys_platform == 'win32' and extra != 'extra-16-surf-new-backend-cpu' and extra != 'extra-16-surf-new-backend-cu126' and extra == 'extra-16-surf-new-backend-cu128'",
     "python_version < '0'",
     "python_version < '0'",
@@ -102,6 +111,9 @@ resolution-markers = [
     "python_version < '0'",
     "python_version < '0'",
     "python_version < '0'",
+    "python_version < '0'",
+    "python_version < '0'",
+    "python_version < '0'",
     "python_full_version >= '3.14' and sys_platform == 'emscripten' and extra != 'extra-16-surf-new-backend-cpu' and extra != 'extra-16-surf-new-backend-cu126' and extra == 'extra-16-surf-new-backend-cu128'",
     "python_version < '0'",
     "python_version < '0'",
@@ -127,6 +139,9 @@ resolution-markers = [
     "python_version < '0'",
     "python_version < '0'",
     "python_version < '0'",
+    "python_version < '0'",
+    "python_version < '0'",
+    "python_version < '0'",
     "python_full_version >= '3.14' and sys_platform != 'emscripten' and sys_platform != 'linux' and sys_platform != 'win32' and extra != 'extra-16-surf-new-backend-cpu' and extra != 'extra-16-surf-new-backend-cu126' and extra == 'extra-16-surf-new-backend-cu128'",
     "python_version < '0'",
     "python_version < '0'",
@@ -152,6 +167,9 @@ resolution-markers = [
     "python_version < '0'",
     "python_version < '0'",
     "python_version < '0'",
+    "python_version < '0'",
+    "python_version < '0'",
+    "python_version < '0'",
     "python_full_version == '3.13.*' and sys_platform == 'win32' and extra != 'extra-16-surf-new-backend-cpu' and extra != 'extra-16-surf-new-backend-cu126' and extra == 'extra-16-surf-new-backend-cu128'",
     "python_version < '0'",
     "python_version < '0'",
@@ -177,6 +195,9 @@ resolution-markers = [
     "python_version < '0'",
     "python_version < '0'",
     "python_version < '0'",
+    "python_version < '0'",
+    "python_version < '0'",
+    "python_version < '0'",
     "python_full_version == '3.13.*' and sys_platform == 'emscripten' and extra != 'extra-16-surf-new-backend-cpu' and extra != 'extra-16-surf-new-backend-cu126' and extra == 'extra-16-surf-new-backend-cu128'",
     "python_version < '0'",
     "python_version < '0'",
@@ -202,6 +223,9 @@ resolution-markers = [
     "python_version < '0'",
     "python_version < '0'",
     "python_version < '0'",
+    "python_version < '0'",
+    "python_version < '0'",
+    "python_version < '0'",
     "python_full_version == '3.13.*' and sys_platform != 'emscripten' and sys_platform != 'linux' and sys_platform != 'win32' and extra != 'extra-16-surf-new-backend-cpu' and extra != 'extra-16-surf-new-backend-cu126' and extra == 'extra-16-surf-new-backend-cu128'",
     "python_version < '0'",
     "python_version < '0'",
@@ -227,6 +251,9 @@ resolution-markers = [
     "python_version < '0'",
     "python_version < '0'",
     "python_version < '0'",
+    "python_version < '0'",
+    "python_version < '0'",
+    "python_version < '0'",
     "python_full_version < '3.13' and sys_platform != 'linux' and sys_platform != 'win32' and extra != 'extra-16-surf-new-backend-cpu' and extra != 'extra-16-surf-new-backend-cu126' and extra == 'extra-16-surf-new-backend-cu128'",
     "python_version < '0'",
     "python_version < '0'",
@@ -252,6 +279,9 @@ resolution-markers = [
     "python_version < '0'",
     "python_version < '0'",
     "python_version < '0'",
+    "python_version < '0'",
+    "python_version < '0'",
+    "python_version < '0'",
     "python_full_version < '3.13' and sys_platform == 'win32' and extra != 'extra-16-surf-new-backend-cpu' and extra != 'extra-16-surf-new-backend-cu126' and extra == 'extra-16-surf-new-backend-cu128'",
     "python_version < '0'",
     "python_version < '0'",
@@ -285,6 +315,10 @@ resolution-markers = [
     "python_version < '0'",
     "python_version < '0'",
     "python_version < '0'",
+    "python_version < '0'",
+    "python_version < '0'",
+    "python_version < '0'",
+    "python_version < '0'",
     "python_full_version >= '3.14' and sys_platform == 'linux' and extra != 'extra-16-surf-new-backend-cpu' and extra == 'extra-16-surf-new-backend-cu126' and extra != 'extra-16-surf-new-backend-cu128'",
     "python_version < '0'",
     "python_version < '0'",
@@ -310,6 +344,9 @@ resolution-markers = [
     "python_version < '0'",
     "python_version < '0'",
     "python_version < '0'",
+    "python_version < '0'",
+    "python_version < '0'",
+    "python_version < '0'",
     "python_full_version == '3.13.*' and sys_platform == 'linux' and extra != 'extra-16-surf-new-backend-cpu' and extra == 'extra-16-surf-new-backend-cu126' and extra != 'extra-16-surf-new-backend-cu128'",
     "python_version < '0'",
     "python_version < '0'",
@@ -335,6 +372,9 @@ resolution-markers = [
     "python_version < '0'",
     "python_version < '0'",
     "python_version < '0'",
+    "python_version < '0'",
+    "python_version < '0'",
+    "python_version < '0'",
     "python_full_version < '3.13' and sys_platform == 'linux' and extra != 'extra-16-surf-new-backend-cpu' and extra == 'extra-16-surf-new-backend-cu126' and extra != 'extra-16-surf-new-backend-cu128'",
     "python_version < '0'",
     "python_version < '0'",
@@ -360,6 +400,9 @@ resolution-markers = [
     "python_version < '0'",
     "python_version < '0'",
     "python_version < '0'",
+    "python_version < '0'",
+    "python_version < '0'",
+    "python_version < '0'",
     "python_full_version >= '3.14' and sys_platform == 'win32' and extra != 'extra-16-surf-new-backend-cpu' and extra == 'extra-16-surf-new-backend-cu126' and extra != 'extra-16-surf-new-backend-cu128'",
     "python_version < '0'",
     "python_version < '0'",
@@ -385,6 +428,9 @@ resolution-markers = [
     "python_version < '0'",
     "python_version < '0'",
     "python_version < '0'",
+    "python_version < '0'",
+    "python_version < '0'",
+    "python_version < '0'",
     "python_full_version >= '3.14' and sys_platform == 'emscripten' and extra != 'extra-16-surf-new-backend-cpu' and extra == 'extra-16-surf-new-backend-cu126' and extra != 'extra-16-surf-new-backend-cu128'",
     "python_version < '0'",
     "python_version < '0'",
@@ -410,6 +456,9 @@ resolution-markers = [
     "python_version < '0'",
     "python_version < '0'",
     "python_version < '0'",
+    "python_version < '0'",
+    "python_version < '0'",
+    "python_version < '0'",
     "python_full_version >= '3.14' and sys_platform != 'emscripten' and sys_platform != 'linux' and sys_platform != 'win32' and extra != 'extra-16-surf-new-backend-cpu' and extra == 'extra-16-surf-new-backend-cu126' and extra != 'extra-16-surf-new-backend-cu128'",
     "python_version < '0'",
     "python_version < '0'",
@@ -435,6 +484,9 @@ resolution-markers = [
     "python_version < '0'",
     "python_version < '0'",
     "python_version < '0'",
+    "python_version < '0'",
+    "python_version < '0'",
+    "python_version < '0'",
     "python_full_version == '3.13.*' and sys_platform == 'win32' and extra != 'extra-16-surf-new-backend-cpu' and extra == 'extra-16-surf-new-backend-cu126' and extra != 'extra-16-surf-new-backend-cu128'",
     "python_version < '0'",
     "python_version < '0'",
@@ -460,6 +512,9 @@ resolution-markers = [
     "python_version < '0'",
     "python_version < '0'",
     "python_version < '0'",
+    "python_version < '0'",
+    "python_version < '0'",
+    "python_version < '0'",
     "python_full_version == '3.13.*' and sys_platform == 'emscripten' and extra != 'extra-16-surf-new-backend-cpu' and extra == 'extra-16-surf-new-backend-cu126' and extra != 'extra-16-surf-new-backend-cu128'",
     "python_version < '0'",
     "python_version < '0'",
@@ -485,6 +540,9 @@ resolution-markers = [
     "python_version < '0'",
     "python_version < '0'",
     "python_version < '0'",
+    "python_version < '0'",
+    "python_version < '0'",
+    "python_version < '0'",
     "python_full_version == '3.13.*' and sys_platform != 'emscripten' and sys_platform != 'linux' and sys_platform != 'win32' and extra != 'extra-16-surf-new-backend-cpu' and extra == 'extra-16-surf-new-backend-cu126' and extra != 'extra-16-surf-new-backend-cu128'",
     "python_version < '0'",
     "python_version < '0'",
@@ -510,6 +568,9 @@ resolution-markers = [
     "python_version < '0'",
     "python_version < '0'",
     "python_version < '0'",
+    "python_version < '0'",
+    "python_version < '0'",
+    "python_version < '0'",
     "python_full_version < '3.13' and sys_platform != 'linux' and sys_platform != 'win32' and extra != 'extra-16-surf-new-backend-cpu' and extra == 'extra-16-surf-new-backend-cu126' and extra != 'extra-16-surf-new-backend-cu128'",
     "python_version < '0'",
     "python_version < '0'",
@@ -535,6 +596,9 @@ resolution-markers = [
     "python_version < '0'",
     "python_version < '0'",
     "python_version < '0'",
+    "python_version < '0'",
+    "python_version < '0'",
+    "python_version < '0'",
     "python_full_version < '3.13' and sys_platform == 'win32' and extra != 'extra-16-surf-new-backend-cpu' and extra == 'extra-16-surf-new-backend-cu126' and extra != 'extra-16-surf-new-backend-cu128'",
     "python_version < '0'",
     "python_version < '0'",
@@ -568,6 +632,10 @@ resolution-markers = [
     "python_version < '0'",
     "python_version < '0'",
     "python_version < '0'",
+    "python_version < '0'",
+    "python_version < '0'",
+    "python_version < '0'",
+    "python_version < '0'",
     "python_full_version >= '3.14' and sys_platform == 'linux' and extra == 'extra-16-surf-new-backend-cpu' and extra != 'extra-16-surf-new-backend-cu126' and extra != 'extra-16-surf-new-backend-cu128'",
     "python_version < '0'",
     "python_version < '0'",
@@ -593,6 +661,9 @@ resolution-markers = [
     "python_version < '0'",
     "python_version < '0'",
     "python_version < '0'",
+    "python_version < '0'",
+    "python_version < '0'",
+    "python_version < '0'",
     "python_full_version == '3.13.*' and sys_platform == 'linux' and extra == 'extra-16-surf-new-backend-cpu' and extra != 'extra-16-surf-new-backend-cu126' and extra != 'extra-16-surf-new-backend-cu128'",
     "python_version < '0'",
     "python_version < '0'",
@@ -618,6 +689,9 @@ resolution-markers = [
     "python_version < '0'",
     "python_version < '0'",
     "python_version < '0'",
+    "python_version < '0'",
+    "python_version < '0'",
+    "python_version < '0'",
     "python_full_version < '3.13' and sys_platform == 'linux' and extra == 'extra-16-surf-new-backend-cpu' and extra != 'extra-16-surf-new-backend-cu126' and extra != 'extra-16-surf-new-backend-cu128'",
     "python_version < '0'",
     "python_version < '0'",
@@ -643,6 +717,9 @@ resolution-markers = [
     "python_version < '0'",
     "python_version < '0'",
     "python_version < '0'",
+    "python_version < '0'",
+    "python_version < '0'",
+    "python_version < '0'",
     "python_full_version >= '3.14' and sys_platform == 'win32' and extra == 'extra-16-surf-new-backend-cpu' and extra != 'extra-16-surf-new-backend-cu126' and extra != 'extra-16-surf-new-backend-cu128'",
     "python_version < '0'",
     "python_version < '0'",
@@ -668,6 +745,9 @@ resolution-markers = [
     "python_version < '0'",
     "python_version < '0'",
     "python_version < '0'",
+    "python_version < '0'",
+    "python_version < '0'",
+    "python_version < '0'",
     "python_full_version >= '3.14' and sys_platform == 'emscripten' and extra == 'extra-16-surf-new-backend-cpu' and extra != 'extra-16-surf-new-backend-cu126' and extra != 'extra-16-surf-new-backend-cu128'",
     "python_version < '0'",
     "python_version < '0'",
@@ -693,6 +773,9 @@ resolution-markers = [
     "python_version < '0'",
     "python_version < '0'",
     "python_version < '0'",
+    "python_version < '0'",
+    "python_version < '0'",
+    "python_version < '0'",
     "python_full_version >= '3.14' and sys_platform != 'emscripten' and sys_platform != 'linux' and sys_platform != 'win32' and extra == 'extra-16-surf-new-backend-cpu' and extra != 'extra-16-surf-new-backend-cu126' and extra != 'extra-16-surf-new-backend-cu128'",
     "python_version < '0'",
     "python_version < '0'",
@@ -718,6 +801,9 @@ resolution-markers = [
     "python_version < '0'",
     "python_version < '0'",
     "python_version < '0'",
+    "python_version < '0'",
+    "python_version < '0'",
+    "python_version < '0'",
     "python_full_version == '3.13.*' and sys_platform == 'win32' and extra == 'extra-16-surf-new-backend-cpu' and extra != 'extra-16-surf-new-backend-cu126' and extra != 'extra-16-surf-new-backend-cu128'",
     "python_version < '0'",
     "python_version < '0'",
@@ -743,6 +829,9 @@ resolution-markers = [
     "python_version < '0'",
     "python_version < '0'",
     "python_version < '0'",
+    "python_version < '0'",
+    "python_version < '0'",
+    "python_version < '0'",
     "python_full_version == '3.13.*' and sys_platform == 'emscripten' and extra == 'extra-16-surf-new-backend-cpu' and extra != 'extra-16-surf-new-backend-cu126' and extra != 'extra-16-surf-new-backend-cu128'",
     "python_version < '0'",
     "python_version < '0'",
@@ -768,6 +857,9 @@ resolution-markers = [
     "python_version < '0'",
     "python_version < '0'",
     "python_version < '0'",
+    "python_version < '0'",
+    "python_version < '0'",
+    "python_version < '0'",
     "python_full_version == '3.13.*' and sys_platform != 'emscripten' and sys_platform != 'linux' and sys_platform != 'win32' and extra == 'extra-16-surf-new-backend-cpu' and extra != 'extra-16-surf-new-backend-cu126' and extra != 'extra-16-surf-new-backend-cu128'",
     "python_version < '0'",
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@@ -793,6 +885,9 @@ resolution-markers = [
     "python_version < '0'",
     "python_version < '0'",
     "python_version < '0'",
+    "python_version < '0'",
+    "python_version < '0'",
+    "python_version < '0'",
     "python_full_version < '3.13' and sys_platform != 'linux' and sys_platform != 'win32' and extra == 'extra-16-surf-new-backend-cpu' and extra != 'extra-16-surf-new-backend-cu126' and extra != 'extra-16-surf-new-backend-cu128'",
     "python_version < '0'",
     "python_version < '0'",
@@ -818,6 +913,9 @@ resolution-markers = [
     "python_version < '0'",
     "python_version < '0'",
     "python_version < '0'",
+    "python_version < '0'",
+    "python_version < '0'",
+    "python_version < '0'",
     "python_full_version < '3.13' and sys_platform == 'win32' and extra == 'extra-16-surf-new-backend-cpu' and extra != 'extra-16-surf-new-backend-cu126' and extra != 'extra-16-surf-new-backend-cu128'",
     "python_version < '0'",
     "python_version < '0'",
@@ -851,6 +949,10 @@ resolution-markers = [
     "python_version < '0'",
     "python_version < '0'",
     "python_version < '0'",
+    "python_version < '0'",
+    "python_version < '0'",
+    "python_version < '0'",
+    "python_version < '0'",
     "python_full_version >= '3.14' and sys_platform == 'win32' and extra != 'extra-16-surf-new-backend-cpu' and extra != 'extra-16-surf-new-backend-cu126' and extra != 'extra-16-surf-new-backend-cu128'",
     "python_version < '0'",
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@@ -876,6 +978,9 @@ resolution-markers = [
     "python_version < '0'",
     "python_version < '0'",
     "python_version < '0'",
+    "python_version < '0'",
+    "python_version < '0'",
+    "python_version < '0'",
     "python_full_version >= '3.14' and sys_platform == 'emscripten' and extra != 'extra-16-surf-new-backend-cpu' and extra != 'extra-16-surf-new-backend-cu126' and extra != 'extra-16-surf-new-backend-cu128'",
     "python_version < '0'",
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@@ -925,6 +1030,12 @@ resolution-markers = [
     "python_version < '0'",
     "python_version < '0'",
     "python_version < '0'",
+    "python_version < '0'",
+    "python_version < '0'",
+    "python_version < '0'",
+    "python_version < '0'",
+    "python_version < '0'",
+    "python_version < '0'",
     "python_full_version >= '3.14' and sys_platform != 'emscripten' and sys_platform != 'win32' and extra != 'extra-16-surf-new-backend-cpu' and extra != 'extra-16-surf-new-backend-cu126' and extra != 'extra-16-surf-new-backend-cu128'",
     "python_version < '0'",
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@@ -950,6 +1061,9 @@ resolution-markers = [
     "python_version < '0'",
     "python_version < '0'",
     "python_version < '0'",
+    "python_version < '0'",
+    "python_version < '0'",
+    "python_version < '0'",
     "python_full_version == '3.13.*' and sys_platform == 'win32' and extra != 'extra-16-surf-new-backend-cpu' and extra != 'extra-16-surf-new-backend-cu126' and extra != 'extra-16-surf-new-backend-cu128'",
     "python_version < '0'",
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@@ -975,6 +1089,9 @@ resolution-markers = [
     "python_version < '0'",
     "python_version < '0'",
     "python_version < '0'",
+    "python_version < '0'",
+    "python_version < '0'",
+    "python_version < '0'",
     "python_full_version == '3.13.*' and sys_platform == 'emscripten' and extra != 'extra-16-surf-new-backend-cpu' and extra != 'extra-16-surf-new-backend-cu126' and extra != 'extra-16-surf-new-backend-cu128'",
     "python_version < '0'",
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@@ -1024,6 +1141,12 @@ resolution-markers = [
     "python_version < '0'",
     "python_version < '0'",
     "python_version < '0'",
+    "python_version < '0'",
+    "python_version < '0'",
+    "python_version < '0'",
+    "python_version < '0'",
+    "python_version < '0'",
+    "python_version < '0'",
     "python_full_version == '3.13.*' and sys_platform != 'emscripten' and sys_platform != 'win32' and extra != 'extra-16-surf-new-backend-cpu' and extra != 'extra-16-surf-new-backend-cu126' and extra != 'extra-16-surf-new-backend-cu128'",
     "python_version < '0'",
     "python_version < '0'",
@@ -1073,6 +1196,12 @@ resolution-markers = [
     "python_version < '0'",
     "python_version < '0'",
     "python_version < '0'",
+    "python_version < '0'",
+    "python_version < '0'",
+    "python_version < '0'",
+    "python_version < '0'",
+    "python_version < '0'",
+    "python_version < '0'",
     "python_full_version < '3.13' and sys_platform != 'win32' and extra != 'extra-16-surf-new-backend-cpu' and extra != 'extra-16-surf-new-backend-cu126' and extra != 'extra-16-surf-new-backend-cu128'",
     "python_version < '0'",
     "python_version < '0'",
@@ -1098,6 +1227,9 @@ resolution-markers = [
     "python_version < '0'",
     "python_version < '0'",
     "python_version < '0'",
+    "python_version < '0'",
+    "python_version < '0'",
+    "python_version < '0'",
     "python_full_version < '3.13' and sys_platform == 'win32' and extra != 'extra-16-surf-new-backend-cpu' and extra != 'extra-16-surf-new-backend-cu126' and extra != 'extra-16-surf-new-backend-cu128'",
 ]
 conflicts = [[
@@ -1843,6 +1975,18 @@ wheels = [
     { url = "https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/06/f3/39cf3367b8107baa44f861dc802cbf16263c945b62d8265d36034fc07bea/cachetools-7.0.5-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:46bc8ebefbe485407621d0a4264b23c080cedd913921bad7ac3ed2f26c183114", size = 13918 },
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "captchatools"
+version = "1.5.0"
+source = { registry = "https://pypi.org/simple" }
+dependencies = [
+    { name = "requests" },
+]
+sdist = { url = "https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/6b/38/01200f5b8169219002728ccddbad8cc50759e523c0884b7e811092d27352/captchatools-1.5.0.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:755ed685a93f6139608b5277ef0410f8682b3522e98f52d9cc3edff9df38ca12", size = 15282 }
+wheels = [
+    { url = "https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/ea/f1/7faaa20ffd68314215da2e3c57076c2c89846ab05464f1b7167dc8a9a80b/captchatools-1.5.0-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:43b651f7603be5725df94e4d715e0ff770efec44b62bb6076eb9a63516c74d94", size = 16394 },
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "catalogue"
 version = "2.0.10"
@@ -9967,6 +10111,7 @@ dependencies = [
     { name = "azure-ai-documentintelligence" },
     { name = "azure-storage-blob" },
     { name = "boto3" },
+    { name = "captchatools" },
     { name = "celery", extra = ["redis"] },
     { name = "chonkie", extra = ["all"] },
     { name = "composio" },
@@ -10084,6 +10229,7 @@ requires-dist = [
     { name = "azure-ai-documentintelligence", specifier = ">=1.0.2" },
     { name = "azure-storage-blob", specifier = ">=12.23.0" },
     { name = "boto3", specifier = ">=1.35.0" },
+    { name = "captchatools", specifier = ">=1.5.0" },
     { name = "celery", extras = ["redis"], specifier = ">=5.5.3" },
     { name = "chonkie", extras = ["all"], specifier = ">=1.5.0" },
     { name = "composio", specifier = ">=0.10.9" },