diff --git a/.gitignore b/.gitignore
index 24dd046be..73f32f75d 100644
--- a/.gitignore
+++ b/.gitignore
@@ -163,6 +163,7 @@ examples/image__vector_store.json
 examples/index_store.json
 .chroma
 .chroma_exp_data
+.role_memory_data
 *~$*
 workspace/*
 tmp
diff --git a/metagpt/base/base_role.py b/metagpt/base/base_role.py
index b500b2cd6..55b8f6de2 100644
--- a/metagpt/base/base_role.py
+++ b/metagpt/base/base_role.py
@@ -1,8 +1,12 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
 from abc import abstractmethod
-from typing import Optional, Union
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Optional, Union
 
 from metagpt.base.base_serialization import BaseSerialization
-from metagpt.schema import Message
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from metagpt.schema import Message
 
 
 class BaseRole(BaseSerialization):
diff --git a/metagpt/memory/memory.py b/metagpt/memory/memory.py
index 580361d33..d44753413 100644
--- a/metagpt/memory/memory.py
+++ b/metagpt/memory/memory.py
@@ -104,3 +104,7 @@ class Memory(BaseModel):
                 continue
             rsp += self.index[action]
         return rsp
+
+    def get_by_position(self, position: int) -> Message:
+        """Return the message by its position"""
+        return self.storage[position]
diff --git a/metagpt/memory/role_zero_memory.py b/metagpt/memory/role_zero_memory.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d02e31e7f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/metagpt/memory/role_zero_memory.py
@@ -0,0 +1,60 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from pydantic import BaseModel, Field
+
+from metagpt.schema import LongTermMemoryItem, Message
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from llama_index.core.schema import NodeWithScore
+
+    from metagpt.rag.engines import SimpleEngine
+
+
+class RoleZeroLongTermMemory(BaseModel):
+    persist_path: str = Field(default=".role_memory_data", description="The directory to save data.")
+    collection_name: str = Field(default="role_zero", description="The name of the collection, such as the role name.")
+
+    _rag_engine: Any = None
+
+    @property
+    def rag_engine(self) -> "SimpleEngine":
+        if self._rag_engine is None:
+            self._rag_engine = self._resolve_rag_engine()
+
+        return self._rag_engine
+
+    def _resolve_rag_engine(self) -> "SimpleEngine":
+        try:
+            from metagpt.rag.engines import SimpleEngine
+            from metagpt.rag.schema import ChromaRetrieverConfig, LLMRankerConfig
+        except ImportError:
+            raise ImportError("To use the RoleZeroMemory, you need to install the rag module.")
+
+        retriever_configs = [
+            ChromaRetrieverConfig(persist_path=self.persist_path, collection_name=self.collection_name)
+        ]
+        ranker_configs = [LLMRankerConfig()]
+
+        rag_engine = SimpleEngine.from_objs(retriever_configs=retriever_configs, ranker_configs=ranker_configs)
+
+        return rag_engine
+
+    def fetch(self, query: str) -> list[Message]:
+        if not query:
+            return []
+
+        nodes: list[NodeWithScore] = self.rag_engine.retrieve(query)
+
+        memories = []
+        for node in nodes:
+            item: LongTermMemoryItem = node.metadata["obj"]
+            memories.append(item.user_message)
+            memories.append(item.ai_message)
+
+        return memories
+
+    def add(self, item: LongTermMemoryItem):
+        if not item:
+            return
+
+        self.rag_engine.add_objs([item])
diff --git a/metagpt/roles/di/role_zero.py b/metagpt/roles/di/role_zero.py
index 5edd7f88c..738de2244 100644
--- a/metagpt/roles/di/role_zero.py
+++ b/metagpt/roles/di/role_zero.py
@@ -18,6 +18,7 @@ from metagpt.exp_pool import exp_cache
 from metagpt.exp_pool.context_builders import RoleZeroContextBuilder
 from metagpt.exp_pool.serializers import RoleZeroSerializer
 from metagpt.logs import logger
+from metagpt.memory.role_zero_memory import RoleZeroLongTermMemory
 from metagpt.prompts.di.role_zero import (
     ASK_HUMAN_COMMAND,
     CMD_PROMPT,
@@ -34,7 +35,7 @@ from metagpt.prompts.di.role_zero import (
     THOUGHT_GUIDANCE,
 )
 from metagpt.roles import Role
-from metagpt.schema import AIMessage, Message, UserMessage
+from metagpt.schema import AIMessage, LongTermMemoryItem, Message, UserMessage
 from metagpt.strategy.experience_retriever import DummyExpRetriever, ExpRetriever
 from metagpt.strategy.planner import Planner
 from metagpt.tools.libs.browser import Browser
@@ -42,6 +43,7 @@ from metagpt.tools.libs.editor import Editor
 from metagpt.tools.tool_recommend import BM25ToolRecommender, ToolRecommender
 from metagpt.tools.tool_registry import register_tool
 from metagpt.utils.common import CodeParser, any_to_str, extract_and_encode_images
+from metagpt.utils.exceptions import handle_exception
 from metagpt.utils.repair_llm_raw_output import (
     RepairType,
     repair_escape_error,
@@ -86,6 +88,8 @@ class RoleZero(Role):
     command_rsp: str = ""  # the raw string containing the commands
     commands: list[dict] = []  # commands to be executed
     memory_k: int = 20  # number of memories (messages) to use as historical context
+    enable_longterm_memory: bool = True  # whether to use longterm memory
+    longterm_memory: RoleZeroLongTermMemory = None
     use_fixed_sop: bool = False
     requirements_constraints: str = ""  # the constraints in user requirements
     use_summary: bool = True  # whether to summarize at the end
@@ -140,6 +144,19 @@ class RoleZero(Role):
         self._update_tool_execution()
         return self
 
+    @model_validator(mode="after")
+    def set_longterm_memory(self) -> "RoleZero":
+        """Set longterm memory.
+
+        If enable_longterm_memory is True and longterm_memory is not set, set it.
+        The role name will be used as the collection name.
+        """
+
+        if self.enable_longterm_memory and not self.longterm_memory:
+            self.longterm_memory = RoleZeroLongTermMemory(collection_name=self.name.replace(" ", ""))
+
+        return self
+
     def _update_tool_execution(self):
         pass
 
@@ -154,7 +171,7 @@ class RoleZero(Role):
             return False
 
         if not self.planner.plan.goal:
-            self.planner.plan.goal = self.get_memories()[-1].content
+            self.planner.plan.goal = self._get_all_memories()[-1].content
             self.requirements_constraints = await AnalyzeRequirementsRestrictions().run(self.planner.plan.goal)
 
         ### 1. Experience ###
@@ -186,7 +203,7 @@ class RoleZero(Role):
         )
 
         ### Recent Observation ###
-        memory = self.rc.memory.get(self.memory_k)
+        memory = self._fetch_memories()
         memory = await self.parse_browser_actions(memory)
         memory = self.parse_images(memory)
 
@@ -202,7 +219,7 @@ class RoleZero(Role):
 
         self.command_rsp = await self._check_duplicates(req, self.command_rsp)
 
-        self.rc.memory.add(AIMessage(content=self.command_rsp))
+        self._add_memory(AIMessage(content=self.command_rsp))
         return True
 
     @exp_cache(context_builder=RoleZeroContextBuilder(), serializer=RoleZeroSerializer())
@@ -245,12 +262,12 @@ class RoleZero(Role):
         commands, ok = await self._parse_commands(self.command_rsp)
         if not ok:
             error_msg = commands
-            self.rc.memory.add(UserMessage(content=error_msg))
+            self._add_memory(UserMessage(content=error_msg))
             return error_msg
         logger.info(f"Commands: \n{commands}")
         outputs = await self._run_commands(commands)
         logger.info(f"Commands outputs: \n{outputs}")
-        self.rc.memory.add(UserMessage(content=outputs))
+        self._add_memory(UserMessage(content=outputs))
 
         return AIMessage(
             content=f"I have finished the task, please mark my task as finished. Outputs: {outputs}",
@@ -303,7 +320,7 @@ class RoleZero(Role):
             return rsp_msg, ""
 
         # routing
-        memory = self.get_memories(k=self.memory_k)
+        memory = self._fetch_memories()
         context = self.llm.format_msg(memory + [UserMessage(content=QUICK_THINK_PROMPT)])
         async with ThoughtReporter() as reporter:
             await reporter.async_report({"type": "classify"})
@@ -328,7 +345,7 @@ class RoleZero(Role):
             answer = await SearchEnhancedQA().run(query)
 
         if answer:
-            self.rc.memory.add(AIMessage(content=answer, cause_by=RunCommand))
+            self._add_memory(AIMessage(content=answer, cause_by=RunCommand))
             await self.reply_to_human(content=answer)
             rsp_msg = AIMessage(
                 content="Complete run",
@@ -339,7 +356,7 @@ class RoleZero(Role):
         return rsp_msg, intent_result
 
     async def _check_duplicates(self, req: list[dict], command_rsp: str):
-        past_rsp = [mem.content for mem in self.rc.memory.get(self.memory_k)]
+        past_rsp = [mem.content for mem in self._fetch_memories()]
         if command_rsp in past_rsp:
             # Normal response with thought contents are highly unlikely to reproduce
             # If an identical response is detected, it is a bad response, mostly due to LLM repeating generated content
@@ -479,7 +496,7 @@ class RoleZero(Role):
 
     def _retrieve_experience(self) -> str:
         """Default implementation of experience retrieval. Can be overwritten in subclasses."""
-        context = [str(msg) for msg in self.rc.memory.get(self.memory_k)]
+        context = [str(msg) for msg in self._fetch_memories()]
         context = "\n\n".join(context)
         example = self.experience_retriever.retrieve(context=context)
         return example
@@ -504,9 +521,9 @@ class RoleZero(Role):
 
     async def _end(self):
         self._set_state(-1)
-        memory = self.rc.memory.get(self.memory_k)
+        memory = self._fetch_memories()
         # Ensure reply to the human before the "end" command is executed. Hard code k=5 for checking.
-        if not any(["reply_to_human" in memory.content for memory in self.get_memories(k=5)]):
+        if not any(["reply_to_human" in memory.content for memory in self._fetch_memories(k=5)]):
             logger.info("manually reply to human")
             pattern = r"\[Language Restrictions\](.*?)\n"
             match = re.search(pattern, self.requirements_constraints, re.DOTALL)
@@ -515,10 +532,95 @@ class RoleZero(Role):
                 await reporter.async_report({"type": "quick"})
                 reply_content = await self.llm.aask(self.llm.format_msg(memory + [UserMessage(reply_to_human_prompt)]))
             await self.reply_to_human(content=reply_content)
-            self.rc.memory.add(AIMessage(content=reply_content, cause_by=RunCommand))
+            self._add_memory(AIMessage(content=reply_content, cause_by=RunCommand))
         outputs = ""
         # Summary of the Completed Task and Deliverables
         if self.use_summary:
             logger.info("end current run and summarize")
             outputs = await self.llm.aask(self.llm.format_msg(memory + [UserMessage(SUMMARY_PROMPT)]))
         return outputs
+
+    def _get_all_memories(self) -> list[Message]:
+        return self._fetch_memories(k=0)
+
+    def _fetch_memories(self, k: Optional[int] = None) -> list[Message]:
+        """Fetches recent memories and optionally combines them with related long-term memories.
+
+        If long-term memory is not enabled or the last message is not from the user,
+        it returns the recent memories without fetching from long-term memory.
+
+        Args:
+            k (Optional[int]): The number of recent memories to fetch. If None, defaults to self.memory_k.
+
+        Returns:
+            List[Message]: A list of messages representing the combined memories.
+        """
+
+        if k is None:
+            k = self.memory_k
+
+        memories = self.rc.memory.get(k)
+
+        if not self._should_use_longterm_memory(k=k, k_memories=memories):
+            return memories
+
+        related_memories = self.longterm_memory.fetch(memories[-1].content)
+        logger.info(f"Fetched {len(related_memories)} long-term memories.")
+
+        if related_memories and self._is_first_message_from_ai(memories):
+            memories = memories[1:]
+
+        final_memories = related_memories + memories
+
+        return final_memories
+
+    def _add_memory(self, message: Message):
+        self.rc.memory.add(message)
+
+        if not self._should_use_longterm_memory():
+            return
+
+        self._transfer_to_longterm_memory()
+
+    def _should_use_longterm_memory(self, k: int = None, k_memories: list[Message] = None) -> bool:
+        """Determines if long-term memory should be used.
+
+        Long-term memory is used if:
+        - k is not 0.
+        - k_memories is None or k_memories is not empty, and the last message is a user message.
+        - Long-term memory usage is enabled.
+        - The count of recent memories is greater than self.memory_k.
+        """
+
+        conds = [
+            k != 0,
+            k_memories is None or self._is_last_message_from_user(k_memories),
+            self.enable_longterm_memory,
+            self.rc.memory.count() > self.memory_k,
+        ]
+
+        return all(conds)
+
+    def _transfer_to_longterm_memory(self):
+        item = self._get_longterm_memory_item()
+        self.longterm_memory.add(item)
+
+    @handle_exception
+    def _get_longterm_memory_item(self) -> Optional[LongTermMemoryItem]:
+        """Retrieves the most recent pair of user and AI messages before the last k messages."""
+
+        index = -(self.memory_k + 1)
+        message = self.rc.memory.get_by_position(index)
+        if not message.is_ai_message():
+            return None
+
+        index = -(self.memory_k + 2)
+        user_message = self.rc.memory.get_by_position(index)
+
+        return LongTermMemoryItem(user_message=user_message, ai_message=message)
+
+    def _is_last_message_from_user(self, memories: list[Message]) -> bool:
+        return bool(memories and memories[-1].is_user_message())
+
+    def _is_first_message_from_ai(self, memories: list[Message]) -> bool:
+        return bool(memories and memories[0].is_ai_message())
diff --git a/metagpt/schema.py b/metagpt/schema.py
index ce64d130a..63a80f62a 100644
--- a/metagpt/schema.py
+++ b/metagpt/schema.py
@@ -408,6 +408,12 @@ class Message(BaseModel):
         dynamic_class = create_model(class_name, **{key: (value.__class__, ...) for key, value in kvs.items()})
         return dynamic_class.model_validate(kvs)
 
+    def is_user_message(self):
+        return self.role == "user"
+
+    def is_ai_message(self):
+        return self.role == "assistant"
+
 
 class UserMessage(Message):
     """便于支持OpenAI的消息
@@ -955,3 +961,11 @@ class BaseEnum(Enum):
         obj._value_ = value
         obj.desc = desc
         return obj
+
+
+class LongTermMemoryItem(BaseModel):
+    user_message: Message
+    ai_message: Message
+
+    def rag_key(self) -> str:
+        return self.user_message.content
diff --git a/tests/metagpt/memory/test_role_zero_memory.py b/tests/metagpt/memory/test_role_zero_memory.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..8e2532bfc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/metagpt/memory/test_role_zero_memory.py
@@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
+import pytest
+
+from metagpt.memory.role_zero_memory import RoleZeroLongTermMemory
+from metagpt.schema import AIMessage, LongTermMemoryItem, UserMessage
+
+
+class TestRoleZeroLongTermMemory:
+    @pytest.fixture
+    def mock_memory(self, mocker) -> RoleZeroLongTermMemory:
+        memory = RoleZeroLongTermMemory()
+        memory._resolve_rag_engine = mocker.Mock()
+        return memory
+
+    def test_fetch_empty_query(self, mock_memory: RoleZeroLongTermMemory):
+        assert mock_memory.fetch("") == []
+
+    def test_fetch(self, mocker, mock_memory: RoleZeroLongTermMemory):
+        mock_node1 = mocker.Mock()
+        mock_node2 = mocker.Mock()
+        mock_node1.metadata = {
+            "obj": LongTermMemoryItem(user_message=UserMessage(content="user1"), ai_message=AIMessage(content="ai1"))
+        }
+        mock_node2.metadata = {
+            "obj": LongTermMemoryItem(user_message=UserMessage(content="user2"), ai_message=AIMessage(content="ai2"))
+        }
+
+        mock_memory.rag_engine.retrieve.return_value = [mock_node1, mock_node2]
+
+        result = mock_memory.fetch("test query")
+
+        assert len(result) == 4
+        assert isinstance(result[0], UserMessage)
+        assert isinstance(result[1], AIMessage)
+        assert result[0].content == "user1"
+        assert result[1].content == "ai1"
+        assert result[2].content == "user2"
+        assert result[3].content == "ai2"
+
+        mock_memory.rag_engine.retrieve.assert_called_once_with("test query")
+
+    def test_add_empty_item(self, mock_memory: RoleZeroLongTermMemory):
+        mock_memory.add(None)
+        mock_memory.rag_engine.add_objs.assert_not_called()
+
+    def test_add_item(self, mock_memory: RoleZeroLongTermMemory):
+        item = LongTermMemoryItem(user_message=UserMessage(content="user"), ai_message=AIMessage(content="ai"))
+        mock_memory.add(item)
+        mock_memory.rag_engine.add_objs.assert_called_once_with([item])
diff --git a/tests/metagpt/roles/di/test_role_zero.py b/tests/metagpt/roles/di/test_role_zero.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d4d4a46da
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/metagpt/roles/di/test_role_zero.py
@@ -0,0 +1,192 @@
+import pytest
+
+from metagpt.roles.di.role_zero import RoleZero
+from metagpt.schema import AIMessage, LongTermMemoryItem, Message, UserMessage
+
+
+class TestRoleZero:
+    @pytest.fixture
+    def mock_role_zero(self, mocker):
+        role_zero = RoleZero()
+        role_zero.rc.memory = mocker.Mock()
+        role_zero.longterm_memory = mocker.Mock()
+        return role_zero
+
+    def test_get_all_memories(self, mocker, mock_role_zero: RoleZero):
+        mock_memories = [Message(content="test1"), Message(content="test2")]
+        mock_role_zero._fetch_memories = mocker.Mock(return_value=mock_memories)
+
+        result = mock_role_zero._get_all_memories()
+
+        assert result == mock_memories
+        mock_role_zero._fetch_memories.assert_called_once_with(k=0)
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize(
+        "k,should_use_ltm,memories,related_memories,is_first_from_ai,expected",
+        [
+            (
+                None,
+                False,
+                [UserMessage(content="user"), AIMessage(content="ai")],
+                [],
+                False,
+                [UserMessage(content="user"), AIMessage(content="ai")],
+            ),
+            (
+                1,
+                True,
+                [UserMessage(content="user")],
+                [Message(content="related")],
+                False,
+                [Message(content="related"), UserMessage(content="user")],
+            ),
+            (
+                None,
+                True,
+                [AIMessage(content="ai1"), UserMessage(content="user"), AIMessage(content="ai2")],
+                [Message(content="related")],
+                True,
+                [Message(content="related"), UserMessage(content="user"), AIMessage(content="ai2")],
+            ),
+            (
+                None,
+                True,
+                [UserMessage(content="user"), AIMessage(content="ai")],
+                [Message(content="related")],
+                False,
+                [Message(content="related"), UserMessage(content="user"), AIMessage(content="ai")],
+            ),
+            (
+                0,
+                False,
+                [UserMessage(content="user"), AIMessage(content="ai")],
+                [],
+                False,
+                [UserMessage(content="user"), AIMessage(content="ai")],
+            ),
+        ],
+    )
+    def test_fetch_memories(
+        self,
+        mocker,
+        mock_role_zero: RoleZero,
+        k,
+        should_use_ltm,
+        memories,
+        related_memories,
+        is_first_from_ai,
+        expected,
+    ):
+        mock_role_zero.memory_k = 2
+        mock_role_zero.rc.memory.get = mocker.Mock(return_value=memories)
+        mock_role_zero._should_use_longterm_memory = mocker.Mock(return_value=should_use_ltm)
+        mock_role_zero.longterm_memory.fetch = mocker.Mock(return_value=related_memories)
+        mock_role_zero._is_first_message_from_ai = mocker.Mock(return_value=is_first_from_ai)
+
+        result = mock_role_zero._fetch_memories(k)
+
+        assert len(result) == len(expected)
+        for actual, expected_msg in zip(result, expected):
+            assert actual.role == expected_msg.role
+            assert actual.content == expected_msg.content
+
+        really_k = k if k is not None else mock_role_zero.memory_k
+        mock_role_zero.rc.memory.get.assert_called_once_with(really_k)
+
+        if k != 0:
+            mock_role_zero._should_use_longterm_memory.assert_called_once_with(k=really_k, k_memories=memories)
+
+            if should_use_ltm:
+                mock_role_zero.longterm_memory.fetch.assert_called_once_with(memories[-1].content)
+                mock_role_zero._is_first_message_from_ai.assert_called_once_with(memories)
+
+    def test_add_memory(self, mocker, mock_role_zero: RoleZero):
+        message = AIMessage(content="ai")
+        mock_role_zero.rc.memory.add = mocker.Mock()
+        mock_role_zero._should_use_longterm_memory = mocker.Mock(return_value=True)
+        mock_role_zero._transfer_to_longterm_memory = mocker.Mock()
+
+        mock_role_zero._add_memory(message)
+
+        mock_role_zero.rc.memory.add.assert_called_once_with(message)
+        mock_role_zero._transfer_to_longterm_memory.assert_called_once()
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize(
+        "k,enable_longterm_memory,memory_count,k_memories,expected",
+        [
+            (0, True, 30, None, False),  # k is 0
+            (None, False, 30, None, False),  # Long-term memory usage is disabled
+            (None, True, 10, None, False),  # Memory count is less than or equal to memory_k
+            (None, True, 30, [], False),  # k_memories is empty
+            (None, True, 30, [AIMessage(content="ai")], False),  # Last message in k_memories is not a user message
+            (None, True, 30, [AIMessage(content="ai"), UserMessage(content="user")], True),  # All conditions are met
+        ],
+    )
+    def test_should_use_longterm_memory(
+        self, mocker, mock_role_zero: RoleZero, k, enable_longterm_memory, memory_count, k_memories, expected
+    ):
+        mock_role_zero.enable_longterm_memory = enable_longterm_memory
+        mock_role_zero.rc.memory.count = mocker.Mock(return_value=memory_count)
+        mock_role_zero.memory_k = 20
+
+        result = mock_role_zero._should_use_longterm_memory(k, k_memories)
+
+        assert result == expected
+
+    def test_transfer_to_longterm_memory(self, mocker, mock_role_zero: RoleZero):
+        mock_item = LongTermMemoryItem(user_message=UserMessage(content="user"), ai_message=AIMessage(content="ai"))
+        mock_role_zero._get_longterm_memory_item = mocker.Mock(return_value=mock_item)
+        mock_role_zero.longterm_memory = mocker.Mock()
+
+        mock_role_zero._transfer_to_longterm_memory()
+
+        mock_role_zero.longterm_memory.add.assert_called_once_with(mock_item)
+
+    def test_get_longterm_memory_item(self, mocker, mock_role_zero: RoleZero):
+        mock_role_zero.memory_k = 2
+        mock_messages = [
+            UserMessage(content="user1"),
+            AIMessage(content="ai1"),
+            UserMessage(content="user2"),
+            AIMessage(content="ai2"),
+            UserMessage(content="user3"),  # memory_k + 2
+            AIMessage(content="ai3"),  # memory_k + 1
+            UserMessage(content="recent1"),
+            AIMessage(content="recent2"),
+        ]
+
+        mock_role_zero.rc.memory.get_by_position = mocker.Mock(side_effect=lambda i: mock_messages[i])
+        mock_role_zero.rc.memory.count = mocker.Mock(return_value=len(mock_messages))
+
+        result = mock_role_zero._get_longterm_memory_item()
+
+        assert isinstance(result, LongTermMemoryItem)
+        assert result.user_message.content == "user3"
+        assert result.ai_message.content == "ai3"
+
+        mock_role_zero.rc.memory.get_by_position.assert_any_call(-(mock_role_zero.memory_k + 1))
+        mock_role_zero.rc.memory.get_by_position.assert_any_call(-(mock_role_zero.memory_k + 2))
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize(
+        "memories,expected",
+        [
+            ([UserMessage(content="user")], True),
+            ([AIMessage(content="ai")], False),
+            ([], False),
+        ],
+    )
+    def test_is_last_message_from_user(self, mock_role_zero: RoleZero, memories, expected):
+        result = mock_role_zero._is_last_message_from_user(memories)
+        assert result == expected
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize(
+        "memories,expected",
+        [
+            ([AIMessage(content="ai")], True),
+            ([UserMessage(content="user")], False),
+            ([], False),
+        ],
+    )
+    def test_is_first_message_from_ai(self, mock_role_zero: RoleZero, memories, expected):
+        result = mock_role_zero._is_first_message_from_ai(memories)
+        assert result == expected