diff --git a/metagpt/actions/__init__.py b/metagpt/actions/__init__.py
index 6c0a2addc..363b4fd33 100644
--- a/metagpt/actions/__init__.py
+++ b/metagpt/actions/__init__.py
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ from metagpt.actions.write_prd import WritePRD
 from metagpt.actions.write_prd_review import WritePRDReview
 from metagpt.actions.write_test import WriteTest
 from metagpt.actions.ci.execute_nb_code import ExecuteNbCode
-from metagpt.actions.ci.write_analysis_code import WriteCodeByGenerate
+from metagpt.actions.ci.write_analysis_code import WriteCodeWithoutTools, WriteCodeWithTools
 from metagpt.actions.ci.write_plan import WritePlan
 
 
@@ -46,7 +46,8 @@ class ActionType(Enum):
     WEB_BROWSE_AND_SUMMARIZE = WebBrowseAndSummarize
     CONDUCT_RESEARCH = ConductResearch
     EXECUTE_NB_CODE = ExecuteNbCode
-    WRITE_CODE_BY_GENERATE = WriteCodeByGenerate
+    WRITE_CODE_WITHOUT_TOOLS = WriteCodeWithoutTools
+    WRITE_CODE_WITH_TOOLS = WriteCodeWithTools
     WRITE_PLAN = WritePlan
 
 
diff --git a/metagpt/actions/ci/ask_review.py b/metagpt/actions/ci/ask_review.py
index 25b4314fe..041011e80 100644
--- a/metagpt/actions/ci/ask_review.py
+++ b/metagpt/actions/ci/ask_review.py
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
 from typing import Tuple
 
 from metagpt.actions import Action
diff --git a/metagpt/actions/ci/debug_code.py b/metagpt/actions/ci/debug_code.py
index f6b86b8bf..4a6617dc6 100644
--- a/metagpt/actions/ci/debug_code.py
+++ b/metagpt/actions/ci/debug_code.py
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-from typing import List
+from __future__ import annotations
 
 from metagpt.actions.ci.write_analysis_code import BaseWriteAnalysisCode
 from metagpt.logs import logger
@@ -75,7 +75,7 @@ CODE_REFLECTION = {
 class DebugCode(BaseWriteAnalysisCode):
     async def run(
         self,
-        context: List[Message] = None,
+        context: list[Message] = None,
         code: str = "",
         runtime_result: str = "",
     ) -> str:
@@ -83,7 +83,7 @@ class DebugCode(BaseWriteAnalysisCode):
         Execute the debugging process based on the provided context, code, and runtime_result.
 
         Args:
-            context (List[Message]): A list of Message objects representing the context.
+            context (list[Message]): A list of Message objects representing the context.
             code (str): The code to be debugged.
             runtime_result (str): The result of the code execution.
 
diff --git a/metagpt/actions/ci/execute_nb_code.py b/metagpt/actions/ci/execute_nb_code.py
index ee2faa0cb..300ee3807 100644
--- a/metagpt/actions/ci/execute_nb_code.py
+++ b/metagpt/actions/ci/execute_nb_code.py
@@ -2,13 +2,15 @@
 """
 @Date    :   2023/11/17 14:22:15
 @Author  :   orange-crow
-@File    :   code_executor.py
+@File    :   execute_nb_code.py
 """
+from __future__ import annotations
+
 import asyncio
 import base64
 import re
 import traceback
-from typing import List, Literal, Tuple
+from typing import Literal, Tuple
 
 import nbformat
 from nbclient import NotebookClient
@@ -90,7 +92,7 @@ class ExecuteNbCode(Action):
         else:
             cell["outputs"].append(new_output(output_type="stream", name="stdout", text=str(output)))
 
-    def parse_outputs(self, outputs: List[str]) -> str:
+    def parse_outputs(self, outputs: list[str]) -> str:
         """Parses the outputs received from notebook execution."""
         assert isinstance(outputs, list)
         parsed_output = ""
diff --git a/metagpt/actions/ci/ml_action.py b/metagpt/actions/ci/ml_action.py
index 9640a7918..60fe18c1b 100644
--- a/metagpt/actions/ci/ml_action.py
+++ b/metagpt/actions/ci/ml_action.py
@@ -1,4 +1,6 @@
-from typing import List, Tuple
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing import Tuple
 
 from metagpt.actions import Action
 from metagpt.actions.ci.write_analysis_code import WriteCodeWithTools
@@ -16,11 +18,11 @@ from metagpt.utils.common import create_func_call_config, remove_comments
 class WriteCodeWithToolsML(WriteCodeWithTools):
     async def run(
         self,
-        context: List[Message],
+        context: list[Message],
         plan: Plan = None,
         column_info: str = "",
         **kwargs,
-    ) -> Tuple[List[Message], str]:
+    ) -> Tuple[list[Message], str]:
         # prepare tool schemas and tool-type-specific instruction
         tool_schemas, tool_type_usage_prompt = await self._prepare_tools(plan=plan)
 
diff --git a/metagpt/actions/ci/write_analysis_code.py b/metagpt/actions/ci/write_analysis_code.py
index 38fe107fd..72fe4e7a6 100644
--- a/metagpt/actions/ci/write_analysis_code.py
+++ b/metagpt/actions/ci/write_analysis_code.py
@@ -4,6 +4,8 @@
 @Author  :   orange-crow
 @File    :   write_analysis_code.py
 """
+from __future__ import annotations
+
 from typing import Tuple
 
 from metagpt.actions import Action
@@ -42,7 +44,7 @@ class BaseWriteAnalysisCode(Action):
         raise NotImplementedError
 
 
-class WriteCodeByGenerate(BaseWriteAnalysisCode):
+class WriteCodeWithoutTools(BaseWriteAnalysisCode):
     """Ask LLM to generate codes purely by itself without local user-defined tools"""
 
     async def run(self, context: list[Message], plan: Plan = None, system_msg: str = None, **kwargs) -> dict:
diff --git a/metagpt/actions/ci/write_plan.py b/metagpt/actions/ci/write_plan.py
index 885611c68..e88f64724 100644
--- a/metagpt/actions/ci/write_plan.py
+++ b/metagpt/actions/ci/write_plan.py
@@ -4,9 +4,11 @@
 @Author  :   orange-crow
 @File    :   plan.py
 """
+from __future__ import annotations
+
 import json
 from copy import deepcopy
-from typing import Dict, List, Tuple
+from typing import Tuple
 
 from metagpt.actions import Action
 from metagpt.logs import logger
@@ -40,14 +42,14 @@ class WritePlan(Action):
     ```
     """
 
-    async def assign_task_type(self, tasks: List[Dict]) -> str:
+    async def assign_task_type(self, tasks: list[dict]) -> str:
         """Assign task type to each task in tasks
 
         Args:
-            tasks (List[Dict]): tasks to be assigned task type
+            tasks (list[dict]): tasks to be assigned task type
 
         Returns:
-            List[Dict]: tasks with task type assigned
+            list[dict]: tasks with task type assigned
         """
         task_list = "\n".join([f"Task {task['task_id']}: {task['instruction']}" for task in tasks])
         task_type_desc = "\n".join(
@@ -64,7 +66,7 @@ class WritePlan(Action):
             task["task_type"] = task_type
         return json.dumps(tasks)
 
-    async def run(self, context: List[Message], max_tasks: int = 5, use_tools: bool = False) -> str:
+    async def run(self, context: list[Message], max_tasks: int = 5, use_tools: bool = False) -> str:
         prompt = (
             self.PROMPT_TEMPLATE.replace("__context__", "\n".join([str(ct) for ct in context]))
             # .replace("__current_plan__", current_plan)
@@ -77,7 +79,7 @@ class WritePlan(Action):
         return rsp
 
 
-def rsp_to_tasks(rsp: str) -> List[Task]:
+def rsp_to_tasks(rsp: str) -> list[Task]:
     rsp = json.loads(rsp)
     tasks = [Task(**task_config) for task_config in rsp]
     return tasks
diff --git a/metagpt/roles/ci/code_interpreter.py b/metagpt/roles/ci/code_interpreter.py
index f8d00bb91..2572d09c5 100644
--- a/metagpt/roles/ci/code_interpreter.py
+++ b/metagpt/roles/ci/code_interpreter.py
@@ -1,9 +1,11 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
 from pydantic import Field
 
 from metagpt.actions.ci.ask_review import ReviewConst
 from metagpt.actions.ci.execute_nb_code import ExecuteNbCode
 from metagpt.actions.ci.write_analysis_code import (
-    WriteCodeByGenerate,
+    WriteCodeWithoutTools,
     WriteCodeWithTools,
 )
 from metagpt.logs import logger
@@ -80,7 +82,7 @@ class CodeInterpreter(Role):
         return py_code, result, success
 
     async def _write_code(self):
-        todo = WriteCodeByGenerate() if not self.use_tools else WriteCodeWithTools(selected_tools=self.tools)
+        todo = WriteCodeWithoutTools() if not self.use_tools else WriteCodeWithTools(selected_tools=self.tools)
         logger.info(f"ready to {todo.name}")
 
         context = self.planner.get_useful_memories()
diff --git a/metagpt/strategy/planner.py b/metagpt/strategy/planner.py
index bcb0bda9b..fd635df39 100644
--- a/metagpt/strategy/planner.py
+++ b/metagpt/strategy/planner.py
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
 import json
 
 from pydantic import BaseModel, Field
diff --git a/metagpt/tools/libs/data_preprocess.py b/metagpt/tools/libs/data_preprocess.py
index c9ca657a5..7a3d019bf 100644
--- a/metagpt/tools/libs/data_preprocess.py
+++ b/metagpt/tools/libs/data_preprocess.py
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
 import json
 
 import numpy as np
diff --git a/metagpt/tools/libs/feature_engineering.py b/metagpt/tools/libs/feature_engineering.py
index 325742105..40bfb2fc7 100644
--- a/metagpt/tools/libs/feature_engineering.py
+++ b/metagpt/tools/libs/feature_engineering.py
@@ -4,6 +4,8 @@
 # @Author  : lidanyang
 # @File    : feature_engineering.py
 # @Desc    : Feature Engineering Tools
+from __future__ import annotations
+
 import itertools
 
 # import lightgbm as lgb
diff --git a/metagpt/tools/libs/sd_engine.py b/metagpt/tools/libs/sd_engine.py
index 58f34a152..347f4a430 100644
--- a/metagpt/tools/libs/sd_engine.py
+++ b/metagpt/tools/libs/sd_engine.py
@@ -2,12 +2,13 @@
 # @Date    : 2023/7/19 16:28
 # @Author  : stellahong (stellahong@deepwisdom.ai)
 # @Desc    :
+from __future__ import annotations
+
 import base64
 import hashlib
 import io
 import json
 from os.path import join
-from typing import List
 
 import requests
 from aiohttp import ClientSession
@@ -135,11 +136,11 @@ class SDEngine:
             self.save(results, save_name=f"output_{save_name}")
         return results
 
-    async def run_t2i(self, payloads: List):
+    async def run_t2i(self, payloads: list):
         """Run the stable diffusion API for multiple prompts asynchronously.
 
         Args:
-            payloads (list): List of payload, each payload is a dictionary of input parameters for the stable diffusion API.
+            payloads (list): list of payload, each payload is a dictionary of input parameters for the stable diffusion API.
         """
         session = ClientSession()
         for payload_idx, payload in enumerate(payloads):
diff --git a/metagpt/tools/tool_registry.py b/metagpt/tools/tool_registry.py
index 87645d35a..5fbd39421 100644
--- a/metagpt/tools/tool_registry.py
+++ b/metagpt/tools/tool_registry.py
@@ -5,6 +5,8 @@
 @Author  : garylin2099
 @File    : tool_registry.py
 """
+from __future__ import annotations
+
 import inspect
 import os
 import re
diff --git a/tests/metagpt/actions/ci/test_write_analysis_code.py b/tests/metagpt/actions/ci/test_write_analysis_code.py
index dbd83fe40..95c7dfca8 100644
--- a/tests/metagpt/actions/ci/test_write_analysis_code.py
+++ b/tests/metagpt/actions/ci/test_write_analysis_code.py
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ import pytest
 
 from metagpt.actions.ci.execute_nb_code import ExecuteNbCode
 from metagpt.actions.ci.write_analysis_code import (
-    WriteCodeByGenerate,
+    WriteCodeWithoutTools,
     WriteCodeWithTools,
 )
 from metagpt.logs import logger
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ from metagpt.strategy.planner import STRUCTURAL_CONTEXT
 @pytest.mark.skip
 @pytest.mark.asyncio
 async def test_write_code_by_list_plan():
-    write_code = WriteCodeByGenerate()
+    write_code = WriteCodeWithoutTools()
     execute_code = ExecuteNbCode()
     messages = []
     plan = ["随机生成一个pandas DataFrame时间序列", "绘制这个时间序列的直方图", "回顾已完成的任务", "求均值", "总结"]
@@ -144,7 +144,7 @@ async def test_write_code_to_correct_error():
         Message(content=wrong_code, role="assistant"),
         Message(content=error, role="user"),
     ]
-    new_code = await WriteCodeByGenerate().run(context=context)
+    new_code = await WriteCodeWithoutTools().run(context=context)
     new_code = new_code["code"]
     print(new_code)
     assert "read_csv" in new_code  # should correct read_excel to read_csv
@@ -184,7 +184,7 @@ async def test_write_code_reuse_code_simple():
     context = [
         Message(content=structural_context, role="user"),
     ]
-    code = await WriteCodeByGenerate().run(context=context)
+    code = await WriteCodeWithoutTools().run(context=context)
     code = code["code"]
     print(code)
     assert "pandas" not in code and "read_csv" not in code  # should reuse import and read statement from previous one
@@ -239,7 +239,7 @@ async def test_write_code_reuse_code_long():
         Message(content=structural_context, role="user"),
     ]
     trials_num = 5
-    trials = [WriteCodeByGenerate().run(context=context, temperature=0.0) for _ in range(trials_num)]
+    trials = [WriteCodeWithoutTools().run(context=context, temperature=0.0) for _ in range(trials_num)]
     trial_results = await asyncio.gather(*trials)
     print(*trial_results, sep="\n\n***\n\n")
     success = [
@@ -313,7 +313,7 @@ async def test_write_code_reuse_code_long_for_wine():
         Message(content=structural_context, role="user"),
     ]
     trials_num = 5
-    trials = [WriteCodeByGenerate().run(context=context, temperature=0.0) for _ in range(trials_num)]
+    trials = [WriteCodeWithoutTools().run(context=context, temperature=0.0) for _ in range(trials_num)]
     trial_results = await asyncio.gather(*trials)
     print(*trial_results, sep="\n\n***\n\n")
     success = [